





mm 

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HARRISON AND REID. 

THEIR LIVES AND RECORD. 



GIVE ME THE FACTS." 

THE 



REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN BOOK 

FOE 1802, 



WITH 

A HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN POLITICS UP TO DATE, AND A 
CYCLOPEDIA OF PRESIDENTIAL BIOGRAPHY. 



Over Sixty Illustrations and Maps. Special Text by Special Contributors. 



COMPILED AND EDITED BY 

THOMAS CAMPBELL-COPELAND. 



THREE VOLUMES IX OXE. 



New York : 
CHARLES L. WEBSTER & COMPANY. 

1892. 






I 



Z^ 



c ; 



Copyright, 1892, 
CHARLES L. WEBSTER & CO. 

(All rights reserved.) 



PRESS OF 

Jenkins & McCowan, 

NEW YORE. 



CONTENTS. 

PART I. page 

7—8 

Introduction '7? 

Life and Record of Presidential Candidate »-i» 

Life and Record of Vice-Presidential Candidate Mh** 

Convention Proceedings £J? £° 

The Platform ^ y_dl 

PART II. 

History of the Party Jr£ 

The Farmers' Alliance ° ' 

The Sub-Treasury Warehouse Scheme °-lU 

The Labor Party 11- {* 

The Prohibition Movement iaJik 

"Wom&n SllffrS£T6 

Republican National and State Committees 16-17 

Republican League of the United States lo-lj 

Democratic National and State Committees w> 

Prohibition National Committee : ^ 

People's Party National Committee £» 

The Australian Ballot £* 

Gerrymandering £J> 

History of Tariff Legislation jj"g 

United States Customs Duties ot 

Tariff Reform Votes £> 

Reciprocity «J-g 

The Silver Question */-*" 

The Single Tax Theory 4 1 -** 

PART III. 

Declaration of Independence 1-4 

Constitution of the United States, with Amendments , 5-17 

Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States IB 

Biographies of the Presidents 19~«* 8 

The Presidential Succession 3J )-40 

The Electoral College, with Votes, 1789-1881 40-44 

The Electoral Vote of 1892 44 

Popular Vote, United States, 1789-1888 45 

Popular Vote, by States, 1824-1888 46-50 

Departments at the National Capital 51-53 

The Federal Government, 1892 54-62 

Origin of States and Territories 63 

Settlement of States and Territories 64 

State and Territorial Governors 65 

State and Territorial Offices 66-77 

3 



CONTEXTS. 



PAGE 

State and Territorial Legislatures 78 

Population and Financial Condition of the States and Territories — 79-81 

Party Tendency in the New States 82-83 

The Senate and House of Representatives 84-91 

Apportionment of Representatives 92-93 

States Redistricted 94-99 

Rules of the Fifty-first Congress 100-101 

Rules of the Fifty-second Congress 102-119 

Supreme Court Decision concerning House Rules 120-125 

Principal of the Public Debt 126-127 

Receipts and Expenditures, United States, 1791-1891 128-135 

Appropriations Sanctioned by Congress, 1882-1892 136 

Receipts and Expenditures, United States, in detail, 1891-1893 137-141 

An Interesting Document 142-153 

Population, Net Revenue and Expenditures of the United States, 

with per capitas, 1837-1891 154 

Customs Receipts and Expenditures, by States, 1891 155 

Internal Revenue Receipts and Expenditures, 1891 155 

Imports and Exports, 1801 156-162 

Our Pensioners — with numerous detailed statements 163-177 

The United States Army 177-180 

The United States Navy 181-185 

The President's Veto Power 186 

Civil Service Rules 187-189 

Grand Army of the Republic 190-191 

( !« »ast Defences 192-194 

The Chilean Controversy 195-1 98 

The Behring Sea Controversy 199-207 

The World's Columbian Exposition 208-213 

Naturalization Laws 214 

Voting Qualifications, by States 215-219 

Registration of Voters 220 

Map and Political Analysis of each State, 1872-1892 222-318 

APPENDIX. 

Text of the Mills Bill 319-331 

Text of the McKinley Bill 332-380 

The Blaine Report on Reciprocity 381-385 

The Silver Bill of '1890 386-387 

Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure 388-390 

Tariff Messa-e of President Cleveland 391-398 

Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff Measure 399-411 

Speech of Mr. ( 'arlisle on the Tariff 412-414 

The President's Centennial Message, December, 1888 415-418 

Congressional Pluralities by States 419-421 

Presidential and Other Votes of Cities 422 

ADDENDA. 

The addenda, immediately preceding the index, contains the latest infor- 
mation, up to the moment of going to press, on the navy and other topics of 
interest. 



LIST OF ILLUSTKATICOTS. 

Political Map of the United States Frontispiece. 

PAGE. 

The Nominee for President, 1892 L facing 1 

The Nominee for Vice-President, 1892 I. " 11 

The Presidents — Washington to Harrison III. 19 

James G. Blaine II- 36 

Thomas B. Reed HI. " 100 

William McKinley, Jr (Appendix). 332 

The British Surrendering their Arms III. facing 1 

L T . S. Flag ship Chicago Ill- " 181 

U. S. Steel Cruiser Boston Ill- " 183 

U. S. Steel Cruiser Baltimore Ill- " 185 

Harhor and City of San Diego HI. ' 195 

The Chilean Insurgent Vessel Itata III. " 198 

The House in which Columbus was Born III. ' 208 

Administration Building, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. ' 210 

Harbor and City of Geneva [II. ' 212 

Machinery Hall, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. " 213 



CARTOONS. 

" The North Bend Farmer and his Visitors " III. facing 29 

"Storming the Castle" III. " 41 

"The Great Exhibition of 1860" III. " 48 

'• Honest Abe taking them on the Half-Shell" III. " 64 

" The Radical Party on a Heavy Grade " III. " 35 

"Blood will Tell." III. " 45 



INTRODUCTION. 



Believing that in so important a campaign as at present 
there will be a demand for an honest Campaign Book, we take 
pleasure in offering this work to the public. Some two years 
ago we selected Mr. Thomas Campbell-Copeland, formerly a stat- 
istician in the Census Office at Washington, and one of the con- 
tributors to "The American Cyclopedia,' 7 to compile this work. 
Having engaged the services of Mr. Copeland, we next endeav- 
ored to secure some prominent statesman to review the work and 
write an introduction for it, thus giving it the stamp of absolute 
authority. As previously announced, Senator Joseph E. Hawley 
consented to do this for us. In his letter accepting our offer, he 
writes : " I cannot imagine how you are to get into a work, any- 
thing less than the size of the Encyclopedia Britannica, all the 
matter imperatively indicated by the table of contents you scud 
me. I can only say, if you do, it will be the best campaign book 
ever issued. * * * Please indicate, with what particularity 
you can, the nature of the desired introduction, and I will write 
it as you desire." It is with sincere regret that we now announce 
that, owing to the pressure of important engagements, it has 
been utterly impossible for Senator Hawley to fulfill his promise. 
We are sure, however, that a careful study of the contents of this 
work will prove that we have succeeded in embodying within a 
reasonable compass such political statistics and matters of gen- 
eral political interest, that no question is likely to arise during 
the coming campaign about which this book will not furnish 
reliable information. 

On all presidential years there are hundreds of catchpenny 

books put upon the market, containing little more than a padded 
1r 7 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

life of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates, and the 
extravagant way in which these hooks have been advertised, and 
their failure to fulfill the promises made for them, have led many 
people to hesitate about buying a campaign work. We believe, 
however, that this book will fulfill all promises and expectations; 
it has been made for use, and contains information that gives it 
permanent value. We have endeavored to make the mechanical 
part of the book in keeping with the merits of its contents. 

Publishers. 




Hon. BENJAMIN HARRISON. 



THE REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN BOOK. 

THE REPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

Hon. Benjamin Harrison, the Republican nominee for President, 
chosen on the first ballot at the National Convention, held at Minneapolis. 
June 7 to June 11, 1892, was born August 20, 1833, at North Bend, Ohio, 
and is therefore in his 59th year. He is the son of John Scott Harrison by a 
second marriage, his mother's maiden name being Elizabeth Irwin, daughter 
of Captain Archibald Irwin of Pennsylvania. His father's first wife was 
Miss Johnson of Kentucky. There were two daughters and one son by the 
first marriage. Both daughters are still living. By the second marriage 
there were ten children, four of whom are now alive, Carter Barrett Harri- 
son, John Scott Harrison, Anna Harrison— now Mrs. Anna Morris— and Ben- 
jamin Harrison, who was elected President of the United States in Novem- 
ber, 1888, and is still serving his country in that exalted office, for which he 
has just been renominated to the great satisfaction of many members of the 
Republican party. 

It may be of interest to review briefly the pedigree of this distinguished 
man. It is a matter of history that one of President Harrison's ancestors, 
Major-General Thomas Harrison, was a military commander during the pro- 
tectorate of Oliver Cromwell, the great English Republican. It fell to his 
turn to convey Charles I. to Windsor, and thence to Whitehall, where he was 
called upon to sit as one of the judges and then to sign the king's death war- 
rant. After the death of Cromwell and the restoration of Charles II., Major- 
General Harrison was condemned for treason, hanged, drawn and quartered 
at Charing Cross. He died a martyr to the cause of liberty. 

Some members of the Harrison family came over to Virginia from Lanca- 
shire in 1635, a quarter of a century before the execution of their kinsman. 
The leader of these colonists was the first Benjamin Harrison to land on 
American soil. The party decided to make a home in Surry county, not far 
from the colony of Jamestown, which had been settled nearly thirty years 
before. A son, Benjamin, the second of that name, married Hanna Churchill, 
who claimed affinity with the world-renowned Duke of Marlborough. They 
took up residence in Surry county, where a son was born, and named after 
his father. 

He, in due course, married a Miss Burwell, daughter of Louis Burwell of 
Gloucester County, Va. The home of this family was about midway between 
Richmond and Jamestown. As a result of the union a son was born, and 
named Benjamin, he being the fourth Benjamin Harrison along the line of 
direct descent. The records show that this son married a daughter of Robert 
Carter of Carotoman, Va. The father and two daughters were killed by 
lightning in the hallway of their home during a terrific storm. 

There were several sons, among whom were Charles and Benjamin. The 
first-named became famous as a commander of artillery in the Revolutionary 
War, and Benjamin made a brilliant record in public life, one of his best- 
known acts being that of attaching his signature to the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. He belonged to the Virginia House of Burgesses; was a member 

9 



10 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

of the first Colonial Congress; a reporter of the resolution of independence; 
president, for four years, 1777-81, of the House of Burgesses; served three 
terms as Governor of Virginia, and was a member of the convention assembled 
to ratify the Constitution of the United States. 

William Henry Harrison, grandfather of the present occupant of the 
White House, was born at Berkeley, Charles City County, Va. , on February 
9, 1773, and was three and a half years old when his father signed the Dec- 
laration of Independence. Gazetted as ensign in the First Regiment of 
United States Artillery in 1791, he took part in the battle of the Miami in 
1794, and gained fame at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Afterward pro- 
moted to the rank of major-general, he distinguished himself by winning, in 
1813, the battle of the Thames, in Canada. Tecumseh, the great Indian 
warrior, was killed during this fight, whilst supporting the British. Misun- 
derstandings with the Secretary of War led to a voluntary resignation and re- 
tirement to his home at North Bend, O. Three years later he served in Con- 
gress, continuing until 1819, when his election to the Ohio State Senate took 
place. The record of William Henry Harrison includes two terms in the 
United States Senate. When a candidate for the Presidency, in 1836, he re- 
ceived 73 electoral votes. In 1840 234 electoral votes were cast in his favor, 
as against 60 recorded in behalf of Martin Van Buren. 

Benjamin Harrison, now fulfilling his first term of office as President 
of the United States, received his education as a boy under his father's roof, 
first from a governess, next from a Massachusetts college graduate, and then 
from a graduate of Marshall College, Pennsylvania. He was seven years of 
age when the campaign of 1840 was at its height, and was an eye-witness of 
the enthusiastic demonstrations that made the " Tippecanoe " political con- 
test so remarkable. As a result of his home training and healthy home in- 
lluences, the youth, in his fourteenth year, was thought to be considerably 
in advance of most young people at his age. 

From the home schooling he was sent to Farmer's College, Cincinnati, 
where he gained credit for close application to study and general good con- 
duct. Murat Halstead was one of his classmates. At the end of two years 
he returned home. Shortly afterward his mother died. He did not recover 
from this great blow for a long time, apparently abandoning all interest in 
his file and surroundings. She had been his great friend, and in losing her 
he experienced keenly that sense of isolation so peculiar to deep affliction. 

His next educational course was at Miami University, Oxford, O. Here 
his record was excellent, gaining for him the esteem and high regard of his 
associates, among whom were Oliver P. Morton, afterward Governor of In- 
diana, and W. P. Fishback, with whom he subsequently became associated 
in the practice of law, a profession lie decided to adopt during his sojourn at 
Miami. At college he came to be recognized as possessing all the qualifi- 
cations for success as a public speaker, always choosing his words wisely, 
ami maintaining a calm and impressive attitude throughout. Although at- 
tentive to his studies, lie found lime to fulfill social duties, frequently visit- 
ing the home of Rev. John \Y r . Scott, a former friend and professor, and at 
this time the president of the Oxford Female College. During these visits 
Benjamin Harrison became acquainted with Miss Carrie L. Scott, his friend's 
daughter. The acquaintanceship ripened into friendship, and this, in due 
course, resulted in the engagement of the young lovers, who subsequently 
married and established a home at Indianapolis, where the studeu found his 
first legal work. 

The record of his early life at Indianapolis is one of struggle, hopeful and 
determined, always ready to accept an honorable task, even if the remunera- 
tion offered was entirely out of keeping with the work to be accomplished. 
His first partnership was with William Wallace. In 1860 Mr. Wallace re- 



THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 11 

signed, and, in his stead, his college friend, W. P. Fishback, became an 
associate in law. 

Some four or five years before this time Benjamin Harrison's political 
career may be said to have commenced. At a ratification meeting he was 
introduced as the grandson of William Henry Harrison. On rising to address 
the audience, he said: " I want it understood that I am the grandson of no- 
body. I believe every man should stand on his own merits." This has been 
his maxim through hie, and has had much to do with his success. 

For more that thirty -five years his services as a public speaker for his 
party have been in demand, and his recent addresses, given day after .day 
during his presidential tour of the States, proves beyond doubt that he stands 
in the first rank of those who are able to say timely and telling things in a 
pleasant yet forceful and emphatic manner without previous preparation. 

In 1800 Benjamin Harrison, or, as he was familiarly called, "Ben," ran 
for the office of Reporter of the Supreme Court of Indiana. A memorable 
incident in the campaign was his debate with Thomas A. Hendricks, in 
which his opponents gave him great credit, and his friends accorded him the 
honor of victory. 

His canvass for the office of Reporter was successful, but before he had 
held this position very long, war was declared, and volunteers were called 
for from every loyal ' State, li is well known that the man who afterward 
took such an important part in military affairs was anxious at the very start 
to participate in the conflicts, but his official duties prevented this, and it 
was not until Governor Oliver P. Morton made what might be termed a per- 
sonal appeal that he felt fully justified in relinquishing all civil responsibil- 
ities for the time being to help in arousing enthusiasm among those citizens 
who did not realize the urgency of President Lincoln's call in July, 1862, for 
300,000 more troops. He volunteered to raise a regiment, and within a month 
the Seventieth Indiana Regiment was organized and bail joined the forces in 
Kentucky, with the organizer at its head as colonel. 

The first part of his active service was occupied in skirmishing through 
Kentucky and Tennessee, the force under his command forming part of (he 
Army of the Cumberland. On May 15, 1864, came the commander's first 
opportunity to use, with good effect, whatever military knowledge he had 
acquired since entering upon active service. The episode is thus described 
by a justly celebratedwriter, and is given here as best illustrating the charac- 
ter and courage of Benjamin Harrison as a military commander. 

"The 7th of May, 1864, came. The armies moved out 100,000 strong. 
The divisions were commanded by Generals Thomas, McPherson, and Scho- 
field. The boys began 'Marching through Georgia.' General Thomas's 
division, to which the Twentieth Army Corps belonged, had been massed at, 
Ringgold, but was now before the rocky cliffs of Rocky Face, upon which 
Johnston had strongly fortified himself to dispute the passage of our armies 
through Buzzard Roost Gap below. On the 8th of May occurred the assault 
upon Rocky Face Ridge, and the terrible carnage that followed. 

"Then Johnston suddenly discovered that the wily general of the Union 
forces had been sending a division through Snake Creek Gap, sonic distance 
south, to the rear, and was threatening the railroad and Resaca. General 
Johnston withdrew from his works on Rocky Face, and quickly intrenched 
himself at Resaca. 

" Around Resaca, which was a small town on the Oostanula River, were 
hills, swamps, ravines, and the densest of thickets. All this ground was 
familiar to the enemy, while it was a strange laud to the Union men. ( )n t lie 
15th of May the attack was made. 

"Perched on the crest of a hill that commanded the approach to the 
town, were rebel batteries that poured incessant fire into the Union ranks. 



12 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

It became positively necessary to silence them, but it would require brave 
men and a desperate struggle to do it. The order came to General Ward, of 
the First Brigade, and was repeated to Colonel Harrison. 

"Between the brigade and the batteries was a dense pine thicket and then 
a quarter of a mile of open held, so that Colonel Harrison knew nothing of 
the position of the enemy he was to charge. But he commanded his officers 
to dismount, and did so himself, as he knew it would be impossible to charge 
through that thicket on horseback. Then he said to the aide-de-camp who 
brought the order: 

" 'You are familiar with the ground outside. I am not. Will you go 
ahead with me alone and show me this battery ? For if I were to charge 
out now, I would be as apt to charge Hank on to it as any other way. ' 

• ' The two had not proceeded far when a puff of smoke from the hill- 
crest, and the report which followed, indicated the position of the battery, 
and the ball screaming by emphasized the importance of the order. Colonel 
Harrison instantly waved his sword to his men, and called in a voice that 
caught the ear and heart of every man within its reach: 

' ' ' Come on, boys ! ' 

" Instantly lour regiments came pouring after him. They crashed into 
the thicket and tore along, shouting meanwhile, and crying 'forward! ' to 
each other, all in the wildest disorder — for it was impossible to preserve the 
lines in that tangled underwood. All were full of the spirit of their leader. 
They soon emerged from the wood, and followed him on double-quick toward 
the hill, shouting in a way that meant death to the Confederates. It is seldom 
a command produces such effect so instantaneously as did that call, ' Come 
on, boys ! ' attended as it was by the flash of the sword and the ready attitude 
of the man. The Confederates saw it and felt it, and in desperation poured 
a murderous fire into the advancing columns. Shot and shell flew thick about 
tbe brave leader, and his men were falling fast. Still he went on, and had it 
not been for the spirit that seemed to go from him to his followers, one might 
have thought he was courting death, or shielding bis brave men from it. 

" They rushed on under the savage fire; and only the roar of cannons and 
muskets, the cries of wounded and dying, the shouts of brave, determined 
men, and the dense smoke that hovered over and amidst them in clouds and 
hid the sight from heaven, might indicate that the battle was going on, until 
the outer Confederate lines were reached; then they leaped over the breast- 
works, and, hand-to-hand, they grappled with the desperate defenders. The 
cold steel bayonets shone no longer in sunlight. Muskets w T ere clubbed — 
only pistol reports were heard above the din. Then all the enemy that were 
left in the outer works were taken prisoners. 

•' But the work was apparently not half done, and thai commander never 
lefl any work of bis in that condition. The battery was still at the crest, and 
there was an impassable line of brushwood and stakes below it. Night fell, 
and the men were still busy. They were digging into the hill-side, and up 
toward the enemy's nuns. II' the enemy were feeling secure for a time, be- 
hind the barrier, and at all satisfied at the havoc made in the Union ranks — 
for fully a third of those brave soldiers lay wounded, dying, and dead on the 
field- evidently, also, a counter feeling of uneasiness rested upon them, for 
the spirit with which the assault had been made, and the contest kept up, and 
the carrying of their outer lines, meant that the [JnioD colonel and his soldiers 
did not intend to be thwarted. 

"The tunnels broke through the hill behind the works. The guns were 
lowered into them. And when the morning came, and General Sherman 
looked to see the battle for the hill top to be renewed, lo! the work was done 
—the enemy had w ilhdrawn." 

From Wesaca until the cud of the war Harrison and his men were con- 



THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 13 

spicuoua for their undaunted courage and unflinching devotion to duty under 
the most trying circumstances. He served under Hooker, Thomas, and 
Ward, his force never failing to make its mark when called upon to act. 
On July 20, 1864, during the well-contested battle at Peach Creek, he again 
distinguished himself. The opposing generals were Hooker and Hood. 

In a case of emergency, where immediate and decisive action was neces- 
sary, he proved equal to the occasion, leading his men to victory with many 
encouraging words. Swinging himself into line before his men, he said : 

" Come on, boys! We've never been licked yet, and we won't begin now. 
We haven't much ammunition, but if necessary we can give them the cold 
steel, and before we get licked we will club them down; so come on." 

" They charged up the hill after ' Little Ben,' " writes a biographer, "get- 
ting ready as they ran. They were joined by the skirmish line, eager for 
the fray. Just over the hill, among the trees, and behind a rail fence, they 
saw the Confederates crouching like tigers. They charged on them, and for 
half an hour there was hot and terrible fighting. Finally the Confederate 
force was repulsed. But the gallant brigade lost 250 men in that short thirty 
minutes. This was the decisive stroke; and the day was soon won. 

"The next day the fiery General Hooker rode the lines, and seeing Harri- 
son, he called out with an oath that he would have him made a brigadier- 
general for yesterday's work." 

General Hooker kept his promise, and in a letter to the Secretary of War 
represented fully Colonel Harrison's military merits, recommending him 
strongly for preferment. 

Whilst in the field, news of his renomination as an officer of the Supreme 
Court of Indiana reached him. His political opponents, by their acts, made 
it necessary for him to enter the campaign, which he did for 30 days, gain- 
ing a decisive victory in the contest. Then he returned to the seat of war, 
and displayed more conspicuous gallantry at Nashville in December. Sick- 
ness in his family, and then his own sickness, kept him away from the field 
for a time, but he was soon able to rejoin the forces_of Sherman, and contrib- 
uted to a considerable extent in bringing about a prompt ending of the war. 
The last incident in his military career was his presence at the head of his 
men in the grand review at Washington. 

General Harrison, on his return home, resumed the practice of law, his 
partners being Messrs. K. G. Porter and Fishback. Their practice became 
extensive and important, and their services were greatly in demand. Several 
changes were made in the firm as time went on, but General Harrison re- 
mained throughout, gradually gaining in reputation, until, at last, he came 
to be acknowledged by members of the bar, irrespective of party, as "a 
judicious counsellor, an able advocate, a keen cross-examiner, and a man of 
indefatigable industry." 

In 1875 General Harrison was urged to become a candidate for the Gov- 
ernorship of Indiana, but declined, stating as one of his reasons that his per- 
sonal affairs demanded a close application to professional duties. He took a 
share, however, in the work of the campaign, and was much surprised to 
learn from a Chicago uewspaper, on one occasion when away from home, 
that Mr. Orth, who had been nominated, had withdrawn from the contest. 
He was still more surprised, and also greatly annoyed, when he read thai his 
own name had been placed at the head of the ticket. On returning home, 
his remonstrances were strongly worded and emphatic. He declined to run, 
but was finally persuaded to allow his name to remain for the sake of Hie 
party. The ticket was defeated, but the Democratic majority was reduced 
more than one-half, and General Harrison received 1,5:36 above the average 
vote of the other five state officers. 

His next most conspicuous public service was in connection with the rail- 



14 THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

way strikes in 1877. On that occasion he acted in conjunction with the Gov- 
ernor and a numher of well-known citizens, doing much to arrange an ami- 
cable settlement of the dispute. 

General Harrison took part in the state campaign of 1878, entertained 
President Hayes and John Sherman on their visit to Indianapolis, in 1879, 
and was appointed chairman of the Indiana delegation to the National Re- 
publican Convention which met in Chicago on June 7, 1880. At that time 
the question was raised among his friends as to the expediency of placing his 
name before the Convention for the Presidency, but he put his foot down 
flatly against it, and the Indiana vote was solid for Garfield. Again he took 
an active part in the campaign which might be termed a double campaign, 
as the election for governor took place in October. General Harrison did 
splendid service for the party, and was rewarded by a seat in the United 
Stales Senate, where he served with distinction from March, 1881, until 
March, 1887. His record in the Senate includes important speeches on 
Chinese immigration, and on the admission of new States. In 1887 changes 
in the State Legislature brought about the election of a Democrat to serve 
in tlic Senate from 1887 to 1893. 

On retiring from his post at Washington, General Harrison returned to 
Indianapolis, and again resumed the practice of the law, conducting a num- 
ber of important cases with great success. In 1888 his name was mentioned 
for the Presidency, and the feeling in his favor grew so strong that when the 
Convention assembled at Chicago on the 19th of June, 1888, Governor A. G. 
Porter, in behalf of the Indian delegation, presented the name of General 
Harrison as a candidate. The nomination was seconded by Mr. Terrill of 
Texas, and also by Mr. Gallinger of New Hampshire. Ballots were taken 
for three days, and General Harrison was nominated on the 8th ballot, re- 
ceiving 544 votes, the previous ballots in his favor being 80, 91, 94, 207, 213, 
231 and 278. 

On the 4th of March, 1889 President Harrison assumed the reins of office 
at the National Capital from President Cleveland, having 233 electoral votes, 
as against 168 in favor of his opponent, who was serving his first term in the 
Presidency, and had become a candidate for renomination. As to the man- 
ner in which President Harrison has conducted the affairs of the countiy, 
no better statement need be made than that expressed by Senator Spooner in 
seconding the motion for President Harrison's renomination before the 
National Convention at Minneapolis on June 10th, 1892. 

" He has been from the day of his inauguration what the people elected 
him to be — President of the United States. He has given to the country an 
administration which for ability, efficiency, purity and patriotism challenge 
admiration without fear of comparison with any which has preceded it since 
the foundation of the government. He has been free from " variableness or 
shadow of turning" in his devotion to the principles of the Republican party, 
and to the redemption of the pledges made by it to the people. He has 
stood for the protection of American industries, and the interests of Ameri- 
e.-m wage workers, and placed with alacrity the seal of approval upon the 
ureal Tariff hill of the Fifty-first Congress, which has outridden the flood of 
misrepresentation which swept over it, as did the ark in the deluge of old. 
and now rests upon a foundation as solid as Mount Ararat. 

" Be championed and promoted by every means in harmony with the dig- 
nity of his ureal office the adoption of the scheme of reciprocity, which asen- 
acted has found favor with our people, and not limited to the South American 
Republics or bartering the interests of one industry for the benefit of another 
by the free admission of competitive products, but compelling fair treatment 
by all governments of all our people, and our productions under penalty of 
commercial retaliation. 



THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 15 

" Openly friendly to the use of silver as one of the coin metals of the 
country under conditions which shall surely maintain it at a parity with 
gold, and striving to secure by international agreement the existence of those 
conditions, he stands, nevertheless, as firm as the granite which underlies the 
continent against a policy which would debase the currency of the people, 
and must drive the coin of either metal out of circulation. 

"Nor did he forget or disregard the solemn pledge of the Republican 
party that 'every citizen, rich or poor, native or foreign born, white or 
black, 'is entitled at every public election to cast one free ballot, and to have 
that ballot honestly counted, and faithfully returned. 

"With a skill, dignity and courage which has compelled the admiration of 
political friend and foe alike he has caused it to be understood throughout 
the world that the American flag represents a government which has the 
power and the will to protect the American uniform and American interests 
at all hazards everywhere, whether assailed by peppery neighbors to the 
southward of us, or by the diplomacy or power of Great Britain. 

"Every interest of the people has had his best care and his best thought, 
and he stands before the country to-day well approved and universally 
ackowledged to be a man of transcendent ability, of extraordinary capacity 
for the discharge of executive duty, of exalted patriotism and lofty purpose, 
who would not for a unanimous renomination by this Convention and a re- 
election by the people swerve one hair's breadth in any matter of duty, great 
or small, from what he believes to be just and right. 

"It is said against him that he had made enemies, and it is evidently true. 
So did Washington, so did Jackson, so did Lincoln, so did Grant, so did Gar- 
field, so did Arthur. But this Convention will not mistake the lamentations 
of the disappointed for the voices of 'plain people.' This judgment again 
overestimates the importance of individuals and underestimates the intelli- 
gence and patriotism of the masses. They will not be gulled into the belief 
that the object of government is the bestowal of office. 

"The people care little for the ambition of leaders, and whether John 
Smith secures an office this month, next month, or not at all. They do not 
demand of a President that he shall be able to please every one. They want 
good government, they demand honesty and ability, and industry and purity 
in public and private life, and all this they have had in Ben Harrison, and 
they know it. 

' ' We place him before this Convention as one who can bear, and will 
bear, whether nominated or not — for he is a Republican — his full share in 
this great contest which today is begun. 

" The Republicans of every State, save one, in convention assembled have 
endorsed with enthusiasm his administration. Upon that administration and 
its record of efficiency and achievement the Republican Party is to invite the 
coming campaign. There is nothing persuasive in the assertion that the 
people who officially approve an administration will withhold their approval 
from the man who is responsible for it, and who has largely made it. 

"Put him again at the head of the column. Place in his hand the banner 
of Republicanism, and he will carry it aggressively all the time at the front, 
and he will lead us again to victory. There will be irresistible power and 
inspiration in the knowledge which pervades the people that so long as he is 
President there is one at the helm who, whatever besides us, at home or 
abroad, will bring to the solution of every question, to the execution of 
every policy, and to the performance of every duty a splendid and dis- 
ciplined intellect, absolute rectitude of purpose and unfaltering desire to 
conserve every interest of every section, a self-poise which is a sure safe 
guard against hasty or mistaken judgment, and a patriotism which never 
has wavered, either in war or in peace." 



16 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

This is the most fitting place for the text of the speech of Mr. Chauncey 
M. Depew of New York, made in behalf of General Harrison, at Minne- 
apolis: 

"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: 

"It is the peculiarity of Republican National Conventions that each one 
of them has a distinct and interesting history. We are here to meet condi- 
tions and solve problems which make this gathering not only no exception to 
the rule, but substantially a new departure. That there should be strong con- 
victions, and their earnest expression as to preferences and policies, is charac- 
teristic of the right of individual judgment, which is the fundamental principle 
of Republicanism. 

"There have been occasions when the result was so sure that the delegates 
could freeby indulge in the charming privilege of favoritism and friendship. 
But the situation which now confronts us demands the exercise of dispassion- 
ate judgment, and our hcst thought and experience. 

" We cannot venture on uncertain ground, or encounter obstacles placed 
in the pathway of success by ourselves. The Democratic party is now di- 
vided, but the hope of the possession of power once more will make it in the 
final battle more aggressive, determined, and unscrupulous than ever. It 
starts with fifteen States secure without an effort, by processes which are a 
travesty upon popular government, and, if continued long enough, will 
paralyze institutions founded \ipon popular suffrage. It has to win four 
more States in a fair light — States which in the vocabulary of politics are 
denominated doubtful. 

"The Republican party must appeal to the conscience and the judgment 
of the individual voter in every State of the Union. This is in accordance 
with the principles upon which it was founded, and the objects for which it 
contends. It has accepted this issue before, and fought it out with an ex- 
traordinary continuance of success. 

"The conditions of Republican victory from 1860 to 1880 were created by 
Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant. They were that the saved republic 
should be run by its saviors — the emancipation of the slaves; the reconstruc- 
tion of the States; the reception of those who had fought to destroy the re- 
public back into the fold, without penalties or punishments, and to an equal 
share with those who had fought and saved the nation, in the solemn obliga- 
tion and inestimable privilege of American citizenship. They were the em- 
bodiment into the Constitution of the principles for which two millions of 
men had fought and a half million had died. They were the restoration of 
public credit, the resumption of specie payments and the prosperous condi- 
tion of solvent business. 

"For twenty -five years they were names with which to conjure and events 
fresh in the public mind which were elocpient with popular enthusiasm. 

"It needed little else than a recital of the glorious story of its heroes and 
a statement of the achievements of the Republican party to retain the confi- 
dence "I the people. Bui from the desire for change, winch is characteristic 
of free governments, there came a reversal; there came a check to the prog- 
ress of the Republican party and four years of Democratic administration. 
Those four years largely relegated to the realm of history past issues, and 
brougb.1 us face to face with what, Democracy, its professions and its prac- 
tices mean to day. 

"The greal names which have adorned the roll of Republican statesmen 
and soldiers are still potent and popular. The great measures of the Repub- 
lican party are still the best part of the history of the century. The un- 
equaled and unexampled story of Republicanism in its promises and its 
achievements stands unique in the record of parties, in governments which 
are free 



THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 17 

" We live iu practical times, facing practical issues which affect the busi- 
ness, the wages, the labor and prosperity of to-day. The campaign will 
be won or lost, not upon the bad record of James K. Polk, or of Franklin 
Pierce, or of James Buchanan — not upon the good record of Lincoln, or of 
Grant, or of Arthur, or of Hayes, or of Garfield. It will be won or lost 
upon the policy, foreign and domestic, the industrial measures, and the ad- 
ministrative acts of the administration of Benjamin Harrison. Whoever re- 
ceives the nomination of this Convention will run upon the judgment of the 
people as to whether they have been more prosperous and more happy — 
whether the country has been in a better condition at home and stood more 
honorably abroad — under these last four years of Harrison and Republican 
administration than during the preceding four years of Cleveland and Dem- 
ocratic government. 

"Not since Thomas Jefferson has any administration been called upon to 
face and solve so many or such difficult problems as those which have been 
exigent in our conditions. No administration since the organization of the 
government has ever met difficulties better, or more to the satisfaction of the 
American people. Chili lias been taught that, no matter how small the 
antagonist, no community can with safety insult the flag or murder 
American sailors. Germany and England have learned in Samoa that the 
United States has become one of the powers of the world, and no matter 
how mighty the adversary, at every sacrifice, American honor will be main- 
tained. 

"The Behring Sea question, which was the insurmountable obstacle in the 
diplomacy of Cleveland and of Bayard, has been settled upon a basis which 
sustains the American position until arbitration shall have determined the 
right. The dollar of the country has been placed and kept on the standard 
of commercial nations, and a convention has been agreed upon with foreign 
governments, which, by making bimetallism the policy of all nations, may 
successfully solve all our financial problems. 

" The tariff, tinkered with and trifled with to the serious disturbance of trade 
and disaster to business since the days of Washington, has been courageously 
embodied into a code — a code which has preserved the principle of the protection 
to American industries. To it has been added a beneficent policy supple- 
mented by beneficial treaties and wise diplomacy, which has opened to our 
farmers and manufacturers the markets of other countries. 

"The navy has been builded upon lines which will protect American citi- 
zens and American interests and the American flag all over the world. The 
public debt has been reduced, the maturing bonds have been paid off, the 
public credit has been maintained, the burdens of taxation have been light- 
ened, two hundred millions of currency have been added to the people's 
money without disturbance of the exchanges. Unexampled prosperity has 
crowned wise laws and their wise administration. 

"The main epiestion which divides us is, to whom does the credit of all 
this belong? Orators may stand upon this platform, more able and more 
eloquent than I, who will paint in more brilliant colors, but they cannot put 
in more earnest thought the affection and admiration of Republicans for our 
distinguished ex-Secretary of State. 

"I yield to no Republican, no matter from what State he hails, in admira- 
tion and respect for John Sherman, for Gov. McKinley, for Thomas B. Reed, 
for Iowa's great son, for the favorites of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, 
but when I am told that the credit for the brilliant diplomacy of this admin- 
istration belongs exclusively to the late Secretary of State; for the adminis- 
tration of its finances to the Secretary of the'Treasury; for the construction 
of its ships to the Secretary of the Navy; for the introduction of American 
pork in Europe to the Secretary of Agriculture; for the settlement (so far as 



18 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

it is settled) of the currency question to Senator John Sherman; for the 
formulation of the tariff laws to Governor McKinley ; for removal of the restric- 
tions placed by foreign nations upon the introduction of American pork to 
our Ministers at Paris and Berlin — I am tempted to seriously inquire, who, 
during the last four years, has been President of the United States, anyhow? 

"Csesar, when he wrote those commentaries which were the history of 
the conquests of Europe under his leadership, modestly took the position of 
iEneas when he said, ' They are the narrative of events, the whole of which 
I saw, and the part of which I was.' 

"General Thomas, as the rock of Chickamauga, occupies a place in our 
history with Leonidas among the Greeks, except that he succeeded where 
Leonidas failed. The fight of Joe Hooker above the clouds was the poetry 
of battle. The resistless rush of Sheridan and his steed down the valley of 
the Shenandoah is the epic of our civil war. The march of Sherman from 
Atlanta to the sea is the supreme triumph of gallantry and strategy. It de- 
tracts nothing from the splendor of the fame, or the merits of the deeds, of 
his lieutenants to say that, having selected them with marvelous sagacity and 
discretion, Grant still remained the supreme commander of the national army. 

"All the proposed acts of any administration, before they are formulated, 
are passed upon in Cabinet council, and the measures and suggestions of the 
ablest secretaries would have failed with a lesser President; but for the great 
good of the country, and the benefit of the Republican party, they have suc- 
ceeded because of the suggestive mind, the indomitable courage, the intelli- 
gent appreciation of situations, and the grand magnanimity of Benjamin 
Harrison. 

"It is an undisputed fact that during the few months when both the 
Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury were ill, the President 
personally assumed the duties of the State Department and of the Treasury 
Department, and both with equal success. The Secretary of State, in accept- 
ing his portfolio under President Garfield, wrote: ' Your administration must 
be made brilliantly successful and strong in the confidence and pride of the 
people, not at all diverting its energies for reflection, and yet compelling 
that result by the logic of events, and by the imperious necessities of the 
situation.' 

" Garfield fell before the bullet of the assassin, and Mr. Blaine retired to 
private life. General Harrison invited him to take up that unfinished diplo- 
matic career where its threads had been so tragically broken. He entered the 
Cabinet — he resumed his work — and has won a higher place in our history. 
The prophecy he made for Garfield has been superbly fulfilled by President 
Harrison. In the language of Mr. Blaine, the President has 'compelled a 
reelect ion by the logic of events and the imperious necessities of the situation.' 

" The man who is nominated here to day to win must carry a certain well- 
known number of the doubtful States. Patrick Henry, in the convention 
which stalled rolling the ball of the independence of the colonies from Great 
Britain, said: ' I have hut one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is 
I lie lamp of experience. T know of no way of judging of the future but by 
the past.' 

"New York was carried in 1880 by General Garfield, and in every im- 
portant election since that, time we have done our best. We have put forward 
our ablest, our most, popular, our most brilliant leaders, for Governor and 
State officers, to suffer constant defeat. The only light, which illumines with 
the sun of hope the dark record of those twelve years is the fact that in 1888 
the State of New York was triumphantly carried* by President Harrison. He 
carried il then as a gallant soldier, a wise senator, a statesman who inspired 
confidence by his public utterances in daily speech from the commencement 
of the canvass to its close. He still has all these claims, and, in addition, an 



THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 19 

administration beyond criticism, and rich with the elements of popularity 
with which to carry New York again. 

" Ancestry helps in the OklWorld, and handicaps in the New._ There is but 
one distinguished example of a son first overcoming the limitations imposed 
by the preeminent fame of his father, and then rising above it; and that was 
when the younger Pitt became greater than Chatham. 

" With an ancestor a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and an- 
other who saved the northwest from savagery and gave it to civilization and 
empire, and was also a President of the United States, a poor aud unknown 
lawyer of Indiana has risen by his unaided efforts to such distinction as law- 
yer," orator, soldier, statesman and President that he reflects more credit on 
his ancestors than they have devolved upon him, and presents in American 
history the parallel of the younger Pitt. 

"By the record of a wise and popular administration, by the strength 
gained in frequent contact with the people, in wonderfully versatile and 
felicitous speech, by the claims of a pure life in public and in the simplicity 
of a typical American home, I nominate Benjamin Harrison." 



THE REPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Hon. Whitelaw Reid, who was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by 
unanimous vote of the delegates at Minneapolis on June 10, 1892, is the ed- 
itor and proprietor of the "New York Tribune." An excellent sketch of his 
career, accurate and impartial, was published in the columns of the " Trib- 
une " on the morning following the nomination. The sources of information 
being of course the "most reliable, practically indorsed by the nominee, the 
liberty is taken of reproducing the sketch as it appeared in the columns of his 
own paper: 

Whitelaw Reid, the Republican nominee for the office of Vice-President, 
was born in Xenia, Ohio, in October, 1887. His. father, Robert Charlton Reid, 
had married Marian Whitelaw Ronalds, a descendant in direct line from the 
Clan Ronald of the Highlands of Scotland. His paternal grandfather, also 
of Scotch blood, emigrated to this country toward the close of the last cen- 
tury, and, as one of its earliest pioneers, settled in Kentucky; but in 1800 he 
crossed the river and bargained for land upon the present site of Cincinnati. 
But he was a stern old Covenanter, and found his conscience uneasy, owing 
to a condition of the sale which required him to run a ferry every day of the 
week across the Ohio River. Sooner than violate the Sabbath, he gave up 
his bargain, and removing to Greene County, he became one of the earliest 
settlers in the township of Xenia. An uncle, Hugh McMillan, D. D., a Scotch 
Covenanter and conscientious man, took the task upon himself for fitting 
Whitelaw for college. Dr. McMillan was a trustee of Miami University and 
principal of the old and long-noted Xenia Academy, which was then reck- 
oned by the officers of Miami the best preparatory school in the State. As a 
teacher of classics and general instructor Dr. McMillan had a fine reputation. 
Under his instruction his nephew was so well drilled in Latin that at the age 
of fifteen years he entered Miami as a sophomore, with a Latinist rank equal 
to that of scholars in the Tipper classes. This was in 1853, and in 1856 he was 
graduated with the scientific honors; the classical honors having by his own 
request been yielded to a classmate. Just after graduation he was made prin- 
cipal of the graded schools in South Charleston, Ohio, his immediate pupils 
being generally older than himself. Here he taught French, Latin and the 
higher mathematics. During this period he repaid his father the expense of 
his senior year in college, and, returning home at the age of twenty, he 
bought the " Xenia News" and for two years led the life of a country edi- 
tor. 

AN ORIGINAL REPUBLICAN. 

Directly after leaving college Mr. Reid had identified himself with the 
then new Republican party, and took the stump for John C. Fremont. He 
was a constant reader of the "New York Tribune," and his own paper, 
the " News," edited with vigor and such success as to double its circulation 
during his control of its columns, was conducted by him, as much as possible, 
after the model of that great humanitarian journalist he was destined to suc- 
ceed. In 1860, notwithstanding his personal admiration of Mr. Chase, he ad- 
vocated the nomination of Mr. Lincoln, the " News" being the first West- 

20 



THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 21 

ern newspaper outside of Illinois to do so; and its influence caused the elec- 
tion of a Lincoln delegate to the Republican Convention from the Xenia dis- 
trict, thus strengthening the break in the Ohio column which Governor Chase 
at the time so bitterly resented, After Mr. Lincoln's famous speech at the 
Cooper Institute in New York and his return to the West, Mr. Reid went to 
Columbus to meet him, formed one of his escort to Xenia, and introduced 
him at the railroad station to the citizens. Subsequently he entered ardently 
into the business of the campaign, making speeches and acting as secretary 
of the Greene County Republican Committee. His exertions were too much 
for his health, and he was compelled to withdraw from the political arena 
and take a vacation. He travelled through the Northwest, visiting the ex- 
treme headwaters of the Mississippi and St. Louis rivers, and returned across 
the site of the present town of Duluth. The following winter he spent in 
Columbus as a legislative correspondent on an engagement with the " Cin- 
cinnati Times." His letters from the Northwest in'the "Cincinnati Gazette " 
during the summer of 1860 were favorably received, and, after a few weeks 
of his engagement with the " Times " had elapsed he obtained an offer at a 
higher figure from the "Cleveland Herald," to be followed by a yet better 
offer from the "Cincinnati Gazette." Mr. Reid undertook all three engage- 
ments, and by them was put in receipt of a good income for a journalist in 
those days, some $38 a week; but the task of writing daily three letters, dis- 
tinct in tone, upon the same dreary legislative themes was a species of drudg- 
ery which severely tried even his versatility and courage. Such discipline, 
however, rendered his later journalistic labors comparatively light and at- 
tractive. 

SEEVICES AS A WAR CORRESPONDENT. 

At the close of that session of the Ohio Legislature the " Gazette " offered 
him the post of city editor, and this position, so full of varied training, he ac- 
cepted until, at the beginning of the Civil War, McClellan, then a captain in 
the Regular Army and stationed at Cincinnati, was sent to West Virginia. 
With this movement, Mr. Reid, by order of the "Gazette" Company," took 
the position of its Avar correspondent. Gen. Morris had command of the ad- 
vance, and Mr, Reid, as representative of the then foremost journal in Ohio, 
was assigned to duty as volunteer aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain. 
Then over the signature of " Agate " began a series of letters which attracted 
general attention and largely increased the demand for the "Gazette." Af- 
ter the West Virginia campaign terminated in the victory over Garnet's army 
and the death of General Garnet himself at Carrick's Ford, on Cheat River, 
Mr. Reid returned to the "Gazette" office, and for a time wrote editorial 
leaders. He was sent back to West Virginia, and given a position on the 
staff of General Rosecrans. He served through the second campaign that 
terminated with the battles of Carnifex Ferry and Gauley Bridge. These 
battles he wrote an account of and then returning to the "Gazette" office 
resumed his editorial duties and helped organize the staff of correspondents 
the publishers of that journal had found it necessary to employ. Fairly es- 
tablished as a journalist of much promise, only brief mention can be made of 
the brilliant service which marked his subsequent career in the West. In 
18(>l-'62 he went to Fort Donelson, recorded the Tennessee campaign, arrived 
at Pittsburg Landing weeks in advance of the battle fought there, and, leav- 
ing a sick-bed, was the only correspondent who witnessed the fight from its 
beginning to its close. It was his account of this battle, one of the most im- 
portant of the war, that stamped him as a newspaper correspondent of the 
first class. Those ten columns of the " Gazette " were widely copied and 
published in extras by St. Louis and Chicago papers, and their writer was 
complimented by an advance in his already liberal salary, 



22 THE VICE-PBESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

At the siege of Corinth Mr. Reid was appointed chairman of a committee 
of the correspondents to interview General Halleck upon the occasion of the 
latter 's difficulty with "the gentlemen of the press," which ended in their 
dignified withdrawal from the military lines. 

EXPERIENCES AS A WASHINGTON CORRESPONDENT AND AS A PLANTER. 

Mr. Reid went to Washington in the spring of 1862, where he was offered 
the management of a leading St. Louis newspaper. On hearing of this offer 
the proprietors of the "Gazette" offered to sell him a handsome interest in 
their establishment at a fair price. This he accepted, and his share of the 
profits for the first year amounted to two-thirds of the cost and laid the 
foundation of his fortune. As the correspondent of the " Gazette " at the 
National Capital he soon distinguished himself, and attracted by his literary 
and executive ability the notice of Horace Greeley, who from that time be- 
came his highly appreciative and unswerving friend. A visit to the South 
in 1865, as the companion of Chief Justice Chase on the trip made by the 
latter at the recpiest of President Johnson, resulted in the production of Mr. 
Reid's first contribution to literature in the form of a book, entitled "After 
the AVar : A Southern Tour. " This book is a fair reflex of its author's inde- 
pendent and healthful mind and practical experience of men and things, and 
an excellent record of the affairs of the South during the years immediately 
following the war. During this tour the business of cotton-planting appeared 
so remunerative that, in partnership with General Francis J. Herron, Mr. 
Reid engaged in it in the spring of 1866; but when the crop looked most 
promising the army worm detroyed three-fourths of it. Even what remained, 
however, prevented the loss of their investment, and induced Mr. Reid to 
try his fortune subsequently in the same business in Alabama; but after two 
years, though not a loser, his gain was principally in business experience. 
During these years, however, he was otherwise engaged than in growing 
cotton. His ' ' Ohio in the War, " two large volumes of more than a thousand 
pages each, was produced during the years when cotton-planting was his 
ostensible business. This work is a monument of industry and a model for 
every other State work of the kind. After the publication of this work Mr. 
Reid in 1868 resumed the duties of a leader-writer on the "Gazette." 

On the impeachment of President Johnson he went to Washington and 
reported carefully that transaction. That summer Mr. Greeley renewed an 
invitation, two or three times made before, to Mr. Reid, to connect himself 
with the political staff of the "Tribune." Mr. Reid finally accepted, and 
took the post of leading editorial writer, with a salary next in amount to that 
of Mr. Greeley and responsible directly to him. He wrote many of the lead- 
ers throughout the campaign that ended in the first election of Grant. 
Shortly afterward a difficulty between the managing editor and the publishers 
resulted in the withdrawal of the former, and Mr. Reid was installed in the 
managing editor's chair. In this advancement he retained the affection and 
unbounded confidence of his venerated chief, who since the withdrawal of 
Mr. Dana to make his venture in Chicago and then to get the " Sun," had not 
tailed to observe the uncertainties and dangers attending this most arduous 
of journalistic positions. By a bold expenditure in 1870 Mr. Reid surpassed 
all rivals at home and abroad in reports of the Franco-Prussian war, and 
from that time, witli full power to do so, gradually reorganized and strength- 
ened the staff of the Tribune. 

assuming: the editorship of the "tribune." 

After the nomination of Mr. Greeley for President in 1872, Mr. Reid was 
made editor in chief of the " Tribune" — an office accepted by him with gen- 
uine reluctance, but with courage and determination. Untrammeled by tra- 



THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 23 

dition, he made the " Tribune " the exponent of a broad and catholic Ameri- 
canism. In this he failed not to rally to his support scholarly and sagacious 
veterans of the " Tribune " establishment. After the disastrous close of the 
campaign of 1872, that which astonished friend and foe alike was the enor- 
mous amount of resources Mr. Reid's conduct had gained for him in the 
shape of capital freely and confidently placed at his disposal. He was thus 
enabled to obtain entire control of the " Tribune." 

Mr. Reid's public services as a journalist led his friends repeatedly to urge 
him to enter other departments of public life. President Hayes and Presi- 
dent Garfield offered him the position of American Minister to Germany, but 
on both occasions he declined it. In 1878 the New York Legislature elected 
him for life a Regent of the State University. Finally, in March, 1889, he 
was prevailed upon to accept from President Harrison the appointment of 
Minister to France, and thereupon resigned the editorship of the " Tribune." 
After securing the repeal of the French decree prohibiting the importation of 
American meats, and negotiating rociprocity and extradition treaties, he re- 
signed office and came home in April, 1892. On his return he was honored 
with dinners by the Chamber of Commerce, the Ohio Society, and the Lotos 
Club. In 1881 Mr. Reid married the daughter of D. O. Mills, and they have 
two children. 

Speech of General Horace Porter of New York in Seconding 
the Nomination of Hon. "Whitelaw Reid for the Vice- 
Presidency, June 10, 1892. 

"Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Convention, I rise on behalf of 
the New York delegation to commend to you the distinguished gentleman 
whose name has just been pronounced as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency 
by the chairman of that delegation. This gentleman by his private work 
and public services has well commended himself, not only to the people of 
the Empire State, but the people of all the States throughout the Union. 

"His name and character and services will give au assurauce that he will 
carry out the policy of the party; that he will stand strong in the affections of 
his fellow citizens; that he will command the unqualified respect of all the 
civilized globe. 

" He is prominently to-day New York's favorite. In our side of politics 
we have not been as prolific in favorite sons as the Democracy. New York 
has given birth to two favorite sons. There we have twins, but, unlike other 
twins, even the parents who begot them cannot trace any marked resemblance 
between them. 

THE SUCCESSOR OF GREELEY. 

"Mr. Reid began his career and continued his service in the broad and 
instructive field of American journalism. He became the legitimate and 
worthy successor to that great creator of modern journalism, Horace Greeley. 
So broad were Mr. Reid's views, so thoroughly was he informed in every- 
thing pertaining to the country's success, that the people demanded, and in 
recognition of their wish the appointing powers selected him as Minister to 
France in a very important crisis in the diplomatic relations of the two coun- 
tries. We were glad to see him serve as Minister from the oldest Republic of 
the New World to the newest Republic of the Old World. 

"Scarcely had he been installed in office when there fell upon him for 
solution the most complicated, the most intricate questions that had ever 
2n 



24 THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 

arisen in diplomacy between the two countries. That he solved them suc- 
cessfully and met them boldly, is a mark of inexpressible pride to every one 
who honors the American flag. 

DIPLOMATIC ACHIEVEMENTS. 

" In the exhibits at the French Exposition he brought order out of chaos. 
He negotiated a most important extradition treaty. He succeeded in secur- 
ing France as the first nation to accept our nation's invitation to the Interna- 
tional Columbian Fair. He secured France as the first nation to give her 
consent to the terms of our international copyright. He negotiated there an 
important reciprocity treaty, and last, he achieved his greatest triumph in 
that warfare of intellectual giants in securing the repeal of the prohibitory 
duties put upon American pork. 

" He showed himself the master of modern diplomacy throughout these 
complicated transactions, and he retained the absolute confidence of his own 
government, and secured the respect of the French government, to which he 
was accredited. His duty done, he resigned the office which lie never 
sought, and made manifest his feeling that the post of honor is the private 
station. 

" When he returned to our shores all the honors in the land were heaped 
upon him. He was made an honorary member of the Chamber of Commerce 
and of many important societies. Everywhere banquets were given in his 
honor. His name is one which stands without reproach. There is no blot 
on his escutcheon. He has not had to learn that reproach is a concomitant to 
greatness. 

' ' He is an eminently practical man. He has always tried to perform, not 
what he knows, but what he can do. He has been a loyal party man. He 
has always placed loyalty to his party next only to loyalty to his nation. 

"He believes, as you, Mr. Chairman, and as every delegate, I think, on 
this floor, in the necessity of party, believes, that the end of party is the ori- 
gin of faction, the abandonment of party is the beginning of anarchy. 

ALL RIGHT WITH LABOR. 

"It is said Mr. Reid has bad difficulties with the typographical union. 
That has all been amicably and satisfactorily settled. We have that state- 
ment from the president of that organization, who was here present to-day, 
and lias placed it in writing. Give us Mr. Reid, and his name and his ser- 
vices will do more than those of any other in assisting in the campaign there. 
Give us him and we will give you a victory next November. 

" Bring forth the banners, inscribe them with Harrison and Reid, and 
will: those two marshals in the van we shall enter upon the campaign with no 
doubts to shake our purpose, with no ill-advised measures to lessen the ardor 
of the campaign. We shall have no deserters from our ranks. We shall 
have recruits Hocking to our vanguard from every quarter. 

" With all our battalions in the held, with all our columns on the march, 
with our banners inscribed with the proud record of past successes, we shall 
move on to final triumph and fall not until our banners sound the glad notes 
of victory." 



PROCEEDINGS OP THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CON- 
VENTION, HELD AT MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., 
JUNE 7 TO JUNE 10, 1892. 

The tenth Republican National Convention assembled at Minneapolis on 
June 7th, 1892, and with great enthusiasm was called to order by Chairman 
Clarkson of the National Committee at 12.35 p. m. Prayer was offered by 
Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of the University of Dakota. The official 
call of the Convention was then read, and Hon. J. Sloat Fassett of New 
York was placed in nomination for temporary chairman. The election of 
Mr. Fassett was unanimous. The presiding officer pro tern, upon installation 
made an able speech, in which the history of the Party was briefly reviewed. 
On mentioning the name of ex-speaker Thomas B. Reed, in connection with 
that gentleman's work in the Fifty-first Congress, a great demonstration was 
made. On response to many calls from ^lie delegates and visitors, Mr. 
Reed made a short but Stirling speech on the policy of the party. 

Temporary officers were then appointed, after which a roll-call of the 
States was made. When this task had been completed, and the various 
committees requested to assemble in the several committee rooms im- 
mediately after the proper business of the meeting was concluded, the Con- 
vention adjourned until 11 o'clock a. m. on the 8th inst. 

The second day's session of the Convention opened at 11.47 A. M., on 
June 8th. Prayer was offered hy Bishop Whipple, of Minnesota. Mr. 
Walker, a delegate from Nebraska, presented the Chairman with a gavel, 
which was accepted by Mr. Fassett amid much applause. Following this 
pleasing incident came a request from the presiding officer for the report of 
the Committee on Credentials. General Cogswell, in behalf of that commit- 
tee, announced that the report was not quite ready, but might reasonably be 
expected on the day following. 

Next in order came the report of the Committee on Permanent Organiza- 
tion. This was presented by Mr. B. C. Lockwood of Idaho, and recom- 
mended the election of Hon. William McKinley of Ohio as permanent chair- 
man of the Convention, with Charles W. Johnson of Minnesota as perma- 
nent secretary. The report was unanimously adopted. Mr. Fassett then 
appointed Hon. Samuel Fessenden, Senator Spooner, and General Mahone 
as a committee to escort the permanent chairman to his post. Governor 
McKinley received a great ovation, and on assuming his duties made a 
vigorous and well-received speech, dealing principally with the issues of pro- 
tection and reciprocity. At the conclusion of his address, the Venerable 
Fred. Douglass was called for, and warmly applauded. 

The report of the Committee on Rules* and Order of Business was asked 
for and presented. General Bingham of Pennsylvania, on handing in this 
report, announced that the rules had been framed in keeping with the rules 
of the Fifty-first Congress. Then came a request for the report on the Com- 
mittee of Resolutions. Chairman Foraker of Ohio, who met with an en- 
thusiastic reception, announced that the report was not yet ready. An ex- 
tension of time was granted to the committee. 

The roll of States was called for the names of the new National Commit 
teemen. Thirty-six States and Territories responded. 

Chairman McKinley, when the roll had been called, stated, under a mis- 
apprehension, that next in order came the nomination of candidates for the 

25 



26 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 

Presidency. It was explained by Senator Cullom that nominations could 
not be made until tbe reports of the Committees on Credentials and Resolu- 
tions had been presented and adopted. The Convention then adjourned un- 
til 11 a.m. on the following day. 

The third day's session of the National Convention began at 11.27 a. m., 
June 9th, 1892. Prayer was offered by Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of 
the University of South Dakota. The report of the Committee on Creden- 
tials was then called for, and announcement was made that the committee 
was still in session, but hoped to report fully at 8 o'clock p. m. A Resolu- 
tion, introduced by Senator Cullom, recommending a Congressional appro- 
priation in aid of the World's Fair, and a resolution introduced by Mr. 
Roberts of Illinois, providing for admission of all members of the Grand 
Army to the Convention Hall, and these resolutions having been referred to 
the proper committee, the Convention took a recess, by vote of 407 against 
250, until 8 p. m. 

The proceedings at the evening session began at 8.52 p. m. On the 
motion of Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of New York, congratulations were of- 
fered to Col. "Dick" Thompson of Indiana, on having attained his eighty- 
third birthday. Mr. Depew stated that Col. Thompson had voted for every 
president during the past sixty years, had been a delegate at every National 
Convention of the Republican Party since its organization, and had served 
with distinction in Congress, and in the Federal Cabinet. A resolution was 
Mien read from the Mayors of Titusville and Oil City, Pennsylvania, ad- 
dressed to the Pennsylvania delegation, asking that the country be informed 
through the Convention, of the suffering and need for relief in Titusville and 
Oil City. 

A call was then made for the report of the Committee on Credentials. 
Two reports were presented, one from the majority and from the minority of 
the committee. After an animated discussion, a vote was taken, with the 
result that the majority report was adopted by 476 to 365, a vote being pre- 
viously taken as to a demand of the New York and Pennsylvania delegations, 
a dispute concerning Alabama, when the vote stood 463 l o for the majority 
report, as against 423 ^ for the minority. The convention then adjourned 
until 11 a. m., on Friday, the 10th inst. 

At 11.30 A. m., on June 10th, the fourth day's proceedings were opened, 
Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt of Indiana offering prayer. Chairman McKinley 
then announced that the regular order was the consideration of the report of 
the Committee on Credentials in regard to the Ninth District of Alabama, 
and the motion to substitute the minority for the majority report. This mo- 
tion was defeated by a viva race vote, the majority report as a whole being 
adopted. The next transaction was the reading of a communication from the 
Woman's Republican Association, followed by a speech from Mrs. J. Ellen 
Foster concerning the work of the /Association and the general work of the 
party. 

At last the point was reached for presentation of candidates for President 
and Vice President. The roll of States was called. Senator Wolcott, 
answering for Colorado, placed the name of James G. Blaine before the con- 
vention. Wlien the name of Indiana was reached, Col. Dick Thompson 
placed in nomination Benjamin Harrison. At the mention of the names of 
Blaine and Harrison by those who placed them in nomination, and again by 
those who seconded the nominations, there was a tremendous outburst of 
cheeiing and applause. Mr. W. 11. Euslis of .Minnesota seconded the nomi- 
nal ion of .lames Or. Blaine. At the end of Mr. Eustis's speech a tumultuous 
outburst of applause occurred, lasting without intermission for twenty-four 
minutes. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew seconded the renomination of Gen. Har- 
rison, and made the great speech of the convention. The cheering at the con- 



CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 



27 



elusion of Mr. Depew's eloquent appeal lasted twenty minutes. Mr. Warner 
Miller of New York also seconded the nomination of James G. Blaine. Mr. 
H. B. Cheatam of North Carolina, a colored delegate, also seconded the 
nomination of Gen. Harrison. Mr. G. B. Boyd of Tennessee spoke briefly in 
behalf of Blaine, and Senator Spooner of Wisconsin addressed the Convention 
at length in advocacy of Gen. Harrison's reuomination. Mr. Stephen W. 
Downey of Wyoming advocated the nomination of Blaine, but owing to the 
growing impatience of the audience Mr. Downey had much difficulty in se- 
curing attention. 

The balloting then commenced, with the following result. 



Harrison. Blaine. ] 

Alabama 15 

Arkansas 15 

California 8 9 

Colorado 8 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 4 1 

Florida 8 

Georgia 26 

Idaho 6 

Illinois 34 14 

Indiana 34 

Iowa 20 5 

Kansas 11 

Kentucky 22 2 

Louisiana 8 8 

Maine 12 

Maryland 14 

Massachusetts 18 1 

Michigan 7 2 

Minnesota 8 9 

Mississippi] 13J^ 4H> 

Missouri 2S~ 4 ~ 

Montana 5 1 

Nebraska 15 

Nevada (5 

New Hampshire 4 2 

New Jersey 18 2 

New York 27 35 

North Carolina 17% -S'{> 

North Dakota 2 4 

Ohio 1 

Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 19 3 

Rhode Island 5 1 

South Carolina 13 3 

South Dakota 8 

Tennessee 17 4 

Texas 22 6 

Vermont 8 

Virginia 9 13 

Washington 1 6 

West Virginia 12 

Wisconsin 19 2 

Wyoming 4 2 

Arizona 1 1 

District of Columbia 2 

New Mexico 6 

Oklahoma 2 

Utah 2 

Alaska 2 

Indian Territory 1 1 

Total 535 1-6 182 1-6 

Kentucky 1 absent. 



iinley 


. Reed. 


Lincoln 


7 








1 








1 

















8 








1 


















































q 


1 








9 








1 


























2 








11 








19 








1 

















2 

















1 




















1 


i 











10 








1 

















45 








7 








42 








1 


1 





2 

















3 











2 














2 








1 

















3 











1) 





































































182 



When it became apparent to the chairman that General Harrison had re- 
ceived a majority of all the votes cast, he called upon the delegates to declare 



28 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 

if the nomination be made unanimous. The response was a general "aye," 
and the nomination was therefore declared unanimous. A resolution was of- 
fered by Ex-Senator Ingalls of Kansas to print a full report of the National 
Conventions of 1856, 1860, 1864 and 1892, to be sold at the cost of printing, 
after which the Couvention adjourned until 8 p. m. 

The Convention was again called to order at 8.53 p. m., and the announce- 
ment was made from the chair that the next order of business was the pre- 
sentation of names for nomination to the Vice-Presidency. The roll of States 
was called, and when New York was reached, State Senator O'Connor nomi- 
nated Hon. Whitelaw Reid. This nomination was seconded by Gen. Horace 
Porter, and also by Governor Bulkeley. Mr. J. C. Settle of Tennessee placed 
in nomination Hon. Thomas B. Reed of Maine. This was seconded by Mr. 
Loutham of Virginia. Mr. Reed's name was subsequently withdrawn on the 
announcement of a delegate from Maine that he was certain Mr. Reed would 
decline the honor. H< »n. Whitelaw Reid was then nominated by acclamation. 

This practically ended the business of the Convention. Governor McKinley 
was made chairman of a committee to notify the candidates. A resolution 
of thanks to the chairman for the manner in which he had conducted the 
proceedings, and one of thanks to the citizens of Minneapolis and Minnesota 
having been placed before the meeting and unanimously adopted, the conven- 
tion adjourned sine die at 9.57 p. m., June 10, 1892. 



THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM, 1892, ADOPTED AT 
MINNEAPOLIS, JUNE 10, 1892. 

THE PLATFORM. 

The representatives of the Republicans of the United States, assembled in 
general convention on the shores of the Mississippi river, the everlasting bond 
of an indestructible republic, whose most glorious chapter of history is the 
record of the Republican party, congratulate their countrymen on the majes- 
tic march of the nation under the banners inscribed with the principles of 
our platform of 1888, vindicated by victory at the polls and prosperity in our 
fields, workshops and mines, and make the following declaration of princi- 
ples - 

THE TARIFF. 

We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. "We call attention to 
its growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our coun- 
try is largely due to the wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress. 
We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, 
except luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports 
coming into competition with the products of American labor there should 
be duties levied equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. 
We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of general consumption 
have been reduced under the operations of the Tariff act of 1890. We de- 
nounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the House to destroy our 
tariff laws by piecemeal, as manifested by their attacks on wool, lead and 
lead ore, and we ask the people for their judgment thereon. 

We point to the success of the Republican policy of reciprocity, under 
which export trade has vastly increased, and new and enlarged markets have 
been opened for the products of our farms and workshops. We remind the 
people of the bitter opposition of the Democratic party to this practical busi- 
ness measure, and claim that, executed by a Republican administration, our 
present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world. 



The American people, from tradition and interest, favor bimetallism, and 
the Republican party demands the use of both gold and silver as standard 
money, with such restrictions and under such provisions, to be determined 
by legislation, as will secure the maintenance of the parity of values of the 
two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of the dollar, 
whether of silver, gold or paper, shall be at all times equal. 

The interests of the producers of the country — its farmers and its work- 
ingmen — demand that every dollar, paper or coin, issued by the government 
shall be as good as any other dollar. We commend the wise and patriotic 
steps already taken by our government to secure such an international con- 
ference to adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value between gold 
and silver for use as money throughout the world. 

20 



30 THE REPUBLICAN" PLATFORM. 



ELECTIONS. 

We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be allowed to 
cast one free and unrestricted ballot in all public elections, and that such 
ballot shall be counted and returned as cast: that such laws shall be enacted 
and enforced as will secure to every citizen, be he rich or poor, native or 
foreign born, white or black, this sovereign right, guaranteed by the Consti- 
tution; the free and honest popular ballot, the just and equal representation 
of all the people, as well as the just and equal protection under the laws as 
the foundation of our Republican institutions, and the party will never relax 
its efforts until the integrity of the ballot and the purity of elections shall be 
fully guaranteed and protected in every State. 

SOUTHERN OUTRAGES. 

We denounce the continued inhuman outrages perpetrated on American 
citizens for political reasons in certain States of the Union. 

FOREIGN RELATIONS. 

We favor the extension of our foreign commerce, the restoration of our 
mercantile marine by home-built ships and the construction of a navy for 
the protection of our national interests and the honor of our flag; the main- 
tenance of the most friendly relations with foreign powers, entangling alli- 
ances with none and the protection of the rights of our fishermen. We 
reaffirm our approval of the Monroe doctrine, and believe in the achievement 
of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense. We favor the 
enactment of more stringent laws and regulations for the restriction of crim- 
inals, pauper and contract immigration. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

We favor efficient legislation by Congress to protect the life and limbs of 
employes of the railroad companies engaged in carrying interstate commerce, 
and recommend legislation by the respective States that will protect employes 
engaged in interstate commerce, and in mining and manufacturing. 

The Republican party has always been the champion of the oppressed, 
and recognizes the dignity of manhood irrespective of faith, color or national- 
ity. It sympathizes with the cause of home rule in Ireland, and protests against 
the persecution of the Jews in Russia. The ultimate reliance of free popular 
government is the intelligence of the people, and the maintenance of freedom 
among men. 

We declare anew our devotion to liberty of thought and conscience, of 
speech and press, and approve all agencies and instrumentalities which con- 
tribute to the education of the children of the land, but while insisting upon 
t he fullest measure of religious liberty, we are opposed to any union of church 
and state. 

We reaffirm our opposition, declared in the Republican platform of 1888, 
to all combinations of capital organized to control arbitrarily the condition 
of trade among our citizens. We heartily indorse the action taken on this 
issue, and ask for such further legislation as may be required to remedy any 
defects in existing laws, and to render their enforcement more complete and 
effective. 

We approve the policy of extending to towns and rural communities the 
advantages of the free delivery service, now enjoyed by the large cities of 
the country, and reaffirm the declaration contained in the Republican plat- 



THE REPUBLICAN PLATFOEM. 31 

form of 1888, pledging the reduction of letter postage to one cent at the 
earliest possible moment. 

CIVIL SERVICE. 

We commend the spirit and evidence of reform in the civil service, and 
the wise and consistent enforcement by the Republican pai'ty of the laws re- 
lating to the same. 

NICARAGUA CANAL. 

The construction of the Nicaragua Canal is of the highest importance to 
the American people, both as a measure of national defense, and to build up 
and maintain American commerce, and it should be controlled by the Gov- 
ernment of the United States. 

TERRITORIES. 

We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the earliest pos- 
sible moment, having due regard to the interests of the people of the Terri- 
tories and of the United States. All the Federal officeholders appointed in 
the Territories should be selected from the residents thereof, and the right 
of self-government should be accorded as far as possible 

ARID LANDS. 

We favor the cession, subject to the homestead laws, of the arid public 
lands to the States and Territories in which they lie, under such Congres- 
sional restrictions as to disposition, reclamation, and occupancy by settlers 
as will secure the maximum benefits to the people. 

THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

The World's Columbian Exposition is a great national undertaking, and 
Congress should promptly enact such reasonable legislation in aid thereof as 
will insure a discharge of the expense and obligations incident thereto, and 
the attainment of results commensurate with the dignity and progress of the 
nation. 

INTEMPERANCE. 

We sympathize with all wise and legitimate efforts to lessen and prevent 
the evils of intemperance and promote morality. 

PENSIONS. 

Ever mindful of the service and sacrifices of the men who saved the life 
of the nation, we pledge anew to the veteran soldiers of the republic a 
watchful care and recognition of their just claims upon a grateful people. 

Harrison's administration. 

We commend the able, patriotic and thoroughly American administration 
of President Harrison. Under it the country has enjoyed remarkable pros- 
perity, and the dignity and honor of the nation at home and abroad have 
been faithfully maintained, and we offer the record of pledges kept as a 
guarantee of faithful performance in the future. 



PAET II. 



HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 



The honor of being the birthplace of the Republican party is contested by 
several States. It now appears beyond doubt, however, that the earliest 
movement looking to the establishment of the party was a large gathering of 
anti-slavery advocates, drawn from the progressive wing of both the Whig 
and the Democratic parties of that day, " under the oaks " at Jackson, Mich- 
igan, in a picnic fashion, on the 6th of July, 1854. Kindred spirits in Wis- 
consin were the next to organize at a meetins; held on the 13th day of the 
same month. At Geneva, 111., Strong, Me., Worcester, Mass., Pittsburg, Pa., 
and elsewhere in the Northern States, enthusiastic meetings were held at va- 
rious dates during the following two years; and, pursuant to a wide demand, 
a national convention was called to meet in Philadelphia on the 17th of June, 
1856. William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase having withdrawn their 
names, the leading candidates for the Presidential nomination were Judge 
John McLean of Pennsylvania and Gen. John C. Fremont, U. S. A. The 
hitter was nominated on the first ballot by a vote of 358 to 199. William L. 
Dayton of New Jersey was chosen, also on the first ballot, to be the party's 
candidate for Vice-President. There were three tickets in the field that year, 
and the result of the popular vote was: 

Buchanan & Breckinridge, Democratic 1,838,169 

Fremont & Dayton, Republican 1,341,264 

Fillmore & Donelson, American 874,534 

The Republicans carried 11 States, with 114 Electoral votes, at this, the 
first election in which they took part as an independent organization. 

The country was electrified at the showing of strength made in the face of 
such odds, and some of the best men in the Northern States, who had held 
aloof from the new party through misapprehension of its prospects, now came 
forward and enrolled themselves. It was evident that the anti-slavery agita- 
tion was at last upon a practical basis. 

What the North viewed with surprise the South regarded with well-de- 
fined alarm. The Southern leaders grew bolder and bolder every day in their 
assertion of the constitutional rights of the States to regulate their domestic 
interests, including the slave question; and at length these assertions took the 
form of outright threats that, if the North gave the Abolition crusade its sup- 
port, the slave States would secede from the Union and set up a Confederacy 
of their own, where their peculiar institution would be safe from molesta- 
tion. 

The campaign of 1860 was, therefore, fought almost wholly on that issue. 
Four Presidential tickets were in the field. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois 
was the candidate of that part of the Democratic party which believed in 
sticking to the Union in any event, and in keeping the peace by compromises 
on both sides. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, who had been identified 
with the Buchanan Administration as Vice-President, was nominated by the 
Slavery-at-all-hazards Democrats. 



3 HISTORY OF TITE REPUBLICAN TARTY. 

Another group of politicians in both the great sections of the country 
formed what they called a Constitutional Union party, and chose a Southern 
man, John Bell of Tennessee, for the first, and a Northern man, Edward Lv 
erett of Massachusetts, for the second place on their ticket. The Republi 

cans, who had representatives from all of the Tree and from five of the slave 
States at their convention, took only three ballots. The leading candidates 
Were William II. Seward of New Fork, already somew hat famous as a stales 
man, and a Western man — one Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, whose reputa- 
tion had been largely gained in local contests with the Democratic favorite, 
Douglas. 

Seward led on the first ballot, Lincoln on the second. Before the third 
had been finished it was evident that Lincoln was going to have the requisite 
Dumber to nominate, ami a stampede to his side began. The wild scenes 
which followed were described at length in the newspapers, and further in- 
Creased the alarm at the South, causing the leaders there to lake definite steps 
toward executing some of the threats they had made in case the enthusiasm 
of the new party in convention should prove an earnest, of its work at the 
polls. 

The announcement of Lincoln's election was the signal for the secession 
of South Carolina, the formation of the Southern Confederacy, and the re 
tireinenl of a host of Southern men from Congress to follow tin; fortunes of 

(heir respective States. His firsl efforts, after his inauguration, were directed 

to the restoration of peace, which he Still hoped might be possible. Bui the 
South was determined to -oils way, and the new President had not been in 
office a month and a half before hostilities were actually begun by the siege 
of Port Sumter. If the Southern leaders had deliberately sel out to insure 
for Lincoln's administration the undivided support of theNorth, they could 
scarcely have chosen a safer course than this. Old Democrats Hocked into 
what came to be known as the Administration party, which was really only 

the Republican party with its name sufficiently modified to save the self-re- 
spect of some of its former foes who were ready to lend their aid in prosecut- 
ing the war to a victorious end. 

During the next three years, however, men's opinions had several oppor- 
tunities for revisal, and not a few of the original Republicans who had tired 
of Lincoln's patient, forbearing policy were readytojoin with the Democrats 

who had become doubtful of the success of the union arms, to bring about a 

change of administration. The dissatisfied Republicans put up Fremont as 
a candidate to kill Lincoln oil', and the Democrats nominated Gen. George B. 
McClellan on a platform declaring the war a failure. 

The regular Republican convention met in June, 1864, when the national 

debt had swelled to nearly two billions of dollars, and -old sold at 252. The 

prospect was exceedingly dark; but the homely maxim of the President, 

• 'Tain't safe to swap horses while crossing a stream," had evidently taken 

pretty linn hold of the minds of the dek-aies. and Lincoln was renominated. 

Hannibal Hamlin, who had been his Vice-President, was retired in favor of 
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, on the theory that it would be wise lo reCOg- 

uize the loyal element in the seceded States by honoring one of their repre- 
sentative men. Lincoln's i ieket swept the North, Fremonl having withdrawn 

some lime before Ihe election day, and the Democratic peace platform being 

unacceptable to the majority of the old Democrats themselves, when they 
came to think soberly of its significance. 

The war ended the following spring, as if the South had realized that the 
reelection ot Lincoln typified the resolve of the Northern pal riots to stand by 
their cause to the last gasp, and lo sink party differences till the --real end of 
a restored Union had been accomplished, in Ihe first blush of peace, Lin- 
coln was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth on Good Friday night, 1865 and 
Johnson succeeded to the Presidential chair. Almost his earliest act as Pics- 



HISTOBT of the republican party. 



ident was to quarrel with the Republican majority in Congress over the pol- 
icy to be pursued in bringing the secedera back to allegiance and citizenship. 
The controversy resulted in his trial on articles of impeachment, charging him 
with high crimes and misdemeanors, his accusers taking the ground that he 
had transcended his constitutional authority in many of his proceedings. He 
was acquitted, but it was so narrow an escape that his influence was gone for- 
ever, and at the end of his term there was no effort to renominate him. 

Gen. Ulysses 8. Grant, who had been chiefly instrumental in putting down 
the rebellion, received the unanimous vote of the Republican convention of 
1868. Hi- Democratic competitor was Horatio Seymour of New York. 
Grant had a comparatively easy victory. His administration for the first four 
years brought him into a serious conflict with Charles Sumner. Carl Schurz 
and other eminent men in his party, and Horace Greeley headed a revolt of 
the Liberal Republicans, who held a separate convention from the main 
party and nominated Greeley for President in 1872. He was endorsed by 
the Democrat-, and became Grant's chief exponent. The hybrid ticket was 
popular, however, and Grant routed his foes after a sharp, but rather one- 
sided campaign. 

The eight years of Grant's service as President were notable for the com- 
pletion of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads with government aid: the 
war upon Kukluxism in the South; a general amnesty law for the benefit of 
the men lately in rebellion; the adoption of the 13th amendment to the Con- 
stitution, conferring suffrage on the negro; the award of $15,500,000 to the 
United State- by the Geneva Tribunal for damages inflicted by the privateer 
Alabama under English auspices; and the establishment of an Electoral Com- 
mission to try the disputed question whether Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio 
or Samuel J.' Tilden of New York had been elected President of the United 
State- to succeed Grant. The Commission decided in favor of Hayes, the 
Republican contestant, and he was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1877. 

One of the first incidents of the Hayes administration was the recall from 
Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida of the Federal troops kept there by 
Grant to suppress domestic disturbance-. In this term also, the law requiring 
the purchase and coinage of $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion 
every month by the government, and the act providing for the payment of 
arrears of pensions to veterans of the civil war, were passed; and the resump- 
tion of specie payments, in accordance with the Sherman act of 1875, was 
successfully accomplished. 

In 1880 the Republicans nominated James A. Garfield of Ohio for Presi- 
dent, and he defeated Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, chiefly upon the is-ue of a 
high versus a low tariff. A few months after his inauguration, he aroused 
the hostility of Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt. Senators from New 
York, over a question of executive patronage, and the Senator- resigned. 
The bad blood excited by this controversy spread throughout the country, 
the majority of the party siding with the President; but Charles J. Guiteau. 
a disappointed office-seeker, avenged himself upon the President for fancied 
wrong- by shooting him. Garfield lingered from the 2d of July, when the 
assault was made, till the 19th of September, and then died, and Chester A. 
Arthur of New Ye>rk, the Vice-President, succeeded him. The chief events 
of the Arthur administration were the enactment of the Morrill tariff law, the 
law to restrict Chinese immigration for ten year-, anel the law for the reform 
of the civil service. The public debt was largely increased also. 

Arthur was a candidate for the Presidential nomination in 18*4. but was 
beaten after a sharp struggle by James G. Blaine of Maine. At the polls 
Blaine was defeated by Grover Cleveland of New York, the Democratic can- 
didate. Cleveland's pronounced views on the subject of tariff reduction gave 
the Republicans airain, as in 1880, a popular Issue; the- banner of Protection 
to Home Industries was raised, ami in the campaign of 1888, when Cleveland 



4 HISTOKY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

ran for a second term, he was badly routed by the Republican standard- 
bearer, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. 

Harrison's administration has been conspicuous for the passage of the Mc- 
Kinley tariff act, an act for the relief of the Supreme Court by constituting 
Circuit Courts of Appeal, an act requiring the purchase by the government 
of 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion monthly and an act to pay subsidies to 
American vessels carrying the mails to parts of the world where our com- 
merce is inactive; for the upbuilding of the American navy, and the estab- 
lishment of relations of commercial reciprocity with several countries where 
our agricultural products ought to have a market. 

These measures owed their success to the fact that, with the restoration 
of the Republicans to power in the executive branch of the government, a 
like change was wrought in the legislative branch. Thomas B. Reed of 
Maine was chosen Speaker of the new House, and soon aroused the animosity 
of the Democratic minority by suppressing their attempts to delay the work 
of the session by filibustering. The common practice in Congress had been 
to decide whether there was a quorum present at any given time by taking a 
vote on some pending bill or resolution by ' ' yeas and nays, " and then count- 
ing the responses to see whether the total would amount to a quorum under 
the constitutional rule. This often enabled a minority, by refusing to vote 
even when bodily present in the chamber, to prevent the appearance of a 
quorum on the official record of the vote, and thus deprive the chamber of 
its right to proceed with public business. Speaker Reed abandoned this 
precedent, directing the Clerk to count the members actually present, 
whether voting or not, and, if the number proved sufficient, proceeding with 
business in spite of all protests. The Republicans in the House approved his 
course, and adopted a permanent rule making this method of determining the 
presence of a quorum compulsory. 

In the general elections of 1890 the Democrats swept the country, and 
the Fifty : second Congress assembled the next year with a clear majority of 
136 in the House of Representatives, besides a group of members elected by 
the Farmers' Alliance, a political secret society holding a strong position in 
the agricultural communities of the South and West. Members of the Alli- 
ance generally acted with the Democrats. The Speakership went to Charles 
F. Crisp of Georgia; and the Republicans, by casting their complimentary vote 
for Ex-Speaker Reed, made him the leader of the opposition in the present 
Congress. 



THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE. 



The Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union is one of many unions' of 
farmers which have come into being within the last twenty years. The 
National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry for a time made itself felt in poli- 
tics. This now has twenty-six thousand subordinate granges in the States 
and Territories. The Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association claims half a 
million members. The society known as Patrons of Industry is strong in 
the Northwest. The National Colored Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative 
Union has its strength in the Southern States. The National Farmers' Alli- 
ance has branches in some fifteen States. 

These organizations, existing as they do side by side, have many mem- 
bers in common. The Grange especially has become almost wholly a social 
and beneficiary organization and the majority of its members also belong to 
the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, which is the strongest, and, polit- 
ically, the most powerful of the societies. How powerful it is may be im- 
agined from the fact that it counts over a million and a half members. 

In the year 1876 the farmers of Lampasas County, Texas, combined in an 
alliance against land and cattle thieves. The association gathered strength 
and found agitation for a "no fence "law and other issues which appealed 
to all the farmers of the State, strength which was shown in the rapid growth 
of the alliance. In 1886 the Farmers' State Alliance was formed. In its 
platform it shadowed forth the strong stand it was to take in politics by de- 
claring that one of its objects was "education of the agricultural classes in 
the science of economical government in a strictly non-partisan spirit." 

But other States had followed the lead of the Texas farmers. The Wheel 
had been organized in a schoolhouse in western Arkansas in 1883, and the 
farmers of Louisiana had united in the Farmers' Union. Delegates from the 
Texas Alliance and the Louisiana Union met in 1887 at Waco, Texas, and 
formed the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union of America. 
In the following year a convention was held at Meridian, Miss., of delegates 
from this and from the National Agricultural Wheel. The two bodies united 
under the name of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America. In De- 
cember, 1889, the name was changed to the National Farmers' Alliance and 
Industrial Union, and this name has not been changed. It was at this con- 
vention, held in St. Louis, that the first of those " demands " were formulated 
which have since then become such a feature of the organization. 

The Farmers' Alliance has three departments of government, the legisla- 
tive, the executive, and the judicial. The first is known as the Supreme 
Council of the order, and is supreme in authority. The second is composed 
of the didy elected officers, and the third consists of three judges whose duty 
it is to decide all grievances and appeals affecting the Council, and to try ap 
peals from State bodies. The qualifications for membership are that the ap- 
plicant shall be white and over sixteen years of age, shall be a believer in a 
Supreme Being, shall have resided in the State six months, and shall follow 
one of the following occupations: a farmer, a farm laborer, a mechanic, a 
country preacher, a country school-teacher, a country doctor or the editor of 
an agricultural newspaper. The right to change the color requirement is 
given to States or Territories, but none but whites can be elected as delegates 
to the Supreme Council as the National Convention is called. 

The "demands" as they are called, formulated by the Supreme Council, 
have been the subject of much comment. The meeting at Oeala, Florida, in 

1b 5 



b THE FARMERS ALLIANCE. 

December, 1890, put forth the following, which attracted the attention of the 
whole country: It demanded the abolition of National banks, the establish- 
ment of sub-treasuries to loan money on farm products and land at 2 per 
cent, or less, the increase of the circulating medium to $50 per capita, laws 
against dealing in futures in agricultural products, free and unlimited coin- 
age of silver, laws against alien ownership of land, resumption by Congress 
of all land granted to railroads in excess of that actually used by those roads, 
reduction of the tariff, an income tax, national control of railroads and tele- 
graph or government ownership of them, and election of United States sena- 
tors by direct vote of the people. The platform of demands is given in full 
at the end of this review of the general subject, together with the sub-treas- 
ury warehouse scheme and other details. 

"Demands" such as these were sufficiently radical in their nature to call 
forth the sharpest criticism. Among those who opposed them were a num- 
ber of members of the Alliance itself, led by President Hall of the Missouri 
State Alliance, who couched his opposition in no uncertain terms. 

Of these "demands," that referring to the sub-treasuries and providing 
lor the loans, aroused the greatest interest. As set forth in the bill introduced 
into the Senate by Senator Vance of North Carolina, and into the House of 
Representatives by Mr. Pickler of South Dakota, it was sufficiently startling. 
It authorized the appropriation of $50,000,000 to carry out the scheme. 
Warehouses were to be built in counties whose sales of products had amounted 
to $500,000 in any one year, and sub-treasurers in charge of them were to be 
elected by the people. Any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco 
was to be at liberty to deposit his crop in these warehouses and receive there- 
for treasury notes to the extent of 80 per cent, of their market value. Treas- 
ury notes issued for these crops were to be legal tender, and to be receivable 
for customs duties, and all debts, public and private Warehouse receipts, 
transferable by indorsement, were to be issued stating the value of the crop 
deposited, the insurance and hauling charges. The interest on the money 
advanced by the government was to be 1 per cent. The crops deposited 
were to be redeemed by the surrender of the warehouse receipt and the pay- 
ment of the advance together with the interest and charges. All money 
paid to redeem the crops was to be destroyed. The warehouse receipts could 
be delivered and the crops redeemed at any sub-treasury. 

The objections raised to this scheme by those who opposed it, are, first, 
that it would force the government to become the greatest dealer in farm 
products the world ever saw since Pharoah on the advice of Joseph cornered 
the corn of Egypl ; second, dealing in farm products is not a legitimate func- 
tion of government; third, if the government advanced money on farm prod- 
ucts, there is no logical reason why it should not advance money on all kinds 
of manufactures; fourth, if the price fell below the 80 per cent, advanced, 
the government would lose money; fifth, no clause was introduced to per- 
mit tin' government to foreclose if the depositor did not keep his margin 
good; sixth, the government would be forced to deal in agricultural products 
without the power to refuse; seventh, the scheme is the purest or impurest 
form of class legislation; eighth, the bill is unconstitutional in that it forces 
the people to advance money lor the special benefit of a section of the popu- 
lation; ninth, the notes printed and secured on these farm products being 
legal tender, in case of the destruction of the security, would have to be paid 
in whole or in part by the people; tenth, the government is not and cannot 
be a pawnbroker. 

The Fanners' Alliance has made itself felt in politics. In the Congress 
of 1893-93 it has the following representatives: 

Senators, William Alfred Peffer, Kansas, and .lames H. Kyle, South Da- 
kota. Representatives, Charles L. Moses. L. P. Livingston, K. W. Everett. 
Georgia; B. II. Clover, John G. Otis. .John ML Davis, William Baker, Jerry 



THE FAKMERS' ALLIANCE. 7 

Simpson, Kansas; Kittel Halvorsen, Minnesota; John C. Kyle, Joseph H. 
Beeman, Mississippi; W. A. McKeaglian, (). 31. Kern, Nebraska, and George 
W. Shell, South Carolina. 

THE PLATFORM OF DEMANDS. 

A platform was adopted at St. Louis, but this was superseded by the 
Ocala platform of the following year, which ran thus: 

First. We demand the abolition of National banks; we demand that the 
government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several States, 
which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to 
exceed 2 per cent, per annum, on non-perishable farm products and also up- 
on real estate, with proper limitations upon the quantity of hind and amount 
of money. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speed- 
ily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 

Second. We demand that Congress shall pass such laws as shall effectually 
prevent the dealing in futures on all agricultural and mechanical productions, 
preserving a stringent system of procedure in trials-such as shall secure the 
prompt conviction, and imposition of such penalties as shall secure the most 
perfect compliance with the law. 

Third. We condemn the Silver bill recently passed by Congress, and de- 
mand, in lieu thereof, the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 

Fourth. We demand the passage of the laws prohibiting alien ownership 
of land, and that Congress take prompt action to devise some plan to obtain 
all lands now owned by aliens and foreign syndicates, and that all lands now- 
held by railroads and other corporations in excess of such as is actually used 
and needed by them, be reclaimed by the government and held for actual 
settlers only. 

Fifth. Believing in the doctrine of "equal rights to all and special privi- 
leges to none," we demand that our national legislation shall be so framed in 
the future as not to build up one industry at the expense of another; and we 
further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the neces 
sities of life that the poor of our land must have; we further demand a jus) 
and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes; we believe thai the money 
of the country should be kept as much as possible iu the hands of the 
people, and hence we demand that all national and State revenues shall be 
limited to the necessary expenses of the government economically and hon- 
estly administered. 

Sixth. We demand the most rigid, honest and just Slate and National 
governmental control and supervision of the means (if public communication 
and transportation, and if this control and supervision does qo| remove the 
abuse now existing, we demand the government ownership of such means of 
communication and transportation. 

Seventh. We demand thai the Congress of the United States submit an 
amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States 
Senators by direct vote of the people of each State. 

The following additional plank in the platform was proposed, at the Oca- 
la meeting, by Mr. Davie, of Kentucky, and was the subject of a spirited 
debate: 

Whereas, There is now a bill known as the Sub-Treasury hill in the hands 
of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives, which 
should have been reported and acted upon at the last session, and which, it 
enacted into law, would bring the financial relief so much needed by all classes 
and industries; 

Therefore, Be it resolved that this National Convention of the Farmers' 
Alliance and Industrial Union, do most respectfully and earnestly ask that 
said bill be enacted into law as soon as possible, or 'some other measure thai 
will carry out these principles and meetthe necessities of the toiling mas-.' 

* For most recent developments concerning I lie Farmers' Alliance, up to 'In' mo- 
ment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE SUB-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. 



The following is the full text of the "Sub-Treasury bill." It was intro- 
duced in the Senate by Mr. Vance, of North Carolina, and in the House of 
Representatives by Mr. Pickler, of South Dakota: — 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there may be es- 
tablished in each of the counties of eacli of the Status of this United States a 
bianch of the Treasury Department of the United States, to be known and 
designated as a sub-treasury, as hereinafter provided, when one hundred or 
more citizens of any county in any State shall petition the Secretary of the 
Treasury requesting the location of a sub-treasury in such county, and shall, 

1. Present written evidence, duly authenticated by oatli or affirmation of 
county clerk and sheriff, showing that the average gross amount per annum 
of cotton, wheat, oats, corn and tobacco produced and sold in that county 
for the last preceding two years exceeds the sum of $500,000, at current 
prices in said county at that time; and, 

2. Present a good and sufficient bond for title to a suitable and adequate 
amount of land to be donated to the government of the United States for the 
location of the sub-treasury buildings; and, 

3. A certificate of election showing that the site for the location of such 
sub-treasury has been chosen by a popular vote of the citizens of that county, 
and also naming the manager of the sub-treasury elected at said election for 
the purpose of taking charge of said sub-treasury under such regulations as 
may be prescribed, "it shall in that case be the duty of the Secretary of the 
Treasury to proceed without delay to establish a sub-treasury department in 
such county as hereinafter provided. 

DEPOSITS OF CROPS. 

Sec. 2. That any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco may de- 
posit the same in the sub-treasury nearest the point of its production, and 
receive therefor Treasury notes, hereinafter provided for, equal at the date 
of deposit to 80 per centum of the net value of such products at the market 
price, said price to be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, under 
rules and regulations prescribed, based upon the price current in the leading 
cotton, tobacco or grain markets of the United States; but no deposit consist- 
ing in whole or in part of cotton, tobacco or grain imported into this country 
shall be received under the provisions of this act. 

ISSUE OF TREASURY NOTES. 

Sec. ?>. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be prepared 
Treasury notes in such amounts as may be required for the purpose of the 
above section and in such form and denominations as he may prescribe, pro- 
vided that no note shall be of a denomination of less than $1, or more than 

$1,000. 

Sec. 4. That the Treasury notes issued under this act shall be receivable 
for customs, and shall lie a full legal tender for all debts, both public and 
private, and such notes when held by any national banking association shall 
be counted as part of its lawful reserve. 

8 



THE SUR-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. 



WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the manager of the sub-treasury when cot- 
ton, grain or tobacco is received by him on deposit, as above provided, to 
give a warehouse receipt showing the amount and grade or quality of such 
cotton, tobacco or grain, and its value at date of deposit; the amount of 
Treasury notes the sub-treasury has advanced on the product; that the inter- 
est on the money so advanced is at the rate of 1 per centum per annum; ex- 
pressly stating the amount of insurance, weighing, classing, warehousing and 
other charges that will run against such deposit of cotton, grain or tobacco. 
All such warehouse receipts shall be negotiable by endorsement. 

REDEMPTION OF DEPOSITS. 

Sec. 6. That the cotton, grain or tobacco deposited in the sub-treasury 
under the provisions of this act may be redeemed by the holder of the ware- 
house receipt herein provided for, either at the sub-treasury in which the 
product is deposited, or at any other sub-treasury, by the surrender of such 
warehouse receipt and the payment in lawful money of the United States of 
the same amount originally advanced by the sub-treasury against the product, 
and such further amount as may be necessary to discharge all interest that 
may have accrued against the advance of money made on the deposit of prod- 
uce, and all insurance, warehouse and other charges that attach to the prod- 
uct for warehousing and handling. All lawful money received at the sub- 
treasury as a return of the actual amount of money advanced by the govern- 
ment against farm products as above specified, shall be returned, with a full 
report of the transaction, to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make 
record of the transaction, and cancel and destroy the money so returned. A 
sub-treasury that receives a warehouse receipt as above provided, together 
with the return of the proper amount of lawful money and all charges as 
herein provided, when the product for which it is given is stored in some 
other sub-treasury, shall give an order on such other sub-treasury for the de- 
livery of the cotton, grain or tobacco, as the case may be, and the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall provide for the adjustment between sub-treasuries of 
all charges. 

DUTIES OF OFFICIALS. 

Sec. 7. The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe such rules and reg- 
ulations as are necessary for governing the details of the management of the 
sub-treasuries, fixing the salary, bond and responsibility of each of the man- 
agers of sub-treasuries (provided that the salary of any manager of a sub- 
treasury shall not exceed the sum of $1,500 per annum), holding the man- 
agers of sub-treasuries personally responsible on their bonds for weights and 
classifications of all produce, providing for the rejection of unmerchantable 
grades of cotton, grain or tobacco, or for such as may be in bad condition; 
and shall provide rules for the sale at public auction of all cotton, corn, oats, 
wheat or tobacco that has been placed on deposit for a longer period than 
twelve months, after due notice published. The proceeds of the sale of such 
product shall be applied, first, to the reimbursement to the sub treasury of 
the amount originally advanced, together with all charges, and, second! the 
balance shall be held on deposit for the benefit of the holder of the ware- 
house receipt, who shall be entitled to receive the same on the surrender of 
his warehouse receipt. The Secretary of the Treasury shall also provide 
rules for the duplication of any papers in case of loss or destruction. 

BUILDING TO BE ERECTED. 

Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, when Sec- 
tion 1 of this act shall have been complied with, to cause to be erected, ac- 






10 THE SUB-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. 

cording to the laws and customs governing the construction of government 
buildings, a suitable sub-treasury building, with such warehouse or elevator 
facilities as the character and amount of the products of that section may in- 
dicate as necessary. Such buildings shall be supplied with all modern con- 
veniences for handling and safely storing and preserving the products likely 
to be deposited. 

Sec. 9. That any gain arising from 1 he charges for insurance, weighing, 
storing, classing, holding, shipping, interest or other charges, after paying 
all expenses of conducting the sub-treasury, shall be accounted for and paid 
into the Treasury of the United Slates. 

Sec. 10. The term of office of a manager of a sub-treasury shall be two 
years, and the regular election to till such office shall be at the same time as 
the election for members of the House of Representatives of the Congress of 
the United States. In case of a vacancy in the office of manager of the sub- 
treasury by death, resignation or otherwise, the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall have power to appoint a manager for the unexpired term. 

FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS APPROPRIATED. 

Sec. 11. The sum of $50,000,000, or so much thereof as may be found 
necessary to carry (nit the provisions of this act, is hereby appropriated out 
of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated for that purpose. 

See. 12. That so much of any or all other acts as are in conflict with the 
provisions of this act is hereby repealed. 

The annual salaries of the officers of the national organization are fixed 
by the statutory laws as follows: President, $3,000, office and traveling ex- 
penses, and $900 for stenographer; secretary, .$'2,000 and office expenses; 
treasurer, $500; lecturer, $2,000 and actual traveling expenses; members of 
the Executive Committee, $500 each and traveling expenses when in actual 
service, except that the chairman shall have $2,000. A per capita tax of 5 
per cent, on members must be paid into the national treasury annually to de- 
fray expenses. 

The National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union has its headquarters 
at Washington, D. C, and is strongest in numbers of any organization of 
the kind in the Southern States. It is also represented in some of the cen- 
tral Western States. The officers of the National Farmers' Alliance are as 
follows: 

President Col. L. L. Polk, North Carolina, 

Vice-President B. H. Clover, Kansas. 

Secretary-Treasurer J. H. Turner, Georgia. 

Lecturer. . .• J. F. WlI/LETTS, Kansas. 

Executive Board: Chairman, C. W. Macune; A. Wardall, J. F. Tillman. 
Judiciary Department: Chairman, \i. ('. Patty; Isaac McCracken, A. E. 
Cole. Legislative Committee: C. W. Macune and A. Wardall. 

The President, Secretary and Chairman of Executive Board have their 
headquarters at 239 North Capitol Street, Washington, D. C. 



THE LABOR PARTY. 

The first strike in the United States occurred in New York city in 1803, 
when a number of sailors struck for higher wages. In 1827 the Working- 
men's Party appeared in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other cities. 
At the State election in New York, in 1829, the Workingmen's Party elected 
one candidate to the legislature, Ebenezer Ford, of New York. In 1831 the 
New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and Working-men was 
formed, and in 1834 a mechanics' convention met at Utica, N. Y., and pro- 
tested against convict labor. 

The first National Labor Congress met at Baltimore, Aug. 20, 1866. The 
Knights of Labor were organized in Philadelphia, in 1869. From 1870 to the 
present time, the labor movement has grown to a large extent in the increase 
in its trades union membership. It has, by its strikes, lockouts, and .settle- 
ments by arbitration, had considerable influence in the direction of labor legis- 
lation in political campaigns. 

President Van Buren established the system of the ten-hour movement 
in the government navy -yards in 1810, and President Johnson signed the first 
eight-hour law for the benefit of government laborers, in 1806. Congress 
created a National Bureau of Labor in 1884, which became an independent 
part of the government in 1888. 

The Trades Union organizations of the United States held a convention 
at Columbus, Ohio, in December, 18S0, when a national organization was 
formed and a constitution adopted. The title taken by the organization was 
that of The American Federation of Labor, which, together with the Order 
of Knights of Labor of America, are the two principal national labor organ- 
izations of the United States. A new National Industrial Organization was 
formed at a convention held at St. Louis, in February, 1892. 

Commissioner Wright, of the United States Department of Labor, reports 
the eight-hour law as prevailing in the following States:— California, Con- 
necticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Wyoming. In California, in the case of drivers, 
conductors, and grip-men of street cars, a day's work consists of twelve hours. 
In Illinois, the eight-hour law does not apply to farm work, nor does it prevent 
contracts for longer hours during the day, week, or month. In New Mexico, 
eight hours is a legal day's work upon mining claims. In New York, the law 
does not include farm labor or domestic work, and overwork for extra pay is 
permitted. In Pennsylvania the law does not apply to farm work, nor to ser- 
vice by the mouth, year, etc. In Wisconsin the law does not apply to con- 
tracts for labor by the week, month, or year. 

Boycotting by labor organizations is practically prohibited by law in Ala 
bama, Connecticut, Georgia. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, 
Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Blacklisting 
is practically prohibited by law in Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, North 
Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. 
Both blacklisting and boycotting are prohibited by law in Dakota, Iowa, Kan 
sas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, 
Utah, and Wisconsin. 

In regard to employees joining organizations, it may lie said, thai in New 
York, upon any one applying for a situation, it is a misdemeanor for any en, 
ployer to exact an agreement, either written or verbal, from such party, thai 
he will not join one or the other of such organizations. 

According to the last reports, theNational Trades Unions have the follow- 
ing membership. (The membership of the Knights of Labor is about 200,000.) 

1! 



12 



THE LABOR PARTY. 



AMERICAN FEDERATION. 



TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- 
SHIP. 

Axe and Edge Tool-makers' Na- 
tional Union l s 200 

Journeymen Bakers' National 

Union 17,500 

National Union of Barbers 1,200 

Blacksmiths' National Union 1 ,400 

International Brotherhood of Iron 

Shipbuilders 10,000 

Federation of Book-keepers 2,000 

Box Sawyers' and Nailers' Union. . 1,500 
Brewery Workmen's National 

Union 9,500 

Druggists' Ware Glass - blowers' 

League, East 3,500 

Druggists' Ware Glass-blowers' 

League, West 4,500 

Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 16,000 
Inter. Bricklayers' and Stonema- 
sons' Union 35,000 

Brotherhood of Carpenters and 

Joiners of America 05,000 

Amalgamated Society of Carpen- 
ters and Joiners.... 2,800 

Cigar-makers' Internationa] Union 27,000 
Carriage and Wagon-mak'rs 1 Union 2,000 
Clerks' National Protective Asso- 
ciation 1 ,500 

National Union of Coopers of the 

United States 2,500 

United Mine Workers of America. 20,000 

Order of Railroad Conductors 10,000 

Amalgamated Society of Engineers 3,500 
Brut herhood of Locomotive Engin- 
eers 30,000 

Brotherhood of Stationary Engin- 
eers 6,000 

Electrical Workers' Union 2,000 

Brotherhood of Locomotive Fire- 
men 23,317 

Furniture-workers' Union of Amer. 8,000 
United Garment-workers of Amer. 4,000 
Glass - employes' Association of 

America 750 

Flint Glass-workers'Union of North 

America 7,000 

Green Glass Pressers' Union 3,000 

Glass Packers' and Sorters' Protec- 
tive Union 1,500 

Table Knife Grinders' National 

Union 1.000 

Granite-cutters' National Union . . . 20,000 
Hat-finishers' International Asso- 
ciation of North America 5,500 

Hat-makers' International Asso- 

cial ion of North America 3,500 

Silk Hatters' Association 1.000 

Wool Hatters' Association 2,000 



TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- 

SHIP. 

Hair-spinners' National Union of 

America 1,000 

Saddle and Harness-makers' N. F. 

of America 2,000 

Horseshoers' Association 5.0110 

Horse-collar-makers' Union 3,000 

Iron - moulders' Union of North 

America 41,000 

S b eet-iron and Cornice - workers' 

inter. Union 3,000 

Amalgamated Association of Iron 

and Steel-workers 60,000 

Building Laborers' and Hod-car- 
riers' National Union 12,000 

National Association of Machinists 10,000 
Machinists' International Union .. 2, 700 

Musicians' National League 11,000 

National Pattern-makers' League. 11,000 
Brotherhood of Painters and Dec- 
orators of America 16,000 

Piano-makers 1 Union 6,000 

Operative Plasterers' Inter. Union. 14,000 
Journeymen Plumbers' and Gasfit- 

ters' Union 7,000 

International Typographical Union 28,000 
( rerman-American Typographia. . . 3,400 
Quarrymen's National Union of 

America 2,500 

Atlantic Coast International Union 3,600 

Last ers' Protective Union 12,000 

Boot and Shoemakers' Interna- 
tional Union 10,000 

Nat. Federation of Silk-workers. . . 1 ,500 

Mulespinners' Union 9,1 

Stereot vpers' Union, New York and 

Vicinity 700 

Stone-cutters 1,400 

Switchmen's Mutual Aid Associa- 
tion 7,000 

Tack-makers' Union 400 

Journeymen Tailors' Union of 

America 17,000 

United Brotherhood of Tanners 

and Curriers of America 900 

Brotherhood of Telegraphers 800 

Textile-workers' Progressive Union 

of America 9,000 

Mosaic and Encaustic Tile-makers' 

National Union 3,000 

Waiters' and Bartenders' National 

Union 750 

Elasi ic Web-weavers 300 

Wood-carvers' National Union.... son 
Machine - workers' Intel-national 
Union '. 2,200 

Total 675,117 



LABOR VOTE CAST AT RECENT ELECTIONS. 



State. 



Arkansas 

Connecticut . . 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massaclmsel \- 

Michigan 

Missouri 

New York 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 



Year. 



.1890. 
.1890. 
.1889. 
.1890. 
.1891. 
.1890. 
.1890. 



.1891. 

.1889. 
.1890. 



Office. 



< h ivernor 

I iovernor 

Governor 

Governor 

Governor 

Governor 

Justice Supreme Court 

Governor 

Governor 

Governor 



I ,a I Mii- 
VOte. 



*85,181 

209 

5,579 

1,298 

1,429 

13,198 

25,114 

414.051 

1,048 

5,447 



Total 
vote. 



100,207 
135,298 
360,673 

113,824 

321,073 
397,779 
4l»4,33ii 
1,162,853 
775.721 
309,149 



•Including Republican vote for Labor ticket. 
tSocialist vote. 



THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT. 



For over half a century the prohibition movement has been agitated in 
this country, and for over forty years it lias been a political issue in some of 
the States. Its agitation is as old as that of the slavery question. In Massa- 
chusetts from 1835 to 1 1S3S , the local option law had become prohibition in 
nearly all the counties; that is, the law prohibited the sale of less than 
fifteen gallons of liquors at oue time, but this act was repealed the next year. 
In 1852 a prohibitory law was passed and remained in force with many 
amendments until 1875, except that a license law took its place for a year in 
1868. In 1875 a license law was passed and has since remained in force, not- 
withstanding the annual efforts to renew prohibition. The Maine law — an 
"act to prohibit drinking houses aud tippling shops," was passed in 1851 
aud has since been the law of the State, except for the two years, 1856-57, 
when a stringent license law took its place. Vermont passed the Maine law 
in 1852, and has since enforced it. New Hampshire passed it in 185."), ami 
although retaining it since, has not entirely enforced it. Rhode Island 
passed it in 1852, and substituted license and local option in 1863-05, passed 
the Maine law again in 1874 and returned to license the next year. Connect- 
icut passed the Maine law in 1854, never enforced it, and repealed it in 
1N72. New York passed the Maine law in 1855 and repealed it in 1857. 
The Ohio constitution forbids the passage of any license law by the Legisla- 
ture — that is, the sale of liquor must be free or prohibited. The '"Scott 
Law " for taking sales of liquor was passed and pronounced constitutional in 
1882-83. In Michigan the Maine law was passed in 1855 and repealed in 
1875; in 1876 the no-license clause of the constitution was repealed. Iowa 
passed the Maine law in 1855. In 1882 a prohibitory amendment to the 
State constitution, having been passed by two Legislatures, was ratified by 
the people by a large majority. Kansas adopted a prohibitory amendment 
in 1880, andin 1881 the Legislature passed an act to enforce it. In 1882 Gov- 
ernor St. John, the leader of the Prohibitionists, was renominated by the 
Republicans. About 16,000 of his party voted against him, and he was the 
only Republican candidate defeated. In North Carolina in 1881, a prohibitory 
law proposed for popular ratification by the Legislature, was defeated by a 
vote of 166,325 to 48,370. In Nebraska 'at the election in 1891 for a Judge 
of the Supreme Court, Post, the Republican candidate, polled 76,447 votes, 
Edgerton, the Independent candidate, 72,311 votes, and Bittenbender, the 
Prohibition candidate, 7,322 votes. At the election for Governor in 1890, 
Paine, the Prohibition candidate, polled 3,676 votes. Nebraska is still a 
high license State, although strenuous efforts have been made to have a pro- 
hibition act passed by its Legislature. In the election contest, 1891, for Chief 
Justice, Colorado, Croxton, the Prohibition candidate, received 6,384 votes, 
the Democratic vote being over 30,000 and the Republican vote more than 
4(1,900. Augur, the Prohibition candidate for Governor <>f Connecticut, 
1890, polled '3,413 votes, the total vote cast being 135,298. Link, Prohibition 
candidate for Treasurer, Illinois, 1890, received 22,306 votes, the total vole 
cast, being 676,133. In Indiana, Blount, the Prohibition candidate fur See 
retary of State, 1890, received 12,106 vote-., out of a total vote of 177,643. 
During the contest for governor, 1891, Iowa, Gibson, Prohibition candidate, 
received 919 votes out of a total of 420,152. Harris, nominee of the party in 
Kentucky, for governor, 1891, polled 3,293, the total for the State being 
289,176. ' In Maine, Clark, running for the governorship, was credited with 
2,981 votes, the total cast being 113,824. The states recording a Prohibition 
vote of more than 10,000 at the last State election, in addition to lllumi 
and Indiana, are New York (30,353); Ohio (20,190); Pennsylvania (18,429); 
Tennessee (11,082) and Wisconsin (11,240). 

13 



WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 



The question of Woman Suffrage, like that of Prohibition, has been 
agitated tor many years by that school of women of which Susan B. 
Anthony is the leading champion. This lady has often presided at Woman 
Suffrage conventions held in various portions of the United States, and she 
has, with woman's wit and woman's logic, impressed more than one Con- 
gressman of the righteousness of the cause for which she has so long and 
ably labored. She has, like other distinguished exponents of special issues 
that have arisen since the foundation of the Republic, met with both suc- 
cesses and reverses, and now, venerable in age, she is still pressing onward 
to the goal of her ambition "universal woman suffrage," with unimpaired 
vigor, and ever sanguine of her ultimate triumph. 

Agitation against slavery in the United States gave prominence to the 
question of "Natural rights." Thefirsf Woman's Rights Convention was held 
at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 19, 1848. It based the claims of woman on the 
Declaration of Independence and demanded equal rights. The first National 
Woman's Rights Convention was held at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 33, 1850. 

Its advocates argued that it is a natural right and that "the consent of 
the governed" is not "the governed property holders nor the governed 
voting men, nor the governed married men, but all the governed men and 
women;" that taxation without representation is tyranny; that the voting of 
males is no longer conditional upon military service; that no class is as sale a 
guardian of the interests of another class as that other class itself, and that 
woman needs a vote to adequately protect and advance her interests. 

In 1866 the American Equal Rights Association presented the first peti- 
tion ever laid before Congress for Woman Suffrage. In 1868 the New Eng- 
land Woman Suffrage Association was formed and the first systematic effort 
begun for memorializing Legislatures and Congress, obtaining hearings 
before these bodies, holding conventions, publishing and distributing tracts 
and documents, and securing lecturers. In Massachusetts, in 1870, Lucy 
Stone and Mary A. Livermore were admitted as regular accredited delegates 
to the Republican convention. The Massachusetts Republican State Con- 
vention of 1871 endorsed Woman Suffrage, and the National Republican 
Convention of 1^72 and 1876 resolved that the subject "should be treated 
with respectful consideration." 

Since 1S70, women have voted in this country. In the Senate of the 
United States, February 7. 1889, a select committee reported in favor of 
amending the Federal Constitution so as to forbid States to make sex a cause 
of disfranchisement. Congress adjourned, .March -1, without reaching the 
subject. 

Twenty-nine States and Territories have given women some form of 
suffrage. In Arkansas, women vole (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) 
on granting liquor licenses. In Delaware, a law for school suffrage for 
women was enacted in 1889; and in some places municipal suffrage is exer- 
cised. In Kansas, women have suffrage witli men in all municipal elections. 
In Missouri, women vote (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) on liquor 
licenses. In Montana, the new State Constitution u'tuu-antees women the 
power to vote on local taxation. In New York, women vote at school 
elections, at water-works elections, and on questions of paving, grading, 

14 



WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 15 

drainage, street lighting and other local improvements; 47 women voted at 
the State election in 1887, and were not punished. In Pennsylvania, a law- 
was passed in 1889, under which women vote on local improvements (paving, 
etc.) by signing or refusing to sign petitions therefor. In Utah, women 
voted in the Territory until excluded by the Edmunds law. They have 
organized in large numbers to demand the repeal of this law. In AVashing- 
ton, women voted in the Territory for five years and until excluded from 
the suffrage by a decision of the Territorial Supreme Court. In adopting a 
State Constitution, the question of allowing women to vote was submitted 
separately to the vote of the men. It was not carried. In some places 
women were excluded from voting for members of the constitutional con- 
vention, or on the adoption of the Constitution and the suffrage clause. 
Many women claim that they were illegally excluded and will appeal to the 
Supreme Court of the United States. In Wyoming, women have voted on 
the same terms with men since 1870. The convention in lSStl to form a 
State Constitution unanimously inserted a provision securing them suffrage. 
The Constitution was ratified by the voters at a special election by about a 
three-fourths majority. Congress refused to require the disfranchisement of 
the women, and admitted the State, July 10, 1890. 



REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 



CALL FOR THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION. 

On November 24, 1891, the Republican National Committee called the 
next National Convention, to meet at Minneapolis on June 7, 1892. The call 
announces that each State will be entitled to four delegates-at-large, and for 
each Representative in Congress-at-large, two delegates; and each Congres- 
sional District, each Territory and the D. C, two delegates. The delegates 
at-large are to be chosen by State conventions, called on not less than twenty 
days' public notice, and not less than thirty days before the National Conven- 
tion; the Congressional District delegates at conventions called by the Con- 
gressional Committee of each district in the same maimer as the nomination 
for a Representative in Congress is made in the district; provided that in any 
Congressional District where there is no Republican Congressional Commit- 
tee, owing to the redistricting of the State under the next Congressional ap- 
portionment, the Republican State Committee shall appoint from the resi- 
dents of the district a committee to call a district convention to elect district 
delegates. " The Territorial delegates are to be chosen as the nomination of a 
delegate in Congress is made, and the delegates of the I). C. at a convention 
constituted of members elected in primary district assemblies held under the 
call and direction of the Republican Central Committee of the D. C, which 
committee is to be chosen, one from each Assembly District, on the first Tues- 
day of January, 1892, at 7 p. m., at a place of meeting in each Assembly 
District, to be designated by a joint call with not less than ten days' notice, 
signed by the member of the National Committee for the D. C, and the 
chairman of the Republican Central Committee of the district. Alternate 
delegates are to be elected in the same manner and at the same time as the 
delegates. " 

REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 



REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 



Chairman . . 
Secretary. . 
Alabama. . . 



Arizona 

Arkansas 

California . . 



Colorado 

Connecticut . 

Dakota 

Delaware. 
Dlst. of Col.. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky.. . . 
Louisiana . . . 

Maine 

Maryland... . 

Mass 

Michigan 



J. S. Clarkson 

J.S. Fassetl . 

V. Young- 
blood 

Geo. Christ . . 

P. Clayton. . . 

M. H. De 
Young .... 

W. A. Hamill 

S. Fessenden. 

A. C. Mellette 

D. J. Layton. 

P. H. Carson . 

J. K. Russell. 

F. F. Putney. 

G. L. Shoup . 
\V. J. Camp- 
hell 

J. 0. New.... 
.1. S. Clarkson 
( '. Leland, jr. 
W.O. Bradley 
P. li. S.Pincli- 

back 

.1. M. Haj nes 
.1. A. Gary... 
H. S. Hyde . . 
J. P. Sanborn 



Des Moines, la 
Elmira, N. Y. 

Birmingham 

Eureka Spr'gs 
Nogales 

S. Francisco 

Georgetown 

Stamford 

Watertown 

Georgetown 

Washington 

Olustee 

I tarda way 

Salmon City 

Chicago 
London. Eng. 
Washington 
Troy 
Lancaster 

New Orleans 
Augusta 
Baltimore 
Springfield 
Pt. Huron 



Minnesota. 
Mississippi. 
Missouri. . . 
Montana . . 
Nebraska. . 



Nevada 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey . . . 
New Mexico. . . 

New York 

N. Carolina 

Ohio 

< >regon 

Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island.. 

So. Carolina. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington. . . 

W. Virginia . . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



R. G. Evans. . 

James Hill.. 

C. I. Fillev... 

C.S.Warren. 

W. M. Robin- 
son 

E. Williams.. 

P. C. Cheney. 

G. A. Hobart. 

W.L.Ryerson 

J. S. Fassett. 

W. P. Cana- 
day 

A. L. Conger. 

.1. Bourne 

L. E. Watres. 

T. W. Chace. 

E. M.Brayton 

W.W.Murray 

N. W. Cuney. 

J. R. McBride 

G.W. Hooker 

J. D. Brady.. 

T. H. Cavit- 
nagb 

N. B. Scott . . 

H. C. Payne. 

J. M. Carey.. 



[Minneapolis 
Jackson 
St. Louis 
Butte City 

Madison 
Virginia City 
Concord 
Paterson 
Las Cruces 
Elmira 

Wilmington 

Akron 

Portland 

Harrisburg 

Providence 

Columbia 

Huntington 

Galveston 

Salt Lake C'y 

Bra1 1 lehoro 

Petersburg 

Olympia 
Wheeling 

Milwaukee 
Cheyenne 



* For changes in names, if any, up to 1 he moment of going to press, see Addenda, 
preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable 
to constant alteration 

16 



REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 



REPUBLICAN STATE COMMITTEES. 

Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Republican 
State (and Territorial) Conventions: 



Alabama. — Rep. State Com., Robert A. 
Moseley, Jr., Montgomery, Chairman ; 
Harvey A. Wilson, Birmingham, Secre- 
tary. 

Arkansas.— Rep. State Com., Henry M. 
Cooper, Little Rock, Chairman; M. W. 
Gibbs, Little Rock, Secretary. 

California. — Rep. State Central Com., 
Irwin C. Stump, San Francisco, Chair- 
man; Chas. F. Bassett, San Francisco, 
Secretary. 

Colora'do.— Rep. State Com., E. M. Ash- 
ley, Denver, Chairman; N. H. Meldrum, 
Denver, Secretary. 

Connecticut.— Rep. State Central Com., 
Erastus S. Day, Colchester, Chairman; 
R. Jay Walsh, Greenwich, Secretary. 

Delaware.— Rep. State Central Com., 
John Pilling, Newark, Chairman ; J. 
Frank Bacon, Georgetown, Secretary. 

Florida. — Rep. State Com., Dennis 
Eagan, Jacksonville, Chairman; Joseph 
E. Lee, Jacksonville, Secretary. 

Georgia.— State Central Com., Alfred 
E. Buck, Atlanta, Chairman. 

Idaho.— Rep. State Central Com., Jo- 
seph Pinkhani, Boise City, Chairman; 
SamTJ. Pritchard, Boise City, Secretary. 

Illinois.— Rep. State Central Com., 
A. M. Jones, Warren, Chairman; Daniel 
Shepard, Chicago, Secretary. 

Indiana. — Rep. State Central Com., 
John K. Goudy, Rushville, Chairman; 
Frank M. Milliken, Indianapolis, Secre- 
tary. 

Iowa.— Rep. State Central Com., Edgar 
E. Mack, Storm Lake, Chairman; E. D. 
Chassell, Des Moines, Secretary. 

Kansas. — Rep. State Central Com., 
Henry Booth, Larned, Chairman; BionS. 
Hutching, Hutchinson, Secretary. 

Kentucky.— Rep. State Central Com., 
John W. Yerkes, Danville, Chairman; W. 
E. Riley, Louisville, Secretary. 

Louisiana.— Rep. State Central Com., 
P. F. Herwig, New-Orleans, Chairman; 
William Vigers, New-Orleans, Corres- 
ponding Secretary. 

Maine.— Rep. State Com., Joseph II. 
Manley, Augusta, Chairman; Frank E. 
Southard, Augusta, Secretary. 

Maryland.— Rep. Slat,. Central Com., 
II. M. Clabaugh, Westminster, Chairman; 
H. Clay Naill, Baltimore, Secretary. 

Massachusetts.— Rep. State Com., Jo- 
seph O. Burdette, Hingham, Chairman; 
J. Otis Wardwell, Haverhill, Secretary. 

Michigan.— Rep. Slate Central Com., 
James McMillan, Detroit, Chairman ; 
Wm. R. Bates, Detroit, Secretary. 

Minnesota.— Rep. State Central Coin., 
Joel ]>. Heatwole, Northfield; James 
Bixby, St. Paul, Secretary. 

Mississippi. — Rep. State Executive 
Com., J. M. Matthews, Winona, Chair- 
man; William H. Gibbs, Jackson, Secre- 
tary. 

Missouri.— Rep. State Com., Chauncey 
I. Filley, St. Louis, Chairman; James T. 
Beach, St. Joseph, Secretary. 

Montana.— Rep. State Com'., A. J. Selig 
man, Helena, Chairman;- James li. Walk 
er, Helena, Secretary. 



Nebraska.— Rep. State Central Com., 
Dr. S. D. Mercer,' Fremont, Chairman; 
Walt M. Seeley, Bennett, Secretary. 

Nevada. — Rep. State Central Com., E. 
D. Boyle, Virginia, Chairman; F. C. Lord, 
Virginia, Secretary. 

New Hampshire.— Rep. State Com., F. 
C. Churchill, Lebanon, Chairman; S. S. 
Jewett, Laconia, Secretary. 

New Jersey. — Rep. State Com., John 
Kean, Jr., Elizabeth, Chairman; John Y. 
Foster, Jersey City, Secretary. 

New Mexico. — Territorial Rep. Com., 
William W. Griffin, Santa Fe, Chairman; 
J. D. Woodyard, Socorro, Secretary. 

New York.— Rep. State Com., William 
Brookfield, New- York, Chairman; John 
S. Kenyon, Syracuse, Secretary. 

North Carolina. — Rep. State Execu- 
tive Com., John Baxter Eaves, States- 
ville, Chairman; F. T. Walser, Asheville, 
Secretary . 

North Dakota. —Rep. State Com., B. F. 
Spaulding, Fargo, Chairman; W. B. Pat- 
tin, Fargo, Secretary. 

Ohio.— Rep. State 'Central Com., Will- 
iam M. Hahn, Mansfield, Chairman; W. 
S. Matthews, Columbus, Secretary. 

Oregon.— Rep. State Central Com., L. 
T. Barin, Oregon City, Chairman; J. T. 
Gregg, Salem, Secretary. 

Pennsylvania.— Rep. State Com., Louis 
A. Wat res, Scranton, Chairman; Frank 
Willing Leach, Washington, D. C, Secre- 
tary. 

Rhode Island. — Rep. State Central 
Com., A. K. Goodwin, Pawtucket, Chair- 
man; Isaac L. Golf, Providence, Secre- 
tary. 

South Carolina. — Rep. State Execu- 
tive Com., Ellery M. Brayton, Columbia, 
Chairman; John A. Barre, Columbia, 
Secretary. 

SouTn Dakota. — Rep. State Central 
Com., A. E. Clough, Madison, Chairman; 
W. O. Allen, Groton, Secretary. 

Tennessee. — Rep. State Com., J. W. 
Baker, Nashville, Chairman; J. C. Napier, 
Nashville, Secretary. 

Texas. — Rep. State Executive Com.. J. 
C. De Gress, Austin, Chairman; J. E. 
Wiley, Dallas, Secretary. 

Vermont. — Rep. Stale Coin.. Frederick 
W.Baldwin, Barton, Chairman; , Sec- 
retary. 

Virginia. — Rep. State Com., William 
Mahone, Petersburg, Chairman; Asa, 
Rogers, Petersburg, Secretary. 

Washington.— Rep. Slate Ceni ralCoro . 
John F. Gowey, Olympia, Chairman; <>. 
A. Bowen, Olympia, Secretary. 

West Virginia.— Rep. St ate Executive 
Com., Augustus Pollack, Wheeling, Chair- 
man; G. W. Atkinson, Wheeling, Secre- 
tary. 

Wisconsin.— Rep. State Central Com., 
Henry C.Payne, Milwaukee, Chairman; 
John M. Ewing, Milwaukee, Secretary. 

Wyoming.— Rep. Central Com., Joseph 
M. Carey, Cheyenne, Chairman; C.N. 

Pel I er, < 'heyeime, Secret ary. 



REPUBLICAN LEAGUE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Organized at Chickering Hall, New York, December 17, 1887. Head- 
quarters 202 Fifth avenue, New York. 

President, James S. Clarkson, Iowa ; secretary, Andrew B. Humphrey, 
New York ; treasurer, Phineas C. Lounsbuiy, Connecticut; chairman sub- 
executive committee, James A. Blanchard, New York ; national organizer, 
Timothy E. Byrnes, Minnesota. Sub-executive committee— ^Joseph H. Man- 
ley, Maine; J. Henry Gould, Massachusetts; .lames A. Blanchard, New 
York; Edward P. Allen, Michigan; William E. Chamberlain, California ; 
Stephen B. Elkins, West Virginia ; E. C. Little, Kansas; R. W. Austin, 
Alabama; Horace M. Deal, Ohio; W. W. Tracy, Illinois; T. E. Byrnes, 
Minnesota ; W. A. Hamill, Colorado; J. S. Clarkson, president, and A. B. 
Humphrey, secretary, ex officio. 



States. 


Executive members. 


Vice-Presidents. 


Presidents 
Stall- Leagues. 




R. W. Austin 


A. W. McCullough 


A. J. Negley 


Arkansas 






W. H. Chamberlain . . . 






♦Colorado 


W. A. Hamill 






Connecticut 


Ed. W. W. Linsley .... 


J. W. Lowe 

E. Mitchell, Jr 

Harrison Reed 


E. L. Linsley 

G W Marshall 


Florida 


Philip Walter... 


H S Chubb 


Georgia 


R. D. Locke 

G. H. Roberts 




Idaho 






Illinois 


I. C. Edwards 




W W Iik 5 




G. W. Patchell 




W. L. Taylor 




Johnson Brigham 

R. W. Blue 




E. C. Little 


W. J.Bailey 




W. D. Riley 

E. C. L. Herwig 

J. H. Manley 


D. G. Colson 




Louisiana 


C. A. Bourgeoise 


H. Herman Blunt.... 




G. L. Wellington 

J. Henry Gould 

E. P. Allen 


W. B.Baker 


Stephen Mason 

E. A. Morse.. 








John Patton, Jr 

J. E. Doak 






T. E. Byrnes 












C. E. Pierce 


J. H. Bot hwell 


M. G. Reynolds 








J. L. Webster 


J. H. McCall 












New Hampshire.. . 
New Jersey 


M. J. Pratt 

L. T. Derousse 

J. A. Blanchard 




H. W. Green 


J. H. Gaskill 

R. R. Hefford 


J. H. Gaskill 


New York 


E. A. MeAlpin 




A. B. Guptill 


W. B. Allen 




Ohio 


H. M. Deal 










M. C. George 












D. Russell Brown 


H. E. Tiepke 

Simeon Corley 

T. G. Orr 

H. C. Evans.. 




J. H. McLane... . 




( 'lias. 31. Harrison 

L. K. Torbett 

D. M. Angle 

H. S. Peck 

A. W. Harris 

B. C. Van Houten 

S. B. Elkins 


(i. A. Matthews 

E. C. Camp 


♦Texas 


S. L. Hain 

G. A. Davis 

S. T. Armstrong 




Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 


Josiah Grout 

H. DeB. Clay 

T. H. Cavanaugh 




George B. Shaw 




John T. Kelly 








New Mexico 

Utah 


A. J. Fountain 

Hoyt Sherman, Jr. . . . 


! M I-', id 


A. L. Morrison 


District Columbia. 


a. M. ( llapp 



























*Pro tern. 



18 



SECRETARIES OF REPUBLICAN STATE LEAGUES. 



State. 



Alabama... 
Arkansas. . 
California . 
Colorado . . 

Conn 

Delaware .. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas .... 
Kentucky. . 
Louisiana. . 

Maine 

Maryland.. 

Mass 

Michigan .. 
Minnesota.. 
Mississippi. 

Missouri 

Montana. . . 
Nebraska . . 
Nevada. . . . 



Samuel J.Bryant 
Theo. Townsend. 
Philip Walter . . . 



Secretary. 



E. P. Jennings. 



J. N. Patterson., 
Otto Gresham. . . 

C. M. Junkon 

J. W. Butterfield 
W. W. Huffman. 
B. F. Moseley... 



Sam'l Whiteside 

C. F. Rice 

C. E. Baxter 

F. C. Stevens.... 



L. M. Hall 

Brad. Slaughter 



Post-office. 



Jennings. 



West Haven. 

Milford. 

Jacksonville, 



Springfield. 
Indianapolis 

Fairfield. 
Topeka. 
Lexington. 
New Orleans 



Baltimore. 
Somerville. 
( lharlol t e. 
St. Paul. 



St. Louis. 
Omaha. 



State. 



N. H 

N. Jersey. . 
New York. 
N. Carolina 
N. Dakota. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Penn 

R. I 

S. Carolina. 
S. Dakota.. 
Tennessee.. 

Texas 

Vermont . . . 

Virginia 

Wash 

W. Virginia 
Wisconsin. 
Wyoming. 
Arizona. . . 
N. Mexico. 
Oklahoma 

Utah 

D. C 



Secretary. 



E. N. Pearson 

E. W. Sanderson. 
Job E. Hodges.. 



Concord. 
Newark. 
N. Y. City. 



John J. Chester. 
MertE. Dimmick 
William Linn . . . 
H. A. L. Potter.. 
V. P. Clayton.... 
Chas.F.Hackett. 



C. J. McPherson. 
Chas. S. Forbes.. 



E. G. Kreider.... 
Robt. Alexander 
W. J. McElroy . . 



R. E. Twitched. . 
Harmcl Pratt . . . 



Post-office. 



Columbus. 

Portland. 

Philadelphia.. 

Providence. 

Columbia. 

Pierre. 



Houston. 
St. Albans. 



Olympia. 

Parkersburj 

Milwaukee. 



Santa Fe. 



S - t Lake City 



19 



DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 



The Democratic National Committee met at Washington during Jan- 
uary, 1892, to appoint a time and place for holding the next National 
Convention. 

DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE. 



Chairman . . . 
Secretary . . . 
Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas.. .. 
California. . . 

Colorado 

Connecticut 
Delaware . . , 
Dist. of Col. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . . 
Louisiana . . 

Maine 

Maryland . . . 

Mass 

Michigan 

Minnesota . . 
Mississippi . . 



C. S.Brice... 

S. P. Sheerin. 

H. D. Clay- 
ton, jr 

J. C.Herndon 

S.P.Hughes. 

M.F. Tarpev. 

C. S. Thomas 

C. French . . . 

J. H. Rodney 

W. Dickson . - 

S. Pasco 

J. H. Estill .. 

J.W. Jones.. 

E. M.Phelps. 

S. P. Sheerin. 

J.J. Richard- 
son 

C. W. Blair.. 

H.Watterson 

J. Jeffries.. . 

A. Sewall . . . 

A. P. Gorman 

C. D. Lewis. . 

O.M.Barnes. 

M. Doran 

C. A. John- 
ston 



New York C'y 

Indianapolis 

Eufaula 

Prescott 

Little Rock 

Alameda 

Denver 

Seymour 

Wilmington 

Washington 

Monticello 

Savannah 

B< iise City 

Chicago 

Indianapolis 

Davenport 

Lea vc 'ii worth 

Louisville 

Boyce 

Lath 

Laurel 

S. Fram'gh'm 

Lansing 

St. Paul 

Columbus 



Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

N. Hampshire 

New Jersey . . , 
New Mexico . . 
New York 

No. Carolina . 
No. Dakota... 

Ohio 

( >regon 

Pennsylvania 
Rhode Island 
So. Carolina. . 
So. Dakota.. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington. . . 
W. Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



J. G. Prather 
A.H.Mitchell 
Jas. E. Boyd. 
R. P. Keating 
A. W. Sullo- 

way 

Miles Ross. . . 
Neil) B. Field. 
W. F. Shee- 

han 

M.W.Ransom 
W. R. Purcell 
C. S. Brice. . . 
A. Noltner. . . 

Vacant 

S. R. Honey. 
J.C. Haskell. 
W. R. Steele. 
R. F.Looney. 
0. T. Holt... 
Wm. F.Ferry 
HiramAtkins 
J. S. Barbour 
J. A. Kuhn . . 
J. M. Camden 
J. L.Mitchell 
W. L. Kuy- 

kendall 



St. Louis 
Deer Lodge 
( hna.ha 
Virginia City 

Franklin 

N. Brunswick 

Albuquerque 

Buffalo 
Weldon 
Wahpel on 
New York C'y 
Porl land 



Newport 

( iolumbia 

I teadwood 

Memphis 

Houston 

Park City 

Montpelier 

Alexandria 

Pt. Townsend 

Parkersburg 

Milwaukee 

Cheyenne 



DEMOCRATIC STATE COMMITTEES. 

Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Democratic 
State (and Territorial) Conventions: 



Alabama. — State Executive Committee 
of the Democratic and Conservative par- 
ty, Henry C. Tompkins, Montgomery, 
Chairman; Reuben C. Shorter, Mont- 
gomery, Secretary. 

Arizona. — Democratic Territorial Cen- 
tral Committee, L. M. Jacobs, Tucson, 
Chairman; J. E. Walker, Phoenix, Secre- 
tary. 

Arkansas.— Democratic State Central 
Committee, J. E. Williams, Little Rock, 
Chairman; W. J. Terry, Little Rock, 
Secretary. 

California. — Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, Russell J. Wilson, San 
Francisco, Chairman; A. T. Spotts, San 
Francisco, Secretary. 

Colorado. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, Frank P. Arbuckle, Denver, 
Chairman; Rod S.King, Leadville, Sec- 
retary. 

Connecticut.— Democrat ie State Com- 
mittee, Clinton B. Davis, Higganum, 
Chairman; J. II. Swart wont , New Haven, 
Secrel ary. 

Druware. — Democratic State Com- 
mittee, W. II. Stevens, Seaford, Chair- 
man; It. II. Taylor, Wilmington, Sec- 
retary. 

District of Columbia. — Democratic 
Central Committee, John Bovle, Wash- 
ington. Chairman; James F. Brown, 
Washington, Secretary. * 



Florida. — Democratic State Executive 
Committee, James P. Taliaferro, Jack- 
sonville, Chairman; L. B. Wombwell, 
Tallahassee, Secretary. 

Georgia. — Democratic State Commit- 
tee, W. Y. Atkinson, Newman, Chairman. 

Idaho. — Democratic S t a t e Central 
Committee, George Ainslee, Boise City, 
Chairman; Jas. H. Wickersham, Boise 
City. Soeret ary. 

Illinois. — Democratic State Cent ral 
Committee, Delos P. Phelps, Monmouth, 
Chairman; George M. Hay nes, Chicago, 
Secretary. 

Indiana. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, Chas, L. Jewett, New Alba- 
ny. Chairman; Joseph L. Reilly, Indian- 
apolis, Secretary. 

Iowa. — Democrat ie si ate ( lenl ral ( lorn- 
mittee, Chas. D. Fullen, Fairfield, Chair- 
man; Thos. H. Lee. Red Oak, Secret ary. 

Kansas. — Democratic State Central 
Coinnnttei — W. C. Jones, Iola, Chair- 
man; Charles Howard, Hays City, Secre- 
tary. 

Kentucky. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, John B. Castleman, Louis- 
ville, Chairman; W. B. Haldeman, Louis- 
ville, Secretarv. 

Louisiana. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, John S. Lanier,Baton Rouge, 
Chairman; Geo. W. Flyim, New Orleans, 
Secretary. 



* For change in names, if any, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, 
preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable 
to constant altera! ion. 

20 



DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 



21 



democratic state committees. — (Continued.) 



Maine.— Democratic State Committee, 
John B. Dunovan, Chairman; F. E. Beane, 
Hallowell, Secretary. 

Maryland. —Democratic State Central 
Committee, Barnes Compton, Laurel, 
Chairman; Murray Vandiver, Havre de 
Grace, Secretary. 

Massachusetts. —Democratic State 
Committee, John W. Corcoran, Clinton, 
Chairman; W.J.Dale, Jr., North Ando- 
ver, Secretary. 

Michigan.— Democratic State Central 
Committee, Daniel J. Campan, Detroit, 
Chairman; Alfred J. Murphy, Detroit, 
Secretary. 

Minnesota. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, W. M. Campbell, St. Paul, 
Chairman; P. J. Smalley, St. Paul, Sec- 
retary. 

Mississippi.— Democratic State Execu- 
tive Committee, R. H. Thompson, Brook- 
haven, Chairman; Robert E. Wilson, 
Jackson, Secretary. 

Missouri.— State Democratic Commit- 
tee, C. C. Maffit, St. Louis, Chairman; 
Robert Frank Walker, St. Louis, Secre- 
tary. 

Montana.— Democratic Central Com- 
mittee, Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls, 
Chairman; Leon A. La Croix, Helena, 
Secretary. 

Nebraska.— Democratic State Central 
Committee, Chas. Ogden, Omaha, Chair- 
man; Carroll S. Montgomery, Omaha, 
Secretary. 

Nevada. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, John H. Dennis, Virginia 
City, Chairman; P. J. Dunne, Secretary. 

New Hampshire. — Democratic State 
Committee, John P. Bartlett, Manches- 
ter, Chairman; James R. Jackson, Lit- 
tleton, Secretary. 

New Jersey.— Democratic State Com- 
mittee, Allan L. McDermott, Trenton, 
Chairman; Willard C. Fisk, Jersey City, 
Secretary. 

New Mexico.— Democratic Territorial 
Central Committee, W. B. Childers, Al- 
buquerque, Chairman; Felix Martinez, 
Las Vegas, Secretary. 

New York. — Democratic State Com- 
mittee, Edward Murphy, Jr., Troy, Chair- 
man; Samuel A. Beardsloy, Utica, Secre- 
tary; William B. Kirk, Treasurer. 

Executive Committee, Daniel G. Grit- 
tin, Watertown, Chairman; Charles R. 
De Freest, Troy, Clerk. 

North Carolina. — Democratic State 
Executive Committee, Ed. Chambers 
Smith, Raleigh, Chairman; R. C. Beck- 
wit h, Raleigh, Secretary. 

North Dakota. — Democratic State 
Committee, Daniel W. Marratta, Fargo, 
Chairman; R. W. Cutts, Grand Forks, 
Secretary. 

Ohio.— Democratic State Central Com- 
mittee, James E. Neal, Hamilton, Chair- 
man; L. C. Cole, Bowling Green, Secre- 
tary. 

Oklahoma.— Democratic Central Com- 
mittee, E. J. Simpson, Guthrie, Chair- 
man; j, l, Vanderwerter, Oklahoma 
City, Secretary. 

2b 



Oregon. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, B. Goldsmith, Portland, 
Chairman; George A. Brodie, Portland, 
Secretary. 

Pennsylvania. — Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, James Kerr, Clearfield, 
Chairman; Benjamin M. Nead, Harris- 
burg, Secretary. 

Rhode Island. — Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, Franklin P. Owen, Provi- 
dence, Chairman; Elisha W. Bucklin, 
Pawtucket, Secretary. 

South Carolina. — State Executive 
Committee of the Democratic Party, J. 
L. M. Irby, Laurens, Chairman; G. Dun- 
can Bellinger, Barnwell, Secretary. 

South Dakota.— Democrat ic State Cen- 
tral Committee, Otto Peemiller, Yank- 
ton, Chairman; E. M. O'Brien, Yankton, 
Secretary. 

Tennessee. — Democratic Executive 
Committee, T.M. McDonnell, Chattanoo- 
ga, Chairman; E. B. Wade, Murfrees- 
boro, Secretary. 

Texas.— Democratic State Executive 
Committee, N.Webb Finley, Tyler, Chair- 
man; Ed. Kauffman, Austin, Secretary. 

Utah.— Democratic Territorial Central 
Committee, Samuel A. Merritt, Salt Lake 
City, Chairman: A. G. Norrell,Salt Lake 
City, Secretary. 

Vermont.— Democratic State Commit- 
tee, Hiram Atkins, Montpelier, Chair- 
man; John H. Senter, Warren, Secretary. 

Virginia.— Democratic State Commit- 
tee, J. Taylor Ellyson, Richmond, Chair- 
man; James R. Fisher, Richmond, Secre- 
tary. 

Washington.— State Democratic Com- 
mittee, Daniel H. Oilman, Seattle, Chair- 
man; George Hazzard, Tacoma, Secre- 
tary. 

West Virginia.— Democratic State Ex- 
ecutive Committee, Thomas S. Riley, 
Wheeling, Chairman; B. H. Oxley, 
Charleston, Secretary. 

Wisconsin. — Democratic State Central 
Committee, E. C. Wall, Milwaukee, Chair- 
man; W. A. Anderson, La Crosse, Secre- 
tary. 

Wyoming.— Democratic Central Com- 
mittee, Colin Hunter, Cheyenne, Chair- 
man; W. L. Kuykendall, Cheyenne, Sec- 
retary. 

national association of democratic 

CLUBS. 

President, ChaunceyF. Black, Pennsyl- 
vania. Treasurer, Roswell P. Flower, 
New York. Secretary, Lawrence Gard- 
ner, Washington, D. C. Executive Com- 
mittee, William L. Wilson, West Vir- 
ginia, Chairman; Robert Grier Monroe, 
New- York; Alexander T. Ankeny, Minne- 
sota; Chauncey F. Black, Pennsylvania; 
Harvey N. Collison, Massachusetts; Ros- 
well P. Flower, New York; Lawrence 
Gardner, District of Columbia; George 
II. Lambert, New Jersey; Chas. Ogden, 
Nebraska: Harry Wells Rusk, Maryland; 
Bradley (1. Schley, Wisconsin; Edward 
B. Whitney, New York. Headquarters, 
Metropolitan Hotel, Washington, D. C. 






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23 



THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. * 

The advantages which are claimed for the Australian Ballot System, as 
set forth by the Rhode Island Ballot Reform Association, are: 1. A secret 
ballot, cast as proposed in this plan, interposes the most effectual prevent- 
ive of the bribery of the voter ever devised. 2. A secret ballot secures the 
voter against coercion or undue solicitation of others, and enables the most 
dependent elector to vote as his conscience dictates, in perfect freedom. 
3. Excuse for assessment of candidates is taken away. A poor man is placed 
on an equality with a rich man as a candidate. Money will be less of a fac- 
tor in politics. 4. The voter will be " alone with his country, his conscience 
and his God," and elections will be more than ever the intelligent and con- 
scientious registering of the popular will. 5. The method of ballot reform 
has been much discussed in the United States for several years, and lias 
received general favor, being recognized, after careful scrutiny, as a practi- 
cal and salutary measure. 

A marked feature of the ballot practice in New South Wales is that the 
names of all the candidates being on one list, the names of persons for whom 
the voter does not wish to vote must be crossed off, a blue pencil being pro- 
vided for the purpose by the authorities, while there are clearly printed on 
the ticket, in red ink, directions as to how many candidates must be voted 
for. If more than the limit are voted for, the ballot is informal. 

The Australian Ballot System was practically introduced in the United 
States in 1888 by its adoption by law in the State of Massachusetts and the 
city of Louisville, Ky. The principle of the system was embodied in the 
Saxton bill which passed the New York Legislature in the sessions of 1888-89, 
and was vetoed both times by Governor Hill. The grounds of the Governor's 
vetoes were the unconstitutionality of the bill in "that it would embarrass, 
hinder and impede voters in exercising the suffrage, and would, for one class 
of voters — the blind and illiterate — destroy the'secrecy of the ballot by com- 
pelling an avowal of their votes as a condition of exercising the right. At 
the instance of Governor Hill a reformed ballot bill, or modification of the 
Saxton bill, was introduced in the Legislature in the session of 1889, but was 
not passed; but another bill, a compromise of the Hill and Saxton plans, met 
with success in 1890. Laws adopting the new system of voting, and follow- 
ing the example of Massachusetts, were passed in 1889 by the Legislatures of 
Indiana, Montana, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Michigan and Connecticut, in the order given. Most of the laws passed 
adhered closely to the Massachusetts form. The Connecticut form varied 
from it more than the others. In 1890 laws which are more or less modifica- 
tions of the Australian system were adopted by the Legislatures of Wash- 
ington, New York, Maryland, New Jersey and Vermont. In 1891 the 
Legislatures of the Statesof Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, 
Illinois, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, 
Oregon, South Dakota and West Virginia, and the Territory of Arizona, 
adopted laws based on the Australian system. 

This leaves Iowa, Kansas, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Territories of 
Utah and New Mexico. In Kansas a reformed ballot bill has passed one 
branch of the Legislature. 

" There are two methods of grouping the names on the tickets, and both 
have been tried. The first of these is the English, or original Australian style 
of alphabetical arrangement of the names of the candidates under the title of 
the office. This is used by the following States: California, Kentucky, Mas- 
sachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode 
Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming. 

"The second is known as the Belgian system, and consists of groupingall 
nominations and offices by parties, it is used in Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, 
Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland and Oklahoma Territory." 

*For any further developments, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda. 
preeedin;-,' Index. 

24 



GERRYMANDERING. 



This is a political term, which came into use iu 1811. The dominant party 
in Massachusetts, having a majority in the Legislature, determined to district 
the State anew. The work was sanctioned and became a law by the signa- 
ture of Elbridge Gerry, the Governor of the State at that time. The result 
was that the party in power carried everything and hlled every office in the 
State, although it is alleged that the returns showed that two-thirds of the 
votes were those of persons holding opposite views. 

During the process of re-districting, Elbridge Gerry contrived a scheme 
which gave the district embracing Essex county, in its relation to districts and 
towns, "a shape like that of a lizard. Gilbert Stuart, a well-known artist, enter- 
ing the room of Russell, the veteran editor of the " Boston Sentinel," who had 
;i map of the new districts hanging on the wall over his desk, observed: 
" Why, this district looks like a salamander," and put in the claws and eyes 
of the creature with his pencil. "Say, rather, a Gerrymander," the editor 
replied, facetiously, and the term became of general use iu similar cases. 

The aim of gerrymandering is so to lay out the one-numbered districts as 
to secure, in the greatest possible number of them, a majority for the party 
which conducts the operation. This is done sometimes by throwing the 
greatest possible number of hostile voters into a district which is certain to be 
hostile, sometimes by adding to a district where parties are equally divided 
a place iu which the majority of friendly voters is sufficient to turn the scale. 
The so-called Shoe-string district of Mississippi, 500 miles long by forty 
broad, is an example of this system. 

In Missouri a district has been contrived longer, if measured along its 
windings, than the State itself, in which as large a number as possible of the 
negro voters have been thrown. Hon. Harvey Watterson, after canvassing 
a certain district of Tennessee, stretching ac»oss mountains and rivers the 
whole length of that State, for the Confederate Congress, when asked what 
success he had met with, replied, he had " made but few votes, but learned 
a great deal of geography. " By this process counties adjacent only by a 
stretch of imagination are included in these straggling districts, often divided 
by water, so that, as Hon. RoswellG. Horr said of the division of South Car- 
olina, "a connection can be effected only by tunneling under." 

The following States have been re-districted under the Apportionment 
law of 1890: 





Districts, 

1880. 


Districts, 
1890. 


Increase in 
Districts. 




8 
5 
G 
1 
10 
20 

li 
11 

5 
14 

3 

1 

^*8 
11 
9 


9 



11 

s 

13 
12 

15 
6 

s 

:«) 
13 
10 


1 




1 
1 




1 




1 




g 




1 


Massachusetts 


1 


Michigan 


1 




2 


Missouri 


1 




3 


New Jersey 


1 


< Iregon 


1 




o 


Texas 


2 


Wisconsin 


1 



In several States the districts have been changed, 1891, the number remaining 
the same. 

25 



HISTORY OP TARIFF LEGISLATION. 



At the end of the eighteenth century the power to regulate trade and 
commerce with foreign nations was granted to Congress. 

The first Tariff Act was signed by President Washington, July 4, 1789. It 
was a measure suggested by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, 
and introduced in^Congress by Mr. Madison, of Virginia, April 8, 1789, 
which imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles, and ad valorem rates of 
7 1 _,, 10, 12 X 2 and 15 per cent, on four commodities. The unenumerated hills 
were compelled to pay 5 per cent. 

The second Tariff Act passed the House by a large majority, and the Sen- 
ate without division. It was approved by President Washington, August 10, 
1790. In this Act the scale of duties was higher. The third Tariff Act, of 
May 2, 1792, which became effective in the following July, raised the duty 
on unenumerated merchandise to 7% per cent., and that on numerous articles 
paying 7 1 2 ' to 10 per cent. 

The fourth Tariff bill, was passed June 7, 1794, and went into effect on 
July 1. It imposed numerous rates in addition to those already payable, some 
of them specific, and others 2 1 ., and 5 per cent, ad valorem. 

Other Tariff measures were enacted on March 3 and July 8, 1797, and on 
May 13, 1800. These acts imposed additional rates, and there was a further 
increase of %% per cent, on March 26, 1804, on all imports then paying ad va- 
lorem rates. 

What is now known as a protective tariff was looked upon in an entirely 
different point of view by Alexander Hamilton. He considered a tariff an 
instrument of compensation and retaliation, and alike stand was taken by 
Jefferson in 1793, when he advocated countervailing foreign restrictions in 
case they could not be removed by negotiation. The greater number of re- 
strictions upon commerce, however, which existed during Hamilton's time, 
have been removed. 

A more liberal system of commerce prevailed during the wars in Europe, 
which was largely beneficial to the merchants of the United States. From 
time to time moderate increase in the rates of duties were granted, but no real 
demand for protection until the return of peace in 1801, when the old restrict- 
ive system was reenacted by Europe. The commerce of the country was so 
involved by the resumption of hostilities as to create a demand for retaliation. 
In 1805 the importation of British manufactures was prohibited. Later on, 
the Berlin and Milan decrees of Napoleon, followed by the English Orders in 
Council, closed the ports of Europe to neutral vessels, and caused much suf- 
fering among American ship-owners. Mr. Jefferson's administration retali- 
ated for the outrages on our commerce by the embargo lawpassed in Decern 
her, 1S07. The result of this was, that the American people, prevented from 
obtaining their usual supplies from Europe, began to manufacture on their 
own account, rendered sure of a market by the war, and also by a doubling in 
all tariff duties, which was done in 1S12 as a war measure. 

The "Tariff of 1812" passed the Bouse of Representatives by a vote of 76 
to 48, and the Senate by a vote of 20 to 9. Amendments to it were adopted 
on February 25, and again on July 29, 1S13. On February 15, 1816, the ad- 
ditional duties imposed by the Act tit' 1812, were repealed, and additional du- 
ties cil 42 per cent, to take effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did 
not go into operation. From 1812 to 1816 the average rates on all imports 
\\a> 32.73 per cent. 

The first of the protective tariffs, known as the Lowndes-Calhoun bill, was 



HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 27 

approved April 27, 1816, and took effect the following July. It was not alto- 
gether set aside until the administration of Mr. Polk in 1842, The ad valo- 
rem duties under it ranged from iy 2 to 33 per cent. The unenumerated 
o-oods paid 15 per cent., the manufactures of iron and other metals generally 
15 per cent., the majority of woolen goods 25 per cent., with clauses estab- 
lishing ' ' minimums, '*' that is, in reckoning duties, 25 cents per square yard was 
to be "deemed the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uucolored 
yarn, 60 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per pound. These rates 
became prohibitory on the cheaper goods. The law was amended April 20, 
1818, and on March 3, 1819. It had the support of New England and the 
Middle States, but the South was opposed to it. From 1817 to 1820, the av- 
erage rates on imports was 26.52 per cent,, from 1821 to 1824, 35.02 per cent . , 
aud°from 1821 to 1824 on dutiable goods only 36.88 per cent. The necessity 
for providing for the interests on the heavy debt incurred by the second war 
with England was due to the general increase of duties. 

The general tariff measure of Mr. Clay received the President's signature 
May 22, 1824, and went into effect July 1, ensuing. It passed both the House 
and Senate by a close vote. It could not be regarded as a political measure 
nor yet as a party question. Adams, Clay and Jackson all voted for it. 
Both the Southern and New England States were dissatisfied with the result, 
but as iron, wool, hemp and sugar received protection, a combination of the 
Western and Middle States received sufficient support to pass the bill. The 
average rate of duties under the law of May 22, 1824, was 37 per cent. 

The financial crisis of 1825 caused by a great expansion in the paper cir- 
culation, and precipitated by extensive failures in London, gave the protec- 
tionists an opportunity to attribute the distress to the operation of the tariff of 
1824. New England had heretofore opposed protection as hostile to her com- 
mercial interests. Manufactures were springing up in those States, and had 
made such progress as to create an entire change in public sentiment. In 
1826 a petition came from Boston praying for higher duties on woolen goods 
in order to protect this industry in New England. In 1827 a bill to increase 
the duties on woolens passed the House but failed to become a law. _ A con- 
vention of wool growers and manufacturers was held at Harrisburg in July, 
1827, at which the wool, woolen, hemp, flax, iron, glass and wood industries 
were represented and asked to be recognized in any scheme of protection. 
The tariff was made a leading issue in the presidential election of 1828. 

The planters of the South sought to resist a policy which they claimed as 
benefiting the North at their expense, and the North and East became more 
earnest in demanding a continuance of a system which, they alleged, had 
prompted them to put their capital into investments which must inevitably be 
ruined, unless the protective policy was maintained. As an outcome of the 
contention, a tariff bill drawn by Silas Wright, of New York, was passed by 
a vote of 105 to 74, the protective features of which he said were that " it was 
intended to turn the manufacturing capital of the country to the working up 
of domestic raw material, and not foreign raw material." 

The tariff act of 1828 was known as the "Tariff of Abominations." It 
was the immediate cause of the nullification movement. South Carolina pro 
tested against it as a " violation of State rights and one grossly unequal and i »p 
pressive." North Carolina also protested against the law, and Alabama and 
Georgia denied the power of Congress to lay duties for protection. The 
tariff of 1828 had special reference to^iron and wool and manufacture of wool. 
The duty on wool was 4 cents per pound and 40 per cent, for one year; then 
4 cents and 45 per cent, for one year, then 4 cents and 50 per cent. The av- 
erage duty on all goods from 1829 to 1832 was 47.81 per cent, and on all du- 
tiable goods 51.55 per cent. 

The tariff measure passed July 14. 1832, maintained all of the protective 
features of the tariff of 1828, whiie reducing or abolishing many of the reve- 



28 HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 

nue taxes. The tax on iron was reduced, that on cotton was unchanged, and 
that on woolens was increased, while some of the raw wools were made free of 
duty. It was known as "The Modifying Tariff." It was passed by the 
Whigs, and approved March 3, 1883. Vote in the House, 132 to GO; in the 
Senate, 32 to 16. 

The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was introduced by Mr. Clay. It was in- 
tended as a substitute for all bills pending, and looked toward a gradual re ; 
duction in duties; of all duties which were over 20 per cent, by the act of 
1832, one-tenth of the excess over 20 per cent, was to be struck off after 1835, 
and one-tenth each alternate year thereafter until 1841. 

A Provisional Tariff bill by which the operations of the existing tariff 
were to be continued until August, 1842, passed the House but was amended 
in the Senate by a proviso postponing the distribution of the proceeds of the 
public lands until the same date. The bill was vetoed by the President on 
the grounds that the bill united two incongruous subjects; that the bill pro- 
posed to give away a fruitful source of revenue, and that it, was in violation 
of what was intended to be inviolable as a compromise in relation to the tariff 
system. A general tariff act was passed without the obnoxious clause. 

The Tariff of 1842 was a Whig party measure, and one of protection. It 
became operative on August 30, 1842, and changed all existing rates. It was 
amended in March, 1843^ and became extinct December 1, 1840. New Eng- 
land and the Middle States strongly supported it. The South opposed it, and 
the West was a tie. The average rate of all imports under it was 26.1)2 per 
cent., and on dutiable articles 33.47 percent. 

The Polk-Walker Tariff of 1846, was approved by President Polk on July 
30 of that year. Robert. J. Walker of Mississippi, who was President Polk's 
Secretary of the Treasury, advanced the principles that "No more money 
should be collected than is needed for economical administration "; "the duty 
on no articles should exceed the lowest rate which will yield the largest reve- 
nue "; " below such rate discrimination may be made, or for imperative rea- 
sons an article may be made free "; " luxuries should be taxed on the mini- 
mum rate for revenue "; duties should be all ad valorem and never specific "; 
' ' duties should be so imposed as to operate as equally as possible throughout 
the Union without respect to class or section." The bill passed the House 
by 114 to 95. In the Senate it was a tie, Vice-President Dallas giving the 
casting vote in the affirmative, but on its final passage the Senate stood 28 to 
27. The West and the South supported and the East opposed the bill. The 
average duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 23.20 per cent., and on 
dutiable articles 26.22 per cent. 

The Tariff of 1857 was approved on March 3 of that year. It made a 
still further reduction in duties and remained in force until April 1, 1861. It 
passed the House by a vote of 123 to 72, and the Senate 33 to 12. New Eng- 
land and the South united in securing its passage. The average duty on all 
goods from 1858 to 1861, was 15.66 per cent., and on dutiable articles 20.72 
per cent. 

The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was dissimilar to all previous bills, in that it 
made a distinction between goods imported from different parts of the world, 
and provided for a general system of compound and differential duties, spe- 
cific and ad valorem. It passed the House May 11, 1860, by a vote of 105 to 
64, and the Senate on February 20, 1861, by a vote of 25 to 14. It was an 
out and out protective tariff. It was several times changed during the war, 
from 1861 to 1805. Every year produced some revisions, and in 1879 there 
was a general modification of rates. Tea and coffee, taxed since 1861, were 
put upon the free list; the duties on cotton and woolen goods, wool, iron, 
paper, u;lass and leather were lowered about, 20 per cent, The free list was 
enlarged, but the reduction was rescinded by the Act of March, 1875. The 
duty on quinine was abolished July 1, 1879. The average duty on all im- 






HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION- 29 

ports from 1862 to 1883 was 34.16 per cent., and on all dutiable articles 42.74 
per cent. 

The Commission Tariff was' passed by the Senate March 2, 1883, and the 
House March 3, 1883. The vote in the Senate was 32 to 31, and in the House 
152 to 116. This tariff act remained in force until October 6, 1890, when it 
was superseded, except as to tobacco and tin plate, by the McKinley Tariff 
bill. 

The McKinley Tariff bill passed the House by a vote of 152 to 81, and 
the Senate by a vote of 33 to 27. Under it Senator Aldrich computed the 
average at 45. 13 per cent., and Senator Carlisle computed the average at 60 
per cent. — the highest in the history of the government. 

The tariff averages are as follows: From 1791 to 1812, 19.58 per cent. ; 
from 1812 to 1817, 32.73 percent.; from 1817 to 1825, 26.52 per cent.; from 
1825 to 1829, 47.17 per cent.; from 1829 to 1832, 47.81 per cent.; from 1832 
to 1834, 28.99 per cent.; from 1834 to 1843, 19.25 per cent.; from 1843 to 
1847, 26.92 per cent,; from 1847 to 1858. 23.20 per cent.; from 1858 to 1862, 
15.06 per cent.; from 1862 to 1884, 34.16 per cent,; from 1884 to 1890, 45.50 
per cent.; from 1890, about 60 per cent.* 

* For Cleveland's Tariff Message, text of the Mills and McKinley Bills, and further 
developments of Tariff legislation, up to the moment of going to press, see Appendices 
and Addenda, preceding Index. 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 

LEADING ARTICLES IMPORTED, GIVING RATE OF TAXATION AT ENTRY BY 
THE NEW TARIFF COMPARED WITH TARIFF OF 1883. 

The articles covered by the Tariff Act of 1890 number many thousands. The fol- 
lowing- table embraces about 300 selected articles, being mainly those in most general 
use in the United States. * Indicates " When not otherwise provided for." 



Articles. 



Alcohol 

Aluminium, unmanufactured 

Aniline colors or dyes 

Animals for breeding 

Bagging for cotton 

Bags, grain 

Barley 

Beads, ornamental 

Beef, mutton, and pork 

Beer, ale, not in bottles 

Beer, porter, and ale, in bottles 

Bindings, cotton 

Bindings, Max 

Bindings, wool 

Blankets, value not over 30c per lb 

Blankets, value 30e to 40c 

Blankets, value 40c to 00c 

Blankets, value 60c to 80c 

Blankets, value over 80c per lb 

Bonnets, silk 

Bonnets, straw 

Books, charts, maps 

Books, over 20 yrs. old or for pub. lib. . . 

Bronze, manufactures of 

Brushes 

Building stone, rough 

Building stone, dressed 

Butter, and substitutes for 

Buttons, pearl 

Buttons, sleeve and collar, gilt 

Buttons, wool, hair, etc 

Canvas for sails 

Caps, cotton 

Caps, fur and leather 

Carpets, treble ingrain 

Carpets, two-ply 

Carpets, tapestry Brussels 

Carpets, Wilton 'and Axminster 

Carpets, Brussels 

Carpets, velvet 

Cheese, all kinds 

Cigars and cigarettes 

Clocks* 

(Mot hing, ready-made, cotton* 

Clothing, ready-made, linen 

ci.. t Inn-, ready-made, silk 

Clot Inn-, ready-made, woolen 

( toal, ant bracite 

( toal, bit uminous 

coffee ....;; 

Con feel ionery, all sugar 

< topper, manufacl ures of 

Cotton t rimmings 

Cot ton galloons and gimps 

Cotton gloves 



Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 



10 per et. ad valorem. 

Free 

35 per cent 

Free 

1 L /ic per lb 

40 per cent 

10c per bushel 

50 per cent 

lc per lb 

20c per gallon 

35c " 

35 per cent 

35 " 

30c lb. and 50 per et 



10c 

12c 

18c 

24c 

35c 

30 per cent . 

30 " 



35 
35 
35 
35 
40 



Free 

45 per cent 

30 " 

$1 per ton 

20 per cent 

4c per lb 

25 per cent 

25 " 

30c lb. and 50 per ct 

30 per cent 

35 " 

30 " 

12c sq. yd. and 30 per ct. 



New Tariff (McKinley) 

1800. 



10 per ct. ad valorem 

15c per lb. 

35 per cent. 

Free. 

1.6c and 1.8c lb. 

2c per lb. 

30c per bushel. 

10 per cent. 

2c per lb. 

20c per gallon. 

40c 

40 per cent. 

50 

60c a lb. and 60 per et . 



16^'c 

22c 

33c 

38 ' 2 c 



30 
30 
30 
30 
30 



8c 

20c " 
45c " 
30c " 
25e " 
4c per lb. 
$2.50 lb. and 25 per ct . 

30 percent 

35 " 

40 " 

50 " 

40c lb. and 35 percent. 
Free 

5c per ton 

Free 

5c per lb 

45 per cent 

40 " 

35 " 

35 " 



30 



60 per cent. 

30 

25 

Free. 

45 per cent. 

40 

lie per cubic foot. 

40 per cent. 

6c per lb. 

2J-^c line and 25 per ct. 

50 per cent. 

60c a lb. and 60 per ct 

50 per cent. 

50 

35 

19csq.yd. and 40 per cl . 



40 
40 
40 

to 

40 
25 per 



14c 

28c " 

60c " " 

44c " 

40c " 

Or per lb. 

" .50 11>. and 

45 per cent . 

50 

55 

60 

49'Ac lb. and 60 per et 

Five. 

5c per ton. 
Free. 
5c per 11). 
45 per cent. 
60 
40 
50 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 



31 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 



Articles. 



Cotton handkerchiefs 

Cotton hosiery valued at more than 60c 

and not more than $2 per doz. pairs. . . 
Cotton hosiery, $2 to $4 per doz. pairs. . . 

Cotton hosiery, more than $4 per doz 

Cotton shirts and drawers, value $3 to $5 

Cotton plushes, velvets, etc 

( iotton Swiss muslin 

Cotton webbing 

Cotton curtains 

Cutlery- 
Pocket-knives, value under 50c per doz. 

50c to $2 pei- doz ." 

$1.50 to $3 per doz 

Over $3 per doz 

Razors, less than $4 per doz 

Razors, more than $4 per doz 

Table-knives not more than $1 per doz. 

Table-knives, $1 to $2 per doz 

Table-knives, $2 to $3 per doz 

Table-knives, §3 to $8 per doz 

Table-knives, more than $8 per doz 

Diamonds, uncut (free), cut and set 

Diamonds, ctit but not set 

Drugs, crude 

Drugs, not crude 

Earthenware, common 

Earthenware, china, porcelain, etc 

Earthenware, decorated 

Eggs 



Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 



35 per cent . 

40 
40 
40 
40 
35 
35 
35 



Engravings 

Extracts, dyes, and logwoods 

Extracts, meat 

Fans, palm leaf, with handles 

Felt, hats 

Felt, shoes 

Fertilizers, guanos, manures 

Fire-arms, double-barreled, breech-load- 
ing, value not over $6 

Fire-arms, value $6 to $12 

Fire-arms, value over $12 

Fire-arms, single-barreled 

Fire-arms, pistols, value over $1.50 

Fish, American fisheries 

Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled 

Flannels, under 30c per lb 

Flannels, value 30c to 40c 

Flannels, value 40c to 50c 

Flax, manufactures of 

Flowers, artificial 

Fruits, preserved in juice 

Fruits, apples 

Fruits, oranges and lemons* 

Fur manufactures 

Furniture, wood 

Glassware, plain and cut 

Glass, lamp chimneys 

Glass, polished plate, not over 10 x 24 

Glass, silvered, not over 10 x 24 

Glass, Bohemian 

Glass discs for optical instruments 

Gloves, kid, men's, plain 

Gloves, embroidered 

Gloves, lined 

Gloves, pique, lined 

Gloves, pique, lined and embroidered . . 

Gloves, ladies' and children's plain 

Gloves, ladies' lined 

Gloves, lined and embroidered 



35 



50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

35 " 

35 " 

35 " 

35 " 

35 " 

25 " 

10 " 

Free 

10 per cent 

25 " 

55 " 

60 " 

Free 

25 per cent 

10 " 

20 " 

Free 

30 per cent 

40c lb. and 35 per ct. 
Free 



50 per cent. 

50c doz. and 30 per ct. 
75c 40 " 

40 

$1.25 " 40 
10c sq. yd. & 20 
60 per cent. 
40 
60 " 

12c doz. and 50 per ct. 

50c " 50 

50 
50 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 



35 per cent 

35 " 

35 " 

35 " 

35 " 

Free 

>£c per lb 

10c lb. and 35 per cent 

" " 35 ■ " 
18c " " 35 

35 per cent 

50 " 

20 " 

Free 

25c per box 

30 per cent 

30 and 35 per cent 

40 per cent 

40 " 

5c per sq. foot 

6c " " 

15 per cent 

45 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 

50 " 



New Tariff (McKinley) 

1890. 



, .75 " 

10c 

35c 

10c 

$1 

$2 

50 per cent . 

10 

Free. 

10 per cent. 

25 

55 

60 

5c per doz. 

25 per cent. 

%c per lb. 

35c 

80 per cent 

55 



55 

49)iclb. and 60 per ct. 

Free. 



.50 ea. and 35 per ct. 

35 
i " 35 

35 

35 



Free. 

%c per lb. 

ny x c lb. and 30 per ct. 

22c " 35 

33c " 35 

50 per cent. 

50 

30 " 

25c per bushel. 

13c box and 30 per ct. 

35 per cent. 

35 

60 

60 

5c per sq. foot. 

lie 

60 per cent . 
60 

dz. not less than 50 p. e. 



$1.50 

$2.50 

$2.50 

$3 

$1.75 

$2.75 

$3.25 



32 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 



Articles. 



Gloves, suedes and scmaschen, emb'd. . 

Gloves, suedes, lined 

Gloves, suedes, lined and embroidered. . 

Glucose 

Glue, value not over 7c per lb 

Gold, manufactures of, not jewelry 

Hair of hogs curled for mattresses 

Hair manufactures* 

Hair braids and ornaments 

Hair, human, unmanufactured 

Hams 

Handkerchiefs, linen 

Handkerchiefs, silk 

Hay 

Hemp cordage, untarred 

Hemp cordage, tarred 

Hides, raw, dried, salted, pickled 

Hogs 

Honey 

Hoops, iron or steel, for baling purposes. 

Hops 

Horn, manufactures of 

Horses, mules, value under $150 

Horses, mules, value over $150 

India-rubber, manufactures 

India-rubber, vulcanized 

India-rubber, wearing apparel 

Instruments, philosophical, metal 

Iron, manufactures of* 

Iron screws, % inch or less in length 

Iron tinned plates 

Ivory, manufactures* 

Jewelry 

Jute, burlaps 

Jute, cotton bagging 

Jute, other bagging 

Knit Goods- 
Wearing apparel, value not over 30c lb. 

Wearing apparel, value 30c to 40c 

Wearing apparel, value 40c to 60c 

Wearing apparel, value 00c to 80c 

Wearing apparel, value over 80c lb 

Silk 

Knives, carving 

Laces, cotton 

Laces, linen 

Lard : 

Lead, pigs, bars 

Lead, type metal 

Leather manufactures* 

Lime 

Linen manufactures* 

Linen, wearing apparel 

Li nen thread 

Linseed oil 

M acaroni 

Malt 

Matches, fricl ion. boxed 

1\I at s, cocoa and rat tan 

Matting, jute 

Mathematical instruments, glass 

Meerschaum pipes 

Mica, ground 

Milk, fresh 

Milk, condensed 

Molasses 



Mull's, fur 

Musical iusl runic 

Music boxes 



its, metal . 



Old Tariff (1883) Rate 



50 per cent . . . 

50 

50 

20 

20 

45 

25 

30 

20 

30 

2c per lb 

35 per cent . . . 
50 

$2 per ton 

3c per lb 

•&%c " 

Free 

20 per cent . . . 
20c per gallon 
35 per cent . . . 

8c per lb 

30 per cent. . 

20 

20 

30 

30 

35 

35 

45 

12c per lb 

lc " 

30 per cent 

25 

30 

1 Mc per lb ... . 

40 per cent 



10c lb. and 35 per ct.. 
12c " " 35 " .. 
18c " " 35 " .. 
24c " " 35 " .. 
35c " " 40 " .. 

50 per cent 

35 " 

40 " 

30 " 

2c per lb 



20 per cent 

30 
10 
35 
35 
35 
25c per gallon. 

Free 

80c per bushel. 
35 per cent 

20 

20 " 

45 

70 

10 
10 



4c and 8c per gallon, 
.'ill per cent 



New Tariff (McKinley) 
1890. 



50 
50 



50c dz. not less than 50 p.c. 

$1 " 50 

$1.50 " 

'iic per lb. 

l^c " 

45 per cent. 

15 " 

33c a lb. and 40 per ct. 

00c " " 60 

20 per cent. 

."»• per lb. 

55 per cent. 

60 

$4 per ton. 

2^c per lb. 

3c " 

Free. 

$1.50 per head. 

20c per gallon. 

1 .3c per lb. 

15c per lb. 

30 per cent. 

$30 per head. 

30 per cent. 

30 

35 

50c a lb. and 50 per ct. 

45 per cent. 

45 

14c per lb. 

2.2c " 

40 per cent. 

50 

1 %c per lb. 

1.6c and 1.8c per lb. 

2c. per lb. 

33c a lb. and 40 per c 

38}£c " " 40 

44c " " 50 

44c " " 50 

44c " " 50 

60 per cent. 

$lto$5doz.&30perct 

60 per cent. 

60 

2c per lb. 

2c 

1 VzC " 

35 per cent. 

6c per 100 lbs. 

50 per cent. 

55 

15 

32c per gallon. 

2c per lb. 

45c per bushel. 

10c per gross. 

8c per sij. II . 

6c per sq. yd. 

(iO per cent. 

70 

35 

5c per gallon. 

3c per lb. 

Free (after Apr. 1,'91). 

35 per cent . 

45 

45 









ct. 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 



33 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. -Continued. 



Articles. 



Nails, cut 

Nails, horseshoe 

Needles, sewing 

Newspapers, periodicals 

Oatmeal 

Oil-cloths for floors, value over 25c sq. yd. 

Oil, olive 

Oil, whale and seal 

Onions 

Opium, liquid preparations 

Organs 

Paintings, by American art ists 

Paintings, by foreign artists 

Paper manufactures 

Paper stock, crude 

Pepper, cayenne, unground 

Perfumery, alcoholic 

Personal effects (see note) 

Phosphorus 

Photograph Albums 

Photograph Slides 

Pianofortes 

Pickles 

Pins, metallic 

Pipes of clay, common 

Plants* ....■: 

Poultry, dressed 

Potatoes 

Pulp, wood, paper-makers' use, ground. . . 

Quicksilver 

Quilts, cotton 

Quinine, sulphate and salts 

Railroad ties, cedar 

Robes, buffalo, made up 

Roofing tiles, plain 

Rope, bale, of hemp 

Rope, bale, of cotton 

Rugs, oriental 

Salmon, dried or smoked 

Salmon, pickled and salted 

Salt, in bulk 

Salt, in bags 

Sauces* 

Sausages, Bologna 

Sausages, all others 

Sealskin sacques 

Seeds, garden 

Sheetings, linen 

Shirts, in whole or part linen 

Shoe-laces, cot ton 

Shoe-laces, leather 

Shoes, leal her 

Shoes, India-rubber 

Silk, raw 

Silk, spun in skeins 

Silk, laces, embroideries, handkerchiefs 

and all wearing apparel 

Skins, uncured, raw 

Skins, tanned and dressed 

Slates, porcelain, plain 

Smokers' articles, except clay pipes 

Snuff . J 

Soap, Castile 

Spelter in blocks 

Spirits, except bay rum 

Statuary, marble 

Steel ingots — 

Slabs, etc., value 7c to 10c per lb 

Slabs, etc., value 10c to Lie per ll> 



1 ^'c per lb . . 
4c " . . 

25c " . . 

Free 

' 2 c per lb. . . 
40 per cent. 
25 



10 
40 
25 

Free 

30 per cent. . . 
15 

Free 

Free 

$2 per gallon. 



Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 



New Tariff (McKinley) 

1890. 



lc pe 
4c 

Free 
Free 
lc per lb. 
15c 
35c 
8c 
li i, • 
40 
15 



Free 



15 
25 
Free 



10c per lb 

30 per cent. . . . 

45 

25 

35 

30 

35 

Free 

10c per lb 

15c per bushel. 

10 per cent 

10c per lb 

35 per cent 

Free 

Free 

per cent 
20 
35 
35 
40 

lc per lb 

25 per cent 

8c per 100 lbs.. 
12c " " .. 

35 per cent 

Free 

25 per cent 

30 
20 
35 
35 
35 
30 
30 
25 

Free 

30 per cent 



50 " 

Free 

30 per cent 

55 " 

70 " 

50c per lb 

20 per cent 

l>£c per lb 

$2 per proof gallon. 
30 per cent 



2? 4 'c per lb 

|3V " 



er lb. 



>er 10. 

sq. yd. & 30 per ct. 
per gallon. 

per bushel, 
■er cent. 



i p. ■ 



per cent. 

■ee. 

_.<• per lb. 

1.50 gal. and 50 per ct. 



20c per lb. 

35 per cent. 

60 

45 

45 

30 

15c per gross. 

20 per cent. 

5c per lb. 

25c per bushel. 

$2.50 per ton, dry wt. 

10c per lb. 

45 per cent. 

Free. 

20 per cent. 

35 

25 

50 

40 

60c sq. yd. & 40 per ct. 

lc per lb. 

30 per eenl . 

8c per 10(1 lbs. 

12c 

45 per cent. 

Free. 

25 per cent. 

35 



ee. 

per cent. 



■ee. 



per 



60 
Fi 

20 
60 

70 

50c , 
l#c 

I ',<• 
S2.no 
15 per 



cent. 

per lb. 



per proof 
cent . 



2.8c per lb. 
3&c " 



34 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. 



Articles. 



Slabs, etc., value 13e to 16c per lb 

Slabs, etc., value above 16c per lb 

Stereoscopic Views, glass 

Straw manufactures* 

Sugars, not above 16 Dutch standard 

Sugars, above 16 Dutch standard 

Sumac, ground 

Tea 

Telegraph poles, cedar 

Telescopes , 

Thermometers 

Thread- 
Cotton, value from 25c to fOc per lb 

40c to 50c per lb 

50c to 60c per lb 

Flax or linen, value not over 13c per lb. 

Over 13c per lb 

Tin, ore or metal (after July 1, 1891) 

Tin plates (after July 1, 1891) 

Tobacco, cigar wrappers, not stemmed. . . 

Tobacco, if stemmed 

Tobacco, all other leaf, if stemmed 

Tobacco, unmanufactured, not stemmed. 

Tooth-brushes 

Trees, nursery stock 

Trimmings, cotton, linen and lace 

Trimmings, wool, worsted, etc 

Towels, linen damask 

Umbrellas, silk or alpaca 

Vegetables, natural* 

Vegetables, prepared or preserved 

Velvets, silk 



Violins 

Watches, and parts of 

Water-colors, for artists 

Wearing apparel (see note) 

Whips, rawhide and leather. 

Wheat 

Wicks and wicking, cotton 

Willow for basket-makers 

Willow hats and bonnets 

Willow manufactures* 

Wines — 

Champagne, in )i pint bottles or less. . . 

Champagne, M pint and not over 1 pint 

Champagne, 1 pint and not over 1 quart 

Champagne, over one quart 

Still in casks. 

Woods, cabinet, sawed 

Wool, first and second class 

Wool, third-class* 

Wool or worsted yarns — 

Value not over 30c per lb 

Value over 30c and not over 40c per lb. . 

Value over 40c per lb 

Woolen and worsted clothing 

Woolen manufactures* — 

Value not over 30c per lb 

Value 30c and not over 40c per lb 

Value 40c and not over 60c per lb 

Value 60c and not over 80c per lb 

Value over 80c per lb 



Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 



3)4C per lb 

3'4c " 

45 per cent 

30 " 

1 2-5 min. per lb. 

3-3»£cper lb 

3-10c " 

Free 

Free 

45 per cent 

45 " 



15c per lb. . . 
20c " ... 
35c " . . . 
35 per cent . 
35 

Free 

lc per lb 

75c " 



40c " 

35 per cent 

30 " 

Free 

40 per cent 

30c lb. and 50 per cent 

per cent 

50 " 

10 " 

30 " 

50 " 



30 per cent 

20c per bushel . 

35 per cent 

25 
30 




61.75 per doz. 
63.50 



$7 doz. and $2.25 gal 

50c per gallon 

Free 

10c and 12c per lb. . . . 
5c per lb 



10c lb. and 35 per cent, 
12c " " 35 
18c " " 35 
40e " " 35 



10c 
12c 
18c 
24c 
35o 



.35 
35 
35 
35 
40 



New Tariff (McKinlev) 
L890. 



4.2c per lb. 

7c " 

60 percent. 

30 " 

Free (after Apr. 1, '91). 

>£c per lb. 

4-10c " 

Free. 

20 per ecu I . 

60 

60 

18c per lb. 

23c 

28c 

6c 

15 per cent. 

4c per lb. 

2.2c " 

;2 

J2.75 " 
50c 
35c 

40 per cent. 
20 
60 

60c a lb. and 60 per ct. 
50 per cent. 
55 
25 
45 
$3.50 lb. & 15 per ct. but 

not less than 50 per ct. 
35 per cent. 

15 
30 



35 per cent. 

25c per bushel. 

40 per cent. 

30 

40 " 

40 

! per doz. 



. and $2.50 per gal. 
50c per gallon. 
15 per cent. 
lie and 12c per lb. 
50 percent. 

27>£c lb. and 35 per ct. 
•33c " " 35 
38^ " " 40 

49)4 " " 60 



33c 

38'.: 
44c 
44c 
44c 



40 
in 
40 
50 
50 



Note. — Personal or household effects of persons arriving in the United States, in 
use over one year, or of American citizens dying abroad, free. Duty must be paid on 
all watches but one. Articles and tools of trade, when in actual use,' free. 



TARIFF REFORM VOTES, 1865-1890. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-BY STATES. 



STATE. 



How Cast- 



Mareh3, 
1865. 



forth Atlantic Division 

Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

iouth Atlantic Division. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

forth Central Division. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota 

South Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

youth Central Division. 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi. 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Western Division. 

Montana 

Colorado 

Nevada 

Washington 

Oregon . •. 

California 

Total 



July 28, 

1866. 



July 14, 

1870. 



152 



June 2, 
1872. 



149 61 



Feb. 8, 
1875. 



136 



March3JMarch3, 
1875. 1883. 



Ill 



20 



162 



May 81, 

1890. 



142 



35 



RECIPROCITY. 



The protective tariff in this country has, since the time it first made its 
appearance as a part of our national policy, acted as a check to the free im- 
portation of raw material or of manufactured goods from other countries. 
The Republican party, .having from the first identified itself with a high pro- 
tective tariff, has urged as its reason for this the necessity of building up 
manufactures and enabling Americans to make the articles they use in the 
place of being dependent on the manufacturers in England and Europe. 

It is scarcely necessary to say that a protective tariff on any article stim- 
ulates the production of that article in the country levying "the duty. As 
good an illustration of the result of the tariff as may be asked is to be found 
in the history of the attempt to make watches in Massachusetts. Three 
times, prior to the war, did a watch company start at Waltham only to fail. 
It was found impossible to compete with the watch manufacturers of Eng- 
land and the Continent. But with the duty levied soon after the civil war 
broke out, a fourth attempt was made. The result was,' not only that a 
Waltham watch took the gold medal at the Paris Exposition in the seventies 
as against all competitors, but the American watches can to-day be sold in 
Loudon and in Switzerland. The manufacture of them has reached a point 
where a duty is no longer necessary, and it has also reached a point where 
foreign markets are invaded. 

The lesson of this is obvious. A protective tariff makes the manufacture 
of a particular article possible, but it also stimulates that manufacture until 
the men engaged in it so develop it as to make it possible to compete with 
their rivals in other countries. There also comes a time in the history of 
every manufacturing country when the home market is outgrown, when — 
unless new markets may be found — there is a surplus of manufactures. 

It is an economic law that there may be no exports from a country unless 
there are imports also. The money of the world is used, so far as commerce 
is concerned, only to pay balances. This may be shown in a very simple 
way. The total amount of gold and silver in the United States in Novem- 
ber, 1890, was $1,004,200,553. The total value of imports for the fiscal year 
ending June 1, 1890, was $823,286,735. Had this country paid in cash for 
those imports there would have been only $180,913,818 left, or enough to 
pay for imports for about a month and a half longer; at the end of which 
time we would have had no more money. But as the value of the exports 
during that year was $881,076,017, we had only the balance of $57,789,282 
to pay. 

This law, which makes it impossible for a country to export unless it im- 
ports as well, makes the protective tariff operate against the manufacturer 
so soon as the time comes when he is obliged to seek a foreign market or 
limit his production. 

The election of General Harrison to the presidency stamped the Repub- 
lican policy of protection with the people's seal of approval. Thus encour- 
aged, Congress was enabled to pass the MeKinley bill, in which the protective 
tariff was carried to a higher point than before. But by this time, under the 
stimulus of the tariff, the manufacturers of the country had reached the 
position where for many of them a foreign market was necessary if they 
would still develop. Mr. James G. Blaine saw that the natural markets of 

36 




Hon. JAMES G. BLAINE. 



RECIPROCITY. 61 

the United States were to be found in the Spanish American countries of 
Central and South America. . He had long been leading up to a closer union, 
commercial and friendly, between the Republics of the two Americas, and 
he had driven his scheme of a Pan-American Congress to a successful 
ending. 

He caused to be introduced in Congress what was called the Reciprocity 
amendment to the McKinley bill. Under this section the President, when 
he becomes convinced that any country which produces sugar, molasses, 
coffee, tea or hides, is imposing duties on agricultural products or manu- 
factured articles produced in the United States, has the power to suspend 
the operation of the McKinley bill so far as sugar, molasses, coffee,* tea or 
hides imported from such country are concerned. In other words, this gives 
the President the power to lessen the duty paid on these specified articles 
when he sees fit to do so. This in turn means that if Brazil will reduce her 
duties levied on agricultural products and manufactures of the United 
States, the President will reduce our duties on coffee, sugar and hides from 
Brazil. 

The working of this amendment is almost apparent when one reads it. 
It is bringing the old principle of mutual concessions into international trade 
in order to increase the commerce of the United States, and in turn, that of 
the country to which the concession is made. In effect, reciprocity is free 
trade with this limitation: It trades off the reduction of duties at this end 
of the line for similar reductions at the other, and it is a form of free trade 
especially designed to foster the trade with a particular country. It provides 
a market for those manufactures which have outgrown the home demand, 
and it increases the market for the farmers. It is easy to see, from what has 
been written, that reciprocity is the natural outcome of a protective tariff. 
The tariff has fostered and stimulated American manufactures until the 
home market is no longer sufficient, and therefore a new market had to be 
found. 

The introduction into Congress of the Reciprocity resolution produced 
some excitement. Senator Mitchell was the first to advocate it, but he was 
speedily followed by all the Republican Senators. The New York Produce 
Exchange held a meeting and passed resolutions in favor of the scheme, 
which action was repeated by nearly all the commercial bodies in the coun- 
try. A vigorous fight was made against it in the House by Major McKinley 
and Speaker Reed, but when it became apparent that public sentiment was 
strongly in favor of it, the amendment passed. Since then a number of 
treaties have been begun, and some have been concluded, looking towards 
putting the plan into active operation. Duriug the debate on the measure, 
an effort was made to enlarge the scheme sufficiently to bring Canada in, 
but this was defeated owing to the opposition of Representatives and Senators 
from the States along the Northern border. 

TEXT OF THE RECIPROCITY SECTION OF THE MCKINLEY BILL. 

Section 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries 
producing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first 
day of July, 1892, whenever, and so often as the President shall be satisfied 
that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas. 
ses, coffee, tea and hides, raw and'uncured, or any of such articles, imposes 
duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United 
States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, 
tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal 
and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duly to suspend, 
by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the lice 
introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of 

3b 



38 RECIPROCITY. 

such country, for sucli time as he shall deem just, and in such case and dur- 
ing such suspension, duties shall be levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, 
molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such desig- 
nated country, as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay 
duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank 
bottoms, syrups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, 
concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 75 
degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound ; and for every additional degree 
or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two-hundredths of one 
cent per pound additional. 

All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- 
fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All 
sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard 
of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. 

All sugar above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch 
standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. 

All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per 
pound. 

Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. 

Sugar d minings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as 
molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. 

On coffee, three cents per pound. 

On tea, ten cents per pound. 

Hides, raw or uncured, whether diy, salted, or pickled, Angora goat- 
skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured, asses' skins, raw or unmanu- 
factured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on, one and one-half 
cents per pound.* 

* For most recent developments as to Reciprocity treaties, up to the moment of 
going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE SILVER QUESTION. 



The silver question in this country to-day is the result of a demand on 
the part of many people for more money in circulation, stimulated doubtless 
by the desire of the owners of silver mines to find a market for their product. 
As the law stands now, gold may be taken in unlimited quantities to the United 
States mints and there coined into money. The director of the mint has no 
power, acting as the agent of the Secretary of the Treasury, to refuse to re- 
ceive the metal or to pay for it, either in gold coin or in United States notes, 
which are, of course, gold coin in another form. 

When England demonetized silver, France was left as the great bimetallic 
country of the world. At that time (1792 to 1834) the United States was 
coining silver and gold at the ratio of 15 to 1. France was coining at the 
rate of' 15 1 ., to 1, and as a result the United States was stripped of its gold 
coin. In 1834 the United States raised the ratio from 15 to 1 to 16 to 1, and 
there being 3 per cent, profit in the transaction, the silver left this country 
and gold came in. Then the United States, in order to keep its subsidiary 
coinage, depreciated it and thus stopped the drain. 

When the war broke out, all questions of metallic coinage were speedily 
swallowed up in the flood of "greenbacks" and " shinplasters." When, 
however, we renewed specie payment, things went on as before. In 1873 
France stopped the free coinage of silver in order to escape from the flood of 
German silver which was draining the country of its gold. Coincident with 
this came the enormous development of silver-mining in this country, follow- 
ing the discovery of the "Bonanza" deposit in the Comstock in Nevada. 
All the silver of' the world rushed in here and the United States was forced 
to demonetize the metal. 

The demand for more money in circulation, which naturally followed the 
great development of the country during the seventies and eighties, brought 
with it the greenback movement. This was a demand made by a large sec- 
tion of the people for the issue by the government of an unlimited and irre- 
deemable currency. The' greenback advocates were defeated and so thor- 
oughly beaten that as a party in politics they practically ceased to exist. 
The nation realized that greenbacks were the notes of hand issued by the 
government and obtaining their value from the government's credit. It was 
as absurd to say that a government note should never be redeemed as it was 
to say that the note of an individual could be circulated in business if there 
was no redemption provided for it. 

But while the common sense of the nation rejected the irredeemable 
greenback project, this did not in the least affect the demand for more money 
in circulation. It was apparent to all men that when the time came to move 
the wheat crop, all other enterprises felt the need of money greatly. It took 
about all the money in the country for the wheat. Consequently there came 
a time every year when business generally languished, owing to the fact thai 
the money,"which is the life-blood of business.'was withdrawn from it. Nor 
was this all. The scarcity of money brought with it a high price for its use, 
and the interest demanded on mortgages was such that the net profit derived 
from the cultivation of the ground would not, except under exceptional cir- 
cumstances, pay this interest. 

Men who were confronted with this situation, and especially the farmers, 
who feel the bite the most keenly, looked at the vast mass of silver in the 

39 



40 THE SILVER QUESTION. 

country with longing eyes. They declared that silver was as good a basis as 
gold on which to rest a currency, and they demanded that the United States 
once more go back to the bi-metallic standard. They urged that, were there 
unlimited coinage of silver; were silver put on the same basis as gold in this 
regard, the dearth of money would cease at once and interest would fall. As 
a result of this feeling the Bland bill was introduced into Congress providing 
for the unlimited coinage of the white metal. 

It was fiercely opposed. Many able men, led by John Sherman, Ex-Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, argued that, were the United Stales to adopt the bi- 
metallic standard when no other of the great nations would do the same 
thing, it would at once create a market for the silver of the world, and that 
it would be drained of its gold. This would result, they declared, in an ad- 
vance in the price of gold, and as all balances in commerce with nations hav- 
ing a gold standard would have to be paid in this metal, any legislation mak- 
ing gold subject to fluctuations in price would result disastrously to the mer- 
chants and manufacturers. The gist of their argument was that the mone- 
tization of silver would make gold a commodity subject to changes in price 
and to all the evils of speculation. 

The opposition was strong enough to get the Allison amendment tacked 
on to the Bland bill. By this the Secretary < >f I he Treasury must buy not less 
than two millions nor more than four millions each month. This measure 
lias resulted in making silver a commodity. 

During the last two years the party in favor of free silver and a bi-metallic 
standard has grown enormously in this country. The gist of the whole 
question lies in the ratio given to silver and gold in any law making both 
legal tender and giving both free coinage. The ratio in the markets of the 
world to-day is, generally speaking, one of gold to fifteen and a half of sil- 
ver. But silver," being demonetized, fluctuates in price. Were the United 
States to adopt this ratio, then it would find itself alternately a purchaser and 
a seller of silver, as silver went down or up abroad. AVhether these would 
be equal in the long run it is difficult to say. 

It is probable that the advantages and disadvantages of free coinage for 
silver have been exaggerated somewhat by the advocates and opponents of 
the measure. There remain two facts after all the froth has been blown away. 
First, the farming and other interests of the country seriously need cheaper 
money; second, that any ratio established by Congress will force this coun- 
try to buy or sell silver in accordance with the price elsewhere.* 

* For most recent developments as to silver legislation, etc., up to the moment of 
going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. 



There is a Single Tax National League of the United States of which 
Henry George, of New York, is the foremost champion. The theory of the 
League is that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what 
God has created and of what is gained hy the general growth and improve- 
ment of the community of which they are a part. That no one should be 
permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any 
special privileges thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth 
and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the 
use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor produces; 
therefore, no tax should be levied ou the products of labor. 

The League is in favor of raising all public revenues for national, State, 
county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespec- 
tive of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indi- 
rect taxation. With respect to monopolies other than that monopoly of land, 
the League hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in tele- 
graphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a 
proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for 
the whole people concerned, through their proper government, local, state 
or national. 

tiie single tax platform. 

Platform Adopted at the Conference of the Single Tax Na- 
tional Leauue of the United States, at Cooper Union, New 
Yop.iv, September 3, 1890. 

At the meeting of the Single Tax National League of the United States 
held at Cooper Union, New York, September 3, 1890, Henry George, as Chair- 
man of the Committee on Platform and Address, reported the following, 
which was adopted: 

We assert as our fundamental principle the self-evident truth enunciated 
in the Declaration of American Independence, that all men are created equal 
and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. 

We hold that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of 
what, God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and im- 
provement of the community of which they are a part. Therefore, no one 
should he permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all 
for any special privilege thus accorded to him, and that that value which the 
growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken 
for the use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor pro- 
duces; therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. 

To carry out these principles, we are in favor of raising all public reve- 
nues for national, State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon 
land values, irrespective of improvements, and all the obligations of all 
forms of direct and indirect taxation. 

Since in all our States we now levy some tax on the value of land, the 
single tax can be instituted by the simple and easy way of abolishing, one 
after another, all other taxes now levied, and commensurately increasing the 

41 



42 THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. 

tax on land values until we draw upon that one source for all expenses of 
government, the revenue being divided between local governments, State 
government, and the general government, as the revenue from direct tax is 
now divided between the local and State governments, or by a direct assess- 
ment being made by the general government upon the States and paid by 
them from revenues collected in this manner. 

The single tax would: 

1st. Take the weight of taxation off the agricultural districts when land 
has little or no value irrespective of improvements, and put it on towns and 
cities where bare land rises to a value of millions of dollars per acre. 

2d. Dispense with a multiplicity of taxes and a horde of tax-gatherers, 
simplify government and greatly reduce its cost. 

3d. Do away with the fraud, corruption and gross inequality inseparable 
from our present methods of taxation, which allow the rich to escape while 
they grind the poor. 

4th. Give us with all the world as perfect freedom of trade as now exists 
between the States of our Union, thus enabling our people to share through 
free exchanges in all the advantages which nature has given to other coun- 
tries, or which the peculiar skill of other peoples has enabled them to attain. 
It would destroy the trusts, monopolies and corruptions, which are the out- 
growths of the tariff. 

5th. It would, on the other hand, by taking for public use that value 
which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the com- 
munity, make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profit- 
able only to the user. It would thus make it impossible for speculators and 
monopolists to hold natural opportunities unused or only half used, and would 
throw open to labor the illimitable field of employment which the earth offers 
to man. It would thus solve the labor problem, do away with involuntary 
poverty, raise wages in all occupations to the full earnings of labor, make 
overproduction impossible until all human wants are satisfied, render labor- 
saving inventions a blessing to all, ami cause such an enormous production 
and such an equitable distribution of wealth as would give to all comfort, 
leisure and participation in the advantages of an advancing civilization. 

With respect to monopolies other than monopoly of land, we hold that 
when free competition becomes impossible, as in telegraphs, railroads, water 
and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which 
should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned 
through their proper government, local, State or national, as may be. 

The following are the officers of the Single Tax League of the United 
States: Chairman, Louis F. Post; Treasurer, August Lewis; Secretary, 
George St. John Leavens, 42 University Place, New York.* 

* For most recent developments of the Single Tax theory, up to the moment of 
going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



PART III. 



INTRODUCTION 

DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 



The Declaration of Independence was first considered at a Congress of the 
thirteen united British colonies, held in Philadelphia on the 5th of Septem- 
ber, 1774. An Act of Parliament had been passed which closed the port of 
Boston on account of destruction of tea, and which removed the custom- 
house to Salem. This act gave offence to the people of Massachusetts, who 
considered that their chartered and constitutional rights had been violated. 

When the first Congress adjourned, it did so after a resolution had been 
adopted providing for the assembling of a second Congress, which also met 
at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. 

Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was elected President for the second time, 
but on account of being called home on urgent business, John Hancock, of 
Massachusetts, was selected to take his place. Congress declared that in de- 
fense of their freedom and rights, they would take up arms, and troops were 
raised with George Washington in command. 

As early as January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates in Con- 
gress to vote for independence, and was followed later on by all the States, 
with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania. An adjustment of the 
trouble was then thought likely by these States, but they eventually fell into 
line and added the illustrious names of their delegates, as two of the original 
thirteen Slates of the Union contributing to complete the memorable docu- 
ment that made the Union free and independent of British dominion and rule. 

On June 11, 1776, a resolution to the effect that "the united colonies 
ought to be free and independent," was offered by Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia, and adopted. A committee, consisting o*f Thomas Jefferson, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, John Adams, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others, was 
then appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. History tells how 
well and wisely they labored during the production of that instrument. 

On the 28th of June, 1776, the committee made their report to Congress. 
New York and Pennsylvania had not, up to that time, instructed their dele- 
gates, and action upon the report was deferred in consequence. 

On the 4th of July, 1776, a day ever memorable in the history of the 
United Stales, the report of these two colonies was received and adopted, and 
the independence of America was proclaimed throughout the world with 
salvos of artillery and the ringing of the old State Bell. The Declaration of 
Independence received the unanimous vote of all the delegates in Congress, 
and was voted upon and adopted by all the colonies. 



DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 

In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

By the Rejyresentatives of the United States in Congress assembled, 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and 
to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of uature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent res] .eel 
t<> tlie opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; 

1 



2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that 
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure 
these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- 
ers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govern- 
ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter 
or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem 
most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- 
tate that governments long established should not be changed for light and 
transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suff erable, than to right themselves 
by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces 
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- 
ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, and 
such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems 
of government. The history of the*present King of Great Britain is a history 
of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the estab- 
lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world: 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- 
tained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in 
the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose 
of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- 
turned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the 
meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that pur- 
pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- 
cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our Legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, 
the civil power. 

He lias combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent" to their 
acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 3 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: . 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English Laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these Colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments: 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and des- 
troyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- 
ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our froutiers, the merciless Indiau savages, whose 
knowu rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- 
peated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have con- 
jured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpa- 
tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in 
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority 
of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
these United Colonies are, and of ri^ht ou^ht to be, free and independent 
States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, 
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States 
may of right do. And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reli- 
ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
Signed by order and in behalf of Congress. 



SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



Name. 



1 John Adains 

2 Samuel Adams 

3 Josiah Bartlett 

1 ( 'alter Braxton 

5 Charles Carroll 

Samuel Chase 

, Abraham Clark 

8 George Clymer 

William Ellery 

William Floyd 

Benjamin Franklin.. . 

Elbridge Gerry 

Button Gwinnett 

Lyman Hall 

John Hancock 

Benjamin Harrison... 

John Hart.. 

Joseph Hewes 

19 Thomas Hevward, Jr 

20 William Hooper 

21 Stephen Hopkins 

2 
23 
24 
25 
20 



Francis Hopkinson 

Samuel Hunt ington 

Thomas Jefferson 

Francis Lightfoot Lee. 

Richard Henry Lee 

1st Francis Lewis" 

28 Philip Livingston 

29 Thomas Lynch, Jr 

30 Thomas McKean 

31 Arthur Middleton 

32 Lewis Morris 

33 Robert Morris 

34 John Morton 

35 Thomas Nelson, Jr 

36 William Paca 

37 Robert Treat Paine .... 

38 John Penn 

39 George Read 

40 Caesar Rodney 

41 George Ross." 

42 Benjamin Rush 

43 Edward Rut ledge 

44 Roger Sherman 

45 James Smith 

46 Richard Stockton 

47 Thomas Stone 

48 George Taylor 

)'i Matthew Thornton 

50 George Walton 

51 William Whipple 

52 1 William Williams 

53 James Wilson : 

54 j John Witherspoon 

5501iver Wolcott 

56 George Wythe 



From Colony. 



Massachusetts Bay 

Massachusetts Bay r ..., 

New Hampshire. ." 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Maryland 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island, etc 

New York 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts Bay.... 

Georgia ' 

Georgia 

Massachusetts Bay 

Virginia 

New Jersey 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Xort h Carolina 

Rhode Island, etc 

New Jersey 

Connecticut 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

New York 

New York 

South Carolina 

Delaware, 

South Carolina 

New York 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Massachusel t s Bay 

North Carolina 

Delaware 

Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

South Carolina 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Maryland 

Pennsylvania. 

New Hampshire 

Georgia 

New Hampshire 

Connecticut 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Connecticut 

Virginia 



Occupation. 



Lawyer 

Merchant 

Physician 

Planter 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Merchant 

Lawyer 

Farmer 

Printer 

Merchant 

Merchant 

Physician 

Merchant 

Farmer 

Farmer 

Merchant 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Farmer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Fanner 

Si at esman .... 

Merchant 

Merchant 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Planter 

Farmer 

Merchant 

Surveyor 

Statesman . . . . 

Law 3 er 

Lawyer , 

Lawj er 

Lawyer 

General , 

Lawyer 

Physician 

Lawyer 

Shoemaker 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Lawyer 

Foundry man. . . 

Physician 

Lawyer 

Sailor 

Statesman 

Lawyer 

Educator 

Soldier 

Lawyer 



Born. Died 



•35 
'22 
729 
736 
737 
741 
'26 
39 
'27 
734 

,im; 

ii 
732 
725 

37 

to 

708 

730 
'46 
'42 
'07 
737 
-31 
43 
34 
32 
13 
16 
19 
'34 
'43 
'26 
'33 
24 
'38 
•40 
31 
-II 
33 
30 
30 
46 
49 
21 
19 
311 
'43 
'16 
14 
40 
30 
31 
42 
22 
26 
26 



1826 

1803 

1795 

1797 

1832 

1811 , 

1794 

1813 

1820 

1821 

1790 

1814 

1777 

1790 

1793 

1791 

1780 

1779 

1809 

1790 

1785 

1791 

1790 

1826 

1797 

1794 

1803 

1778 

1779 

1817 

178? 

179S 
1SU6 
1777 
1789 
1799 
1814 
1788 
1798 
1783 
1779 
1813 
1800 
1793 
1806 
1781 
1787 
1781 
1803 
1804 
1785 
1811 
1798 
1794 
1797 
1806 



A Convention was held at Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County, N. C, May 20th, 1775, 
which announced a Declaration of Independence severing the people, represented by 
the Convention, from their allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain. It was not until 
the early part of the year 1776 that the idea of independence was seriously entertained 
throughout the Colonies. In Congress, Friday, June 7th, 1776. Richard Henry Lie 
moved thai "these United Colonies are, and of righl ought to be, free and indepen- 
dent States, * * * and that a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted 
to the respect ive Colonies lor t heir eonsideral ion and approval." This was adopted 
June 1 li h. The Con mi in ee to prepare the Declaration of Independence were: Thos. 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert B. Livingston. 
They reported June 28th, and the Declaration was adopted unanimously July 4th, 17'76. 



INTRODUCTION 

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 



On the 14th of May, 1787. the Federal Convention assembled in Philadel- 
phia, and took up for revision and amendment the first Constitution of the 
United Stales, whichhadbeen previously adopted. The convention, presided 
over by George Washington, was in session from May 14th to September 17th, 
inclusive. Congress had been urged by appeals from the several States to 
adopt a resolution calling for such a convention, the first Constitution not 
being considered broad enough in its provisions to serve the purposes of the 
government and the people. 

At this convention, composed as it was of the ablest men in the country, 
each of the thirteen original States were represented, with the exception of 
Rhode Island. Congress approved the Constitution, and it was adopted and 
ratified by eleven of the States before the close of 1788. Later on North 
Carolina and Rhode Island signified their approval. As a State paper the 
Constitution of the United States has always been looked upon by other na- 
tions as one of the wisest, soundest and most practical efforts ever made to 
form a basis of government both for the nation and for the people. 



CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more per- 
fect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- 
vide FOR THE COMMON DEFENCE, PROMOTE THE GENERAL WELFARE, AND 

secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, 
do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states 
of America. 

Article I. 

Section I. All legislative powers herein granted shall lie vested in a Con- 
gress of the United Stales, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

Sec. II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not haveattained the age 
of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United Si ales, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State iu which he shall 
be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their re- 
spective numbers, which shall be determined byadding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual 
enumeration shall be made within three years after the firsl meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 



6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at 
least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, 
six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; 
Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other 
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed (if two 
senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and 
each senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The 
seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the 
second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of 
the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof 
may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and 
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall 
nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- 
ment, according to law. 

Sec. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- 
ators and representatives shall be prescribed in the State by the Legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regu- 
lations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, 
appoint a different day. 

Sec. V. — 1. Each House shall be judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day today, 
and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any ques- 
tion shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Sec. VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury 
of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same; 
and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in 
any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
Stales, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have 
been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the 
United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in 
office. 

Sec. VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, 
as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of 
the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return 
it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that 
House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses 
shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting 
for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, re- 
spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their 
adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of 
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis- 
approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case 
of a bill'. 

Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
United States; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States; 



8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective 
writings and discoveries; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water; 

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, 
and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the 
United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the 
consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the 
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
ings; and 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 

Sec. IX.— 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 
quire it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- 
enue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound 
to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law : and a regular statement and account of the re- 
ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of 
any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

' Sec. X.— 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- 
ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 9 

make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury 
of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
control of the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in 
war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit 
of delay. 

Article II. 

g EC . I._l. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereoi 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and 
representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress^ but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United Slates, shall be appointed an elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of 
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Presi- 
dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall imme- 
diately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have 
a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in 
like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- 
bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
be necessary to a choice. In every case, alter the choice of the Pres- 
ident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain I wo or more 
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-President. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, ami 
the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States, j 

5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a, citizen of (he United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the 
office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 

* The time for choosing the electors is the tirst Tuesday after Hie first Monday in 
November. . _ 

t The time for the meeting of the electors is the- first Wednesday in Pectunber. 



X 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a res- 
ident within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the Congress may by law 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Pres- 
ident, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
ora President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at slated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period 
for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation: 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. II.— 1. The President shall lie Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opin- 
ion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and 
he shall nominate, and by and with* the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- 
ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or 
in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to till up all vacancies that may hap- 
pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. III.— He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of 
the state of the Union, and recommend to "their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occa- 
sions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them 
to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors, and 
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws he faithfully exe- 
cuted; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

Shc. IV.— The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office cm impeachment for, and convic- 
tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

Article III. 

Sec. I.— The judicial power of the United Slates shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time 
to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, ami shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 11 

Sec. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United Stales, and 
treaties made, or which shall he made, under their authority; to all cases 
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more Stares; between 
a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; 
between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different 
States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, cit- 
izens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall lie party, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme 
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury; and such trial shall beheld in the State where the said crimes shall 
have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial 
shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Sec III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi- 
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture ex- 
cept during the life of the person attainted. 

Article IV. 

Sec I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- 
gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall lie proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall tlee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, lie delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- 
of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall lie delivered up 
on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may lie due. 

SEC. III. — 1. New States maybe admitted by the Congress into ihis 
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of any other Stale; nor any Slate be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States 

concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to 
the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall he so construed as 
to prejudice any claims ol the United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. IV. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union 
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them againsl 
invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when 
the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Article V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of 
the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for 
proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other mode or ratification may be proposed by the 
Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Sen- 
ate. 

Article VI. 

1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; anything in the 
constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several Slate Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or 
affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be 
required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United 
States. 

Article VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our 
names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

President, and Deputy from Virginia. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus Kino. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 

A LEXANDEB HAMILTON. 

DELAWARE. 
Georoe Read, Gunnino Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, 

Km iiAiti) Bassktt, Jacob Bboom. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13 

NEW JERSEY. 

William Livingston, David Brearley, 

William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

William Blount, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, 

George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, 

James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. 

MARYLAND. 

James McHenry, Dan. of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 

John Blair, James Madison, Jr. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, 

Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 

GEORGIA. 

William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 

Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. 

The following named delegates from other States were present, but did 
not sign the Constitution : 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Elbridge Gerry, Caleb Strong. 

NEW JERSEY. 

, Wm. C. Houston, George Wythe, James McClurg. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Oliver Ellsworth. 

NEW YORK. 
JonN Lansing, Jr., Robert Yates. 

MARYLAND. 
John Francis Mercer, Luther Martin. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
Alexander Martin, ■ Wm. R. Davie. 

VIRGINIA. 
Edmund Randolph, George Mason. 

GEORGIA. 
Wm. Pierce, Wm. Houston. 

Of the 63 delegates originally appointed ten did not attend, two of which 
vacancies were filled. Of those attending, :!'.) signed and 16 did mil. 

The Constitution was adopted by the Conventioi the 17th of Septem- 
ber, 1787, appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress of the 
Confederation of the 21st of February, 1787, and ratified by the Conventions 
of the several States, as follows : 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

Delaware, December 7th, 1787, unanimously. 

Pennsylvania, December 12th, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23. 

New Jersey, December 18th, 1787, unanimously. 

Georgia, January 2d, 1788, unanimously. 

Connecticut, January 9th, 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. 

Massachusetts, February 6th, 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168. 

Maryland, April 28th, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. 

South Carolina, May 23d, 1788, by a vote of 149 to 7:1. 

New Hampshire, June 21st, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 47. 

Virginia, June 25th, 1788, by a vote of si) to 79. 

New York, July 26th, 1788, by a vote of 30 to 25. 

North Carolina.' November 21st, 1789, by a vote 193 to 75. 

Rhode Island, May 29th, 1790, by a majority of 2, 

Vermont, .January loth, 1791, by a vote of 105 to 4. 

Declared ratified by resolution of the old Congress, September 13th, 1788. 

The adoption of the Constitution was opposed by many who believed that 
the extensive powers granted by it to Congress and the executive would be 
dangerous to the liberties of the people. It was, however, finally adopted 
chiefly through the exertions and writings of James Madison, John Jay, and 
Alexander Hamilton. Virginia ratified the Constitution with the declaration 
that she was at liberty to withdraw from the Union whenever its powers were 
used for oppression; 'and New York, after Hamilton had declared that no 
State should ever be coerced bv an armed force. There were two greal parties: 
The Federalists, in favor of a strong, centralized government, and the Anti- 
Federalists, supporters of Stales' rights. Washington and Adams, Federalist 
leaders, were elected, and the government was organized with Thomas Jef- 
ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; 
1 [enry Knox, Secretary of War; and John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
( lourt. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

Article I.* 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or 
of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the government for a redress of grievances. 

♦ Twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, September 25th, 1789; the lust 
ten were adopted, which are the first ten as shown above, and were proclaimed to be 
in force December L5th, 1791. 

The rejected Articles were as follows : 

I \n,.V the firsl enumeration required by the First Article oi the Constitution 
there shall be on.' Representative for every30,000 persons, until the number shall 
amounl to one hundred; alter which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Con- 
gress thai there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives for every 10,000 
persons until the number of Representatives shall amounl to two hundred; after which 
the proporl ion shall be so regulated by Congress, thai t here shall n..i be less than I wo 
hundred Represental ives, nor more t ban one Representat Lve for every 50,000 persons. 

II Nolaw varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Repre- 
sentatives shall takeeffed until an eleel ion of Representatives shall have intervened. 

The twelve proposed amendments were acted upon by the States as follows : 

Allratified bj Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Vermont and Virginia— 7. 

\n, excepting Art. 1., rat i lie. I by Delaware 1. 

Ml, excepting Art. II., ratified by Pennsylvania I. 

Ml, excepting Arts. l. and 11., ratified by New Hampshire, New York and Rhode 
I land 

All rejected bj Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts— 3. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 15 

Article II. 
A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the 
right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed 

by law. 

Article IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and 
no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or 
things to be seized. 

Article V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases 
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in 
time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same 
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in 
any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, lib- 
erty, or properly, without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of 
counsel for his defence. 

Article VII. 

In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried 
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
the people. 

Article XI.* 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 

to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the 

United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 

foreign state. 

* Article XI. was proposed by Congress March 12th, 1794, and declared in force Jan- 
uary 8th, 1798. 



16 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

Article XII. * 

The electors shall meet iu their respective States, f and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct, ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, 
to the seat of government of the United Slates, directed to the President of 
the Senate, the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then lie counted; 1 the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the 
persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediate- 
ly, by ballot, the President, Put in choosing the President, the votes shall 
lie taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as 
in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President, 
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highesl 
numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the- Vice-President; a quorum for 
the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and 
a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per- 
son constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to 
that of Vice-President of the United States. 

Article XIII. § 

Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor iirvoluntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
legislation. 

Article XIV. || 

Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State 

* Article XII. was proposed in the first session of the Eighth Congress, and declared 
in force September 35th, 1804. ^ . _ 

i The time for the meeting of the electors is the flrsl Wednesday in December. 

t The time lor counting the votes is t lie second Wednesday in February. 

g Article Mil. was proposed by Congress February 1st, 1865, and declared in force 
December 18th, 1865. ,„. . , ,. 

Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas', Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan. Minnesota, 
Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- 
lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennessee, rexas, 
Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin -84. Ratified conditionally by Ala- 
bama and Mississippi. Rejected by Delaware and Kentucky— 2. 

An ale XIV. was proposed by Congress June 18th, lSOti, and declared m force July 
88th, 1868. 

Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas. % Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, 

Indiana, Iowa', Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1< 

wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United Slates; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
tection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at 
any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the 
United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers 
of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of 
the United Stales, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- 
lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Sec. :t. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or 
elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as 
a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of 
any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have en- 
gaged in insurrection or rebellion agaiust the same, or given aid or comfort 
to the enemies thereof . Bui Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each 
House, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized 
bylaw, including debt's incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But. neither the United States nor any Slate shall assume or pay any debt or 
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such 
debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enfore, by appropriate legisla 
tion, the provisions of this Article. 

Article XV.* 

Sec. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- 
priat e legislation. 

sippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada. New Hampshire, New Jersey. New York, North 
Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin— 33. 

Of the above, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, first rejected the amendment but finally ratified 
it. New Jersey and Ohio rescinded their ratification. 

JNo final action was taken by California— 1. 
Rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland— 3. 

♦Article XV. was proposed by Congress February 26th, 1809, and declared in force 
March 30th, 1870. 

Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois. Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas', Louisiana. Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire. New York, North Carolina. Ohio. Penn- 
sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Wes1 Virginia, and 
Wisconsin— 30. _ T ,_ 

Of the above, Georgia and Ohio at first rejected but finally ratified. New York 
rescinded her ratification. 

Rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey and Ore- 
gon— 6. 

No final action was taken by Tennessee— 1. 



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BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

The first President of the United States was introduced to politics in the 
exciting times prior to the Revolution, when all men in the colonies were in- 
terested in the questions forced on them by the attitude of Great Britain tow- 
ard her American dependencies. Although a member of the Virginia House 
of Burgesses when he was quite young, Washington took little part in the 
proceedings. It is not in record that he made any speeches, but he is credited 
with having done a great deal of quiet committee work in behalf of the 
farming interests. He indorsed the agitation against the Stamp Act, and was 
thoroughly in sympathy with the opposition to the tea tax and the Boston 
port hill, the two measures which led to Bunker Hill. He was a delegate to 
the First Continental Congress, and to the Second, which elected him Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Continental army. 

His work in the war is known to all students of American history. Dur- 
ing the long struggle, he took little part in the politics of the time, except so 
far as be showed the utmost respect for all commands of Congress. When 
the Revolution ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and the evacuation of 
New York, Washington came out in favor of more power for Congress, and 
against the new confederation of the States. During his term as President 
of the United States, he opposed, with all the power and influence lie pos 
sessed, the desire of many people to take part in the war between England 
and France. His action at this time laid down, as a principle in American 
politics, strict neutrality in all quarrels between nations of the Old World. 
Washington saw, with perfect clearness, what has been proved beyond doubt 
by the experience of the United States, that the people of this country were 
not and could not be interested in the dynastic or other wars of Europe. 
At the time that he was elected President the connection bet ween America 
and England had been too recently severed, for the men here to understand 
the full effects of the Revolution. They had been accustomed to seeing the 
quarrel between France and England fought out on this continent, and they 
were unable to understand that work of this sort was at an end forever. 

It was natural for Americans to imagine they could cripple England, the 
country they were most afraid of, by helping France, and the pressure 
brought to bear on Washington in this direction was very great. He was 
one of the few who understood that England was the natural ally of the 
United States, and he also understood that this country had everything to 
gain, and nothing to lose by remaining neutral. He, therefore, stood linn, 
and his services during the Revolution were paralleled by those he rendered at 
this period. 

The presidency of Washington was not a time during which politics were 
very active. The country had just emerged from a most exhausting war, 
and the one thing needed was peace. R was the duty of all public men then 
to bind up the wounds, and to devote themselves to working out the prob 
lem of self-government, which had come upon them demanding a solution. 
All was new, untried, almost in a chaotic state. It was the business of Wash- 
ington to produce the precedents under which the new government was to 
run— to shape what was practically shapeless. As it was, a few years after, 

19 



20 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

to be the glorious task of John Marshall, as the great chief justice, to pro- 
duce the law which would govern us, so it was the task of the first President 
to evolve the government. No one in the United States was more fitted for 
this great and most necessary work. Washington combined the most abso- 
lute reverence for Congress, and the will of the people as therein expressed, 
with the full ability to see when that Congress was making a mistake. That 
the Congress should make mistakes at first was a foregone conclusion. Wash- 
ington was peculiar in this: he could recognize the error, exert his influence 
to correct it, assume for the moment almost the initiative of an absolute 
monarch, and force his ideas on the representatives of the States; ami yet, 
when the emergency was over, he could return to the position of the first 
servant of the people, lie was never tempted to make his temporary sover- 
eignty perpetual, and his sure judgment enabled him to understand just 
when and where it, was necessary to assume the power. 

Although the Federalists and Republicans began to show themselves dur- 
ing the two terms of Washington, they did not become defined. He sym- 
pathized with the former in some things, but for the most pail he kept out 
of polities. It is not. necessary here to go into the many little political ques- 
tions which arose at this time, because most of them, with the issues that 
produced them, have been forgotten, and could not be understood now with- 
out ;i long and somewbat tedious explanation. 

Washington's great ability, his marvelous character, and his extraordi- 
nary insight, into the conditions that surrounded him, were best shown in the 
manner in which he kept his government, out of politics. He gave the coun- 
try what, it most needed— rest; and lie fought oil' all issues that would have 
disturbed it. He put no check on the little questions which came up from 
time to time, feeling that they were of just enough interest to assure the peo 
pie, and not of enough importance to seriously disturb them. He believed 
in keeping quiet, in giving the government time to work out, its own methods, 
in allowing the people to recover from the struggle, and by their industry to 
make themselves prosperous. He succeeded in all this, aiid he was then", as 
be had been before, emphatically the right man in the right place. The debt 
which the American people owe to Washington is the result of his wisdom as 
President, as much as his courage and genius as a soldier. 



JOHN ADAMS. 

As others of the men of the Revolution, John Adams, of Massachusetts, 
the second President of the United States, began his political career as a 
" patriot American." lie was in lull sympathy with everything done by the 
men of his State against i he British power, and was the more dangerous op- 
ponent of British dominion, because of. bis singular clearness of mental vision. 
A man who was never extreme, he condemned the English rule on the most 
purely logical -rounds. A man, also, of great ability, he was bound to 
come to the fronl in Revolutionary times. Eebecamethe legal adviser of 
the Patriot party in his State, and took an active part in those operations 
which resulted in .Massachusetts taking the initialise in the war. 

lie was a delegate to the Continental ( 'ongress, and proposed Washington 
as commander in-chief, lie was sent to France with Franklin and Routledge 
as commissioners during the war, and he went from there to the Hague, 
where he secured a recognition of the United States from the Dutch. "lie 
negotiated the treaty of peace with England in 1783, and, coming soon after- 
ward to this country, was nominated for the presidency. Under the system 
then m force, the candidate who received the most votes became President, 
and he who tallied the next lowest vole took the position of Vice-President. 



THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. 21 

Under this rule John Adams became Washington's Vice-President, and as 
presiding officer in Congress did much to lay down the rules governing that 
body today. 

When Washington refused a third term, Adams was elected to succeed 
him. He was a strong Federalist, and believed in increasing the power of 
Congress to the utmost. Adams was a believer in the aristocracy of birth, 
and he gave great offence by using the expression "the well-born" in one 
of his essays. He thought that all men should be free and equal before the 
law, but he denied absolutely that all men are born equal. 

During Adams's term of office, the people became greatly excited over 
the prospect of war with France. Against this war the President bent the 
whole power of his office, then much greater than now, because less thor- 
oughly defined. He succeeded in keeping the country out of the war, al- 
though he brought a perfect storm of abuse on his head by the attitude he 
assumed. By giving out to the public the letters written by Prince Talley- 
rand, in which that astute diplomat had apparently tried to blackmail the 
American commissioners, Adams brought such a tempest of ridicule and 
scorn to the door of the French minister that he was forced to disavow the 
demands, and France had to withdraw the claims so obnoxious to America. 
This put an end to the war cry. 

It was during this time that Jefferson became the avowed leader of the 
Republicans, and as such took the position of the great antagonist of the 
President, Adams was a Federalist, because he believed that in no other way 
could the country be governed. But during his term of office the party sank 
into insignificance, and ceased to be, in its original shape, a factor in politics. 
Generally speaking, Adams followed the lead of Washington in his efforts 
to prevent war. In other respects he kept out of politics as much as possible. 



THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. 

The term "Federalist " is unmeaning to our ears now, and "Republican " 
has greatly changed since it was first used. When the Revolutionary War 
closed, the thirteen colonies became the thirteen States, still symbolized by the 
st ripes in the flag. They were at that time bound together in a confederation, 
as were the Swiss Cantons a century ago. The general government had do 
power at all over individuals. It could deal only with the States in their 
sovereign capacity. Congress had no power to compel anything. Its every 
action had to be ratified by the State Legislatures. The bundle of sticks 
was tied together, it is true, but the fastening was of the loosest and flimsiest 
description. 

It was at once seen by the men who came lace to lace with this condition 
of things that two courses were open to them. The power of the general 
government could be increased and a nation could be formed, or it could be 
left where it was and the confederation of independent sovereign States could 
continue. Those in favorof making the nation were called Federalists, those 
who prepared the confederation were termed Republicans. It seems ;i won 
derful thing to us to-day thai there could have been any dispute as to the sale 
course, yet the disputes were very bitter. The extreme of Federalists were 
in favor of a strong government such as was then the government of Greal 
Britain, and some<of them proposed that Washington should be elected or 
made king. They were willing to introduce all features of the English gov- 
ernment which had strength in them, including hereditary nobility. On the 
other hand, the extreme Republicans desired no government whatever. Al 
though they believed in individual ownership of property, they were very 
close to being Anarchists. They founded their beliefs on the "Rights of 



22 THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. 



Man " and the doctrinaire utterances of the French writers — such as Rousseau 
(in his Contrat Civile), who preceded the French Revolution. Fortunately, 
France was allowed to work these theories out and America was saved from 
them. 

Washington and Adams took the Federalist side, probably as much from 
their practical experience of the impossibility of carrying on a government 
without power of any kind as from their theoretical disapproval of Republi- 
can ideas. But neither Washington nor Adams were extreme in their ideas, 
and both scouted the suggestion of a monarchy with an indignation not un- 
mixed with contempt. They were in favor of giving Congress sufficient 
power to govern in fact, for they realized the position in which Congress 
then was — that of a body which could only suggest legislation to the States 
— to be little less than ridiculous. 

At this time the question of States' rights was not even raised. It seemed 
to be conceded that the States had the power to draw out of the confederation 
into which the}' had gone, should they see fit. In fact, the States were then 
everything and the general government nothing. This should, perhaps, be 
modified a little. The general government afforded in Congress an oppor- 
tunity for consultation between the representatives of the States on matters of 
interest to all. It then became the duty of the respective Legislatures to in- 
dorse the conclusions arrived at, should they see fit. 

The practical working of this system showed within the first year or two 
its absurdity, and it ranged the strongest men on the Federal side. Rut in 
this country it has often been proved that we arrive at a desired point some- 
what in the same manner as does a ship when the wind is ahead. We run to 
starboard for a while and then tack to port. In other words, we reach the 
position which is satisfactory to all, by trying first one thing and then another, 
always moving steadily on, even when we seem to be sailing the farthest 
away. In our history it has been proved time and again that neither party 
has all the right, but that each owns and clings to something tliat is good. 

This was prominently brought out in the struggle between the Federalists 
and the Republicans. The Federalists succeeded under Washington and 
Adams in giving some strength to Congress and in attaching some importance 
to the national counsels. Adams, with his strong bias toward a powerful 
central government, carried the Federalists a little too far, and as a result he 
was succeeded by Jefferson, the leader of the Republicans. But the good 
had been done — Congress had acquired a power and dignity it was never to 
lose. It was time for the other side to have a chance — time for it to correct 
the tendency towards extreme Federalism which was beginning to show itself. 

A central government having been established, the Federalists took a new 
name and became the Whigs. The Whigs were those who were in favor of 
a liberal construction of the powers of Congress. Events, in modifying the 
Federalists, also modified their opponents, and the Republicans became the 
party in favor of a strict construction of Congressional powers. The former 
held that Congress had all power not specifically given to the States, the latter 
believed the powers of Congress were confined to those expressly granted 
to it. To the formerthe nation had become the fountain and spring of power; 
to the latter the power resided wholly in the States, excepl so far as they had 
parted with it. This difference of opinion was destined to produce in time 
the question of States' rights. It was inherent in the American people that 
they should in lime build up a nation, but in the transformation necessaryfor 
the confederation of independent States to the nation in winch the States are 
enlarged municipalities, it was certain thai two parties should arise. The one 
would be anxious to build the nation as rapidly as possible; the other would 
try in conservative fashion to hold the people back and delay the change. 
Surveying the history of the United States, main differences between the 
parties have had their rise in this one fact, which has dominated all others. 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 23 

When John Adams gave up the reins of government to Jefferson he left 
a man behind who was to do more to establish the power of Congress than 
any other man ever did. This was John Marshall, the great Chief Justice of 
t he Supreme Court of the United [States. The chief justice defined the powers 
of Congress and of the Constitution in a way that made the latter the supreme 
law of the land, and he made it plain that no act of a State could stand 
when in conflict with it. It was a foregone conclusion then that State sov- 
ereignity should gradually disappear and that the nation should be builded. 

The names of parties changed. The Federalists became the Whigs, and 
these melted into the Republicans. The original Republicans changed 
their name to Democrats. Although there were small parties arising from 
time to time, these were they which continued. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

Thomas Jefferson — he who wrote the first draft of the Declaration of 
Independence, for which his name was placed among those proscribed by 
the government of George the Third — became President of the United States 
asthe leaderof the Republican party. Priorto the Revolution Jefferson had 
been a member of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and in 1779 he was 
elected governor of his State. In 1782 he went to France as the American 
Minister, and in the following year, as Chairman of the Committee on Cur- 
rency in Congress, he gave this country the decimal coinage. In 1784 he went 
to France again, and while there studied the condition of the French people 
under that form of government we all now believe to have been the worst the 
world ever saw. What Jefferson examined day after day produced a pro- 
found impression on him, and when he came back to this country in 1789 he 
came as the most firm believer in the rights of the people. 

Jefferson trusted the people absolutely. He believed that while they 
might make mistakes, the country was safer in their hands than it could ever 
be In those of any minority who were not elected and who could not be de- 
posed at anytime. He imbibed the utmost hatred of institutions, such as 
those of France under the last three representatives of monarchies, and he de- 
tested a privileged class. He believed the existence of one to be exceedingly 
dangerous, and he was opposed to any form of centralization of power. 

As Washington's Secretary of State, Jefferson made his exceedingly acute 
mind felt in all the foreign relations of this government. When John Adams 
had served Ins term as President, Jefferson succeed him. His first effort was 
to republicanize the government. The alien and sedition laws passed by I lie 
Federalists were believed by Jefferson to lie in direct opposition to the Con- 
stitution, and to be also a step toward the creation of a privileged govern- 
ment. He at once pardoned all those who had been convicted under these 
acts, and denounced in the strongest way any attempt to coerce opinions. 
He believed in the fullest personal freedom, and in politics he ranged him- 
self on this side always. He held that differences of opinion in politics were 
not cause for dismissal from office, and no President has made fewer changes 
anions; the office-holders. 

He divested the position as President of all the pom]) which Washington 
and Adams had permitted to grow up around it. He abolished the weekly 
levees and other receptions, as savoring too much of royalty, and he traveled 
always as a private citizen. In fact, he believed himself to be nothing more 
than a private citizen temporarily serving the people. The power of the 
President to pardon those convicted of offenses againsl the people he restricted 
in practice by never pardoning any one unless the judge who sentenced him 
joined in the' petition. When urged to prosecute newspapers that attacked 



24 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

him, Jefferson refused on the ground that freedom of opinion was sacred, 
and that no guardian of the people's rights was equal to a free press. 

His terms in office are marked as those in which the freedom of the indi- 
vidual in his opinions, his speech, and his action was made a part of the un- 
written law of the land. It would, perhaps, be better to say that this freedom 
became, as the result of Jefferson's work, one of the traditionary principles 
of the nation. To him must be given the credit of creating American citi- 
zenship as we know it, and of putting into practical and enduring shape the 
dreams of countless visionaries. No people on earth are as free, even from 
the domination of caste, as are the Americans, and this great privilege they 
owe to Thomas Jefferson. 

But Jefferson showed he thoroughly understood that freedom of the indi- 
vidual involves the resistance to oppression from any quarter by the com- 
munity. The Barbary pirates had tyrannized over European nations, as rep- 
resented by the crews of their ships, for centuries, and they had endured the 
shame. Jefferson sent Decatur to put a stop to the outrages, so far as Amer- 
icans were concerned, and the pirates of North Africa were driven out of the 
business. The President had a keen eye to the future, and when Napoleon 
offered to sell Louisiana — under which name were included the valleys of 
the Mississippi and the Missouri, and the country as far west as the Rocky 
Mountains — he promptly availed himself of the opportunity, more than 
doubling the territory of the United States, and giving us that which wc were 
soon to need. 

Thomas Jefferson added to the structure which was slowly being built 
within the limits of this country, the corner stone of citizenship with all that 
the word means now. On it, as he defined it, rests nearly everything we 
have. Had he done nothing else his name would live so long as the flag shall 
be known on earth. 

JAMES MADISON. 

James Madison, fourth President of the United States, began his polit- 
ical career as a member of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, where 
he ranged himself on the side of individual lights as expressed in that instru- 
ment. In 17*0 he went to Congress, and he was struck at once by the absurd 
position in winch the Confederation theory had placed the government. As 
Congress owned nothing, and had no power to tax individuals, it could only 
raise money by making requisitions on the Slates. These the States might 
honor or let alone, as they saw tit, and it more than once happened I hat Leg- 
islatures adopted the latter course. Apart from the absurdity of the general 
government making requisitions which might not he honored, it was apparent 
that the government could not go on without money. Madison therefore 
identified himself with the Federalists in advocating the impost law, which 
was the first lax levied by Congress. 

It was at ihis time that he devised the celebrated three-fifths rule, count- 
ing five slaves as equal to three individuals. As the impost was levied on 
the population, the representatives of the slaveholding States desired to have 
slaves counted as chattels only. Madison's rule was, however, adopted. lie 
opposed any support of the Church by the Slate, opposed Ihe issue of paper 
money by the States, and was in favor of giving the control of foreign com- 
merce io the general government in order to increase iis revenues by customs. 

Madison's fame as m statesman will, however, rest on his definition of the 
true relation between the general government and the States, th hich was called 
the " Virginia plan " in the convention which drew up the Constitution. Prior 
to ihe passage of this greal instrument, the Slates alone were represented in 
Congress; the general government had no direcl relations with the people. 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 25 

Madison devised the plan of having Representatives elected by the people 
themselves in the Congressional districts, while the States continued to be 
represented in the Senate. The value of this became apparent at once. It 
gave the people a voice in proportion to the population, and, giving them 
direct control over national legislation, reconciled them to government taxes 
and courts. In electing the Representatives the three-fifths rule was applied 
to the slaveholding States. 

When Madison was elected President to succeed Jefferson, he was chosen 
as belonging to the Republican party. AVhile he believed in giving the nation 
more power, and was so far a Federalist, he also believed that the rights of 
the citizen were the foundation of prosperity. During his first term he took 
the position that if England or France woidd repeal the embargo against 
American commerce, he would revive the non-intercourse act against the 
other country. France took advantage of the offer, and the President declared 
non-intercourse with England. This resulted in hostilities which brought 
on the War of 1812. Although the war was popular, Madison, who was 
essentially a man fitted for peaceful times, did not increase his reputation 
while it 'lasted. As is always the case during a war, the parties became 
merged for the time it went on, so that it is, perhaps, not too much to say 
that during Madison's second term there were no politics. 



JAMES MONROE. 

James Monroe, after an experience in the army, began his civil life as 
a member of the Assembly of Virginia in 1782. He served as a member of 
the fourth, fifth and sixth sessions of the Continental Congress, and opposed 
the ratification of the Constitution. He was, however, the third Senator 
elected by Virginia, and in 1794 went to France as an envoy. He was a 
strong anti-Federalist, and one of the bitterest opponents of Washington. 
For all that, the President sent him to France again. When he appeared 
before the French Convention he made a speech that was severely criticised 
by Randolph. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia. Jefferson 
sent him to France, where he negotiated "the purchase of Louisiana, and 
Madison made him Secretary of State. 

When Monroe was elected President in 1816 he was the candidate of the 
Republicans. His whole political life had been marked by the most bitter 
anti-Federalist feelings. The subjects which engaged his attention princi- 
pally were the defenses of the Atlantic seaboard, the internal improvements 
of this country, the Seminole war and the acquisition of Florida, the Mis- 
souri Compromise, and resistance to foreign interference as expressed in the 
Monroe doctrine. 

He believed in making the defenses of the Atlantic coast as complete as 
possible, and he urged Congress to move in the matter again and again. He 
was very much interested in the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and at 
last succeeded in concluding the treaty. The Seminole war did not call for 
much attention from the President. He took little part in the fierce contro- 
versy and the many contests which rose over the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
promise." He felt that the President should keep out of such purely polil ica I 
issues. He was, however, very much interested in the question of internal 
improvements, but he laid down, in his message vetoing the Cumberland 
road bill, the principle that the government should only help those internal 
improvements which were of manifest advantage to the nation. This belief 
of President Monroe was brought to the front at the time the Union and Cen- 
tral Pacific railroads were subsidized. 

The fame of James Monroe will rest for all time on the celebrated "Monroe 



26 BIOGKAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

doctrine." The words of this famous utterance constitute two paragraphs in 
the message sent by him to Congress on December 2, 1823. In the first of 
these he informs Congress that the governments of Russia and Great Britain 
have been informed that the American continents henceforth are not to be 
considered subjects for future colonization by any European power. In the 
second paragraph he says that the United States would consider any attempt 
on the part of European powers to extend their system to any portion of this 
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. He goes further, and says 
that if the governments established in North and South America, who have 
declared their independence of European control, should be interfered with 
by any European power, this interference would be regarded as a manifesta- 
tion of unfriendly disposition toward the United States. These utterances of 
President Monroe were especially addressed to Spain and Portugal, but they 
were meant to be understood by all the governments of Europe. The prin- 
ciple they laid down had been vaguely felt by all the governments since that 
of Washington, but had never been clearly expressed before. 

The utterances of the President were not only very popular at the time, 
but they have increased in popularity since. During the Civil War Napoleon 
III. challenged the Monroe doctrine when he sent Maximilian to Mexico. 
His action was sharply commented on by Mr. Seward, then Secretary of 
State, and he was plainly told that, so soon as the Civil War ended, steps would 
lie taken to enforce the Monroe doctrine. 

The public men of this country have again and again given their adherence 
to this doctrine. It will probably always hold its place as one of the cardinal 
principles of this government. 

James Monroe was the exponent of the idea of "America for the Amer- 
icans; " that the territory of the United States should be enlarged, and that no 
foreign interference would be permitted. He always took this position in 
his speeches, and he bent his whole public policy to agree with it. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

Op John Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams, it might almost be said 
that he was educated in statecraft from the time of his boyhood. He was a 
man of the most severely Puritan character, to whom the idea of duty was 
above everything else. What he thought was right, that he would do with- 
out thought of the consequences to himself. He was Minister to Holland, to 
France, and to Berlin, the latter by his father's appointment on the advice of 
Washington. As Senator from Massachusetts he was in favor of the War of 
1812, brought on by the intolerable treatment of American ships by England. 
He was sent to Russia by Madison, and from there to England, where he 
negotiated the treaty of peace. As Monroe's Secretary of State he negotiated 
the treaty with Spain which gave Florida to this country. He took his first 
stand in opposition to slavery when the Missouri Compromise was being 
brought about. 

Winn elected to the Presidency to succeed Monroe, Adams came out in 
favor of national banks, internal improvements, and a high protective tariff. 
I!y this time the Federalists had become Whigs, and the Republicans had 
adopted the name of Democrats. As the policy which included these fea- 
tures was thai of the WhigS, Adams was regarded as a Whig President, and 
he was most bitterly denounced by the Democrats. During his tenure of 
ollice he lent his inlluence to all these measures. 

When Adams led the Presidential chair he was elected to Congress from 
Massachusetts as the result of the Anti-Masonic excitement, and he remained 
a representative until his death. It was during this period of his life that 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE IT. S. 27 

he made some very strong friends, and many of the most bitter enemies any 
man ever had, and acquired his fame. He ranged himself on the Anti-Slavery 
side, and became the first prominent man among the Abolitionists. He fought 
the slaveholders, session after session, and brought on his head a storm of 
abuse which exceeded in virulence and ferocity anything ever seen in this 
country. Adams, however, did not quail; the man was never afraid of any- 
thing in his life. He fought the gag law, which forbade Congress receiving 
any Anti-Slavery petitions, session after session, until he succeeded in having 
it repealed. 

As a President, Adams was not remarkable, but as a member of Congress, 
taking the side of freedom for the slaves, he was one of the greatest men in 
that body. 

ANDREW JACKSON. 

In some respects, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United 
States, was the most extraordinary man that ever ruled this country. Com- 
ma;, as he did, from the very lowest stratum of the people, so far as educa- 
tion and intelligence were concerned, he was one of those strong characters 
fitted to rule in troublous times. He was an ideal soldier, patient and wary, 
yet able to seize an opportunity in the most brilliant way; almost insensible 
to fatigue, with the ability to control the most turbulent of men, and possess- 
ed of a will that drove him ahead to the end he had marked out for himself, 
in spite of every difficulty and every danger. 

The boy was a prisoner of war at the age of thirteen. As he grew up, 
and Tennessee became a territory, he went to Congress. When the territory 
arrived at the dignity of Statehood, he was elected to the Senate, a place 
he resigned to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of his State. 
After some years spent as a merchant, he entered the army during the War 
of 1812, and was sent to New Orleans. From there he was ordered to the 
command of the troops in the war with Tecumseh, and, in 1814, returned to 
New Orleans in command of the Department of the South. He won the 
battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, and after that his name alone 
was sufficient to excite the people to enthusiasm. He commanded in the 
Seminole War, and was made governor of Florida in 1821, when the territory 
was purchased from Spain. 

In 1828 he was elected President as a democrat. He was the first to in- 
troduce what has been termed the "spoils system "into national politics. 
In order to understand Jackson and his policy it is necessary to remember he 
looked on affairs and questions of state as a soldier looks on them. Those 
who were not on the side of the right— which, with Jackson, was his side al- 
ways—were enemies, and must be dislodged from their positions of vantage 
as soon as possible. He was an autocrat by nature, yet he was, curiously 
enough, personally the most popular President the United States ever had. 
In fact, Jackson thought as the then great body of the people thought— he 
was as ignorant, so to speak, as were they. 

He organized what was called his "Kitchen Cabinet," a body of men 
with whom he consulted over all his measures, and who might be compared 
to his personal staff. His Cabinet officers he used as he would the colonels 
of regiments in his division. He gave them orders. To the surprise of Hit; 
Democrats, Jackson came out against the doctrine of nullification. This was 
the form in which States' rights showed themselves, and was, in effect, the 
right of a State to nullify a tariff imposed by Congress. South Carolina 
nullified the tariff with a threat to secede, but Jackson declared "no State 
has a right to secede " and threatened war. The result was a compromise on 
the tariff. 



28 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

The feature of Jackson's administration which stands out more promi- 
nently than any other was his fight with the United States Bank. This 
great institution was founded on the lines of the Bank of England, and was 
the depository of the United States fund. Jackson hated Henry Clay, who 
was, as were all the Whigs, in favor of the bank, and he also had all the dis- 
trust of banks felt by uneducated mountaineers. He succeeded in securing 
a resolution of censure from Congress for the part the bank had played in 
politics. It must be remembercd'that the attacks of Jackson had forced the 
bank to help Clay, its only defender, and that it was no part of the bank's 
policy to take sides. Having done this, Jackson demanded that his Secretary 
of the Treasury withdraw the funds of the government, from the custody of 
the bank. The then Secretary refused, was dismissed, and his successor ap- 
pointed, only to meet the same fate and for the same reason. Then Jackson 
found Roger E. Tracey, who proved more pliable, and withdrew the money. 
Jackson's scheme was to deposit the money in certain specified banks, called 
"pet banks." He did so, but soon after withdrew it in order to return the 
surplus to the States. 

Jackson knew little or nothing about finance, and he treated the banks in 
the same way he might have treated his personal creditors when in business. He 
could never understand that the shifting of large sums of money about would 
upset the whole financial system of the country, nor could he ever be made 
to realize that the disastrous panic of 1837 was in great part his own work. 
No President has cost the country as much, and no President did the country 
as much harm. 

In the foreign relations of the United States, Jackson forced France to 
pay the $5,000,000 she owed the United States, by his threat of seizing Eu- 
ropean French vessels to make up the amount. During his Presidency, rail- 
roads and steamship lines were introduced, and there was an enormous ex- 
pansion of the business of the country. 

In hardly any sense of the word was Jackson a statesman. He was an 
honest man, true as steel, and his views were always on the side of right so 
far as he could see it. The evil he did was the result of a want of knowledge, 
but the good he did in the nullification business, and as a soldier, will out- 
weigh that evil. He was a popular hero, followed by the people as no other 
man has been, and he is, to this day, the central figure in many traditions 
which are still active forces in our politics. 



MARTIN VAN" BUEEN. 

The first approach to what we, nowadays, call a "machine politician' 
ever elected to the presidential chair was Martin Van Buren, eighth president 
of the United States. He was a Republican when young, but, following the 
change! of name of his parly, was elected as a Democrat. He had played an 
important part in the politics of New York before he went to Washington as 
Senator from the Stale, lie was in favor of a strict construction of the Con- 
stitution, and while he voted for a protective tariff was really in favor of a 
tariff for revenue only. As governorof New York, lie opposed tree banking, 
and became a strong supporter of Jackson. Jackson appointed him Secre- 
tary of Stale, in which position he was able to settle the trouble with England 
ovavl the West Indian commerce. Nominated as Minister to England, the 
Whig Senate refused to confirm him, on which his popularity increased to 
the point that he was elected Vice President with Jackson for the second term, 
lie sympathized thoroughly with Jackson in the war on the United States 
Bank. 

In 1830 Van Buren was elected President, and in 1S37 the crash came. 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 29 

The business of the United States was paralyzed, and commercial credit did 
not exist. Van Buren saw that the power of affecting the business of the 
country must be taken away from the administration, and he advocated suc- 
cessfully the present Treasury system, in which the government takes care of 
its own money. This was the principal achievement of his term of office. 

He was opposed to slavery, but in other respects was a faithful member 
of his party. He thoroughly believed in the "spoils system," so far as the 
offices were concerned, and helped to make that a part of the government 
policy. During the last part of his administration the panic of 1840 struck 
the country, which, without being anything like as bad as that of 1837, was 
yet severe enough to give the President a good deal of anxiety. 



WILLAM HENRY HARRISON. 

The financial distress which had marked the administration of Van 
Buren had disgusted the people with the Democrats, and a Whig candidate 
was demanded. He was found in William Henry Harrison, the man who 
had wou the battle of Tippecanoe, and that of the Thames in Canada. The 
record of the candidate was that of a successful soldier. He was known in 
politics principally as Governor of the Territory of Indiana. His campaign 
was one of the most popular ever seen in this country. It was called the 
"Log-Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, owing to the fact that people be- 
lieved General Harrison lived in a log-cabin and drank cider. These habits 
were considered to be American, as opposed to living in a frame house and 
drinking wine, which were English. The cry of the campaign was "Tippe- 
canoe and Tyler too," and this cry won. 

General Harrison only lived for one month after his inauguration. Dur- 
ing his period of office the opportunity for Presidential action of a kind open 
tocriticism from either party did not arise. 



JOHN TYLER. 

The first demand made on John Tyler (elected as the Whig Vice-Presi- 
dent, and, through the death of General Harrison, the Whig President) by 
the members of his party, as led by Henry Clay, was a new charter for the 
United States Bank. But Tyler had seen that Van Buren was right; that the 
power to interfere with the "business of the country was too great to entrust 
to any administration. He, therefore, steadily refused the demand. The 
Whigs then devised a scheme by which a Bank of the District of Columbia 
should be chartered by the government to have branches in all the States. 
This bill passed Congress, but was vetoed by the President on the ground 
that it was unconstitutional. Tyler held that the government could not go 
into the banking business. From this time out the Whigs would have noth- 
ing to do with him, and the Democrats rallied to his support. 

"With the aid of the President, the Democrats were able to pass the hill 
reducing the protective tariff. On the question of internal improvements the 
President signed the bill to improve the Mississippi River, holding this to be 
a national measure, but vetoed bills relating to other parts of the country. 

During Tyler's term of office, the Ashburton treaty with England was 
negotiated. The question of the ownership of Oregon was raised, as was 
that of the admission of Texas as a State. The President was in favor of both. 



30 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 



JAMES KNOX POLK. 

James Knox Polk was the most brilliant stump-speaker ever elected 
President. He was a Jeffersonian Democrat, and was in favor of collecting 
only such revenue as was needed to carry on the government. He held that 
a surplus was a robbery of the people. He was opposed to the United States 
Bank. As Speaker of the House of Representatives, he supported Jackson 
and Van Buren. Polk was elected Governor of Tennessee in 1839. He ex- 
pressed himself in favor of the admission of Texas. When elected President 
in 1844, he declared he would not accept a second term, and kept his word. 

One of his first acts as President was to order General Taylor to march 
into Mexico, after the aggressive acts of the Mexicans. General Taylor 
fought and won the battle of Palo Alto, and Texas was admitted into the 
Union. 

The Oregon question, which had risen in Tyler's time, turned on the 
boundary between the United States and Canada. The Americans became 
greatly exercised over it, and "Fifty -four forty (54 degrees, 40 minutes of north 
latitude) or fight " became the popular cry. President Polk was able to set- 
tle this question in a way that satisfied all parties to the dispute. One result 
of his diplomacy is that we own the Columbia River, with its inexhaustible 
wealth in fish. 

He was in favor of a tariff for revenue only, and he exerted all his influ- 
ence to bring it about. He vetoed the river and harbor bill (brought in to 
make internal improvements), on the ground that the nation had no right to 
spend money for improvements which were purely local in character. Dur- 
ing his administration, members of the Slavery party in Congress were very 
active, and President Polk was strongly on their side. He believed slavery 
to be right, and he looked on the attacks of the Abolitionists as being not 
only a violation of contract as between the States, but as being radically 
wrong. 

His administration was a most brilliant one, partly because the country 
had recovered from the abyss of business stagnation into which it had been 
plunged during Jackson's administration, and partly because there was a 
series of diplomatic negotiations, which culminated with good results during 
the four years he was in office. 



JAMES BUCHANAN. 

James Buchanan began life as a Federalist, but while in Congress he 
drifted over to the Democrats. He was Jackson's Minister to Russia, a Sen 
ator from Pennsylvania, Secretary of State for Polk, Minister to England 
under Pierce, and President of the United States in 1856. 

Buchanan's experience with the question of slavery began when the right 
of petitions was attacked by the Pro Slavery men. In the beginning of the 
slave agitation, the members of the Anti-Slavery party made themselves known 
by petitions to tin government to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. 
The Southern men held that all such petitions should be laid on the table. 
While Buchanan did not think the petitions should be granted, he was 
strongly opposed to any interference with the right to send them to Congress 

In L856 the one question before the country was the extension of slavery 
in the territories. The Democrats, who favored it, nominated Buchanan, 
and the Republicans nominated General Fremont. Buchanan was elected 
with all the Southern and five Northern States voting for him. 

His foreign policy would have been much more brilliant than it was could 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 31 

Congress have been induced to attend to anything outside the slavery fight. 
As it was, Buchanan put an end to the English search of American vessels on 
the ground they might be slavers, by sending an American Meet to the West 
Indies. He settled the Paraguay claims satisfactorily, and was able to settle 
the dispute about English occupation of Central America. 

Congress having recognized the Pro-Slavery party in Kansas, President 
Buchanan was forced to acknowledge its action. But he absolutely denied 
the right of any State to secede. When Lincoln was elected and South Caro- 
lina set the example of secession, the President refused to receive her com- 
missioners. He urged in Congress that steps should be taken to enable the 
President to move, but Congress was dumb. He prepared reinforcements for 
Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, but Major Anderson declared he did not 
need them. 

No man has ever been more abused than Buchanan, and by both parties. 
The truth is that he was a man fitted for times of peace and not m the least 
able to cope with a condition of things which would have required genius to 
solve. Buchanan tried to hold both parties back, to keep men at peace who 
knew no peace. He failed as any man would have failed in his position. 

He was a wise, careful and honest man, placed in a position where no man 
could have done anything, and forced to sit quiet while the two parties came 
nearer and nearer to the actual conflict. The outcry against him was as un- 
just as it was inevitable. 



FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

The fall of 1852 found the Democratic party united and triumphant, and 
the Whigs disunited and cast down. The latter nominated General Winfield 
Scott, in the hope that with another Mexican war veteran they might repeat 
their success with General Taylor. General Scott carried the State of Mas- 
sachusetts only, and the Whig* party was dead for all time. It had served its 
purpose and had contributed to the building of the nation; it went down be- 
cause it was not based on convictions strong enough to carry it through the 
fierce battle slavery had brought on. It was essentially the party of compro- 
mise, and the time for compromise had passed. 

The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. He had 
been Speaker of his State's Legislature, a United States Senator, had led a 
brigade at Conteras in the Mexican War, had been President of New Hamp- 
shire's Constitutional Convention, was one of the greatest orators of the day, 
with a voiae that was melody itself, and had been in favor of the two com- 
promise measures, the fugitive slave law and the admission of California as 
a free State. 

He carried every State in the Union except one. He entered on his term 
with a strength no President had had since Washington's day. The impor- 
tant acts of his government— important enough at any other time — were set 
tling the dispute with Mexico over the boundary by arbitration, concluding 
a reciprocity treaty with England, putting a stop to* the recruiting of soldiers 
for the Crimea in this country, and sending the English Minister, Mr. Cramp- 
ton, home for his share in the work; vetoing the bills for public works and 
the appropriation of public lands for the support of the insane. These acts 
of the President were as nothing to his policy in regard to slavery, forelavery 
was swallowing up everything else. 

President Pierce believed slavery to be guaranteed by the Constitution. 
The opening of Kansas to the slave-owners was endorsed by him, and his gov- 
ernment recognized the State Constitution passed by the temporary colonists 
from Missouri. The people of Kansas held a Constitutional Convention at 



32 THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

which they passed an Anti-Slavery Constitution, confirmed by an overwhelm- 
ing vote of the people. Under this Constitution State officers were elected 
only to be treated as rebels by the general government. The Pro-Slavery 
men had won a great victory when they passed the fugitive slave law and 
secured Fillmore's signature, but it was a victory more costly than defeat. 
It aroused the Anti-Slavery party to madness; they refused all compromise, 
and the actual civil war in Kansas increased the trouble. The question of 
slavery had become the one thing that men cared about, and Pierce as a Pro- 
Slavery President only cast oil on the flames. 

When his term was over, and when the "irresponsible conflict "was on 
us, Pierce supported the Union in the strongest way. He unpd men to go to 
the front, and proved himself loyal to the Union before all things. 



THE FORMATION OP THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

Looking back now, as we all can easily enough, it is possible to see how 
much right there was on both sides of the great question which was tearing 
the Union asunder. 

The position of the Abolitionists or Republicans was simple and logical in 
the extreme. They held that slavery was radically, absolutely, intrinsically 
wrong. They believed that the color of a man's skin had absolutely nothing 
to do with his right to own himself, to be at liberty to support himself by- 
such means as he saw fit to adopt, to cleave to his wife and to own his own 
children. It would probably be exceedingly difficult to find a thousand men 
in the United States to-day who would not subscribe to this doctrine, and it 
is certain it is believed nowhere more profoundly than in the Southern States. 
Holding and believing as the Abolitionists did, they went to the logical end 
and said the slaves must be set free. 

The Pro-Slavery men had about one-third, roughly speaking, of all their 
property in slaves. The proposition to set the slaves free was a proposition 
to deprive the inhabitants of the slaveholding States of one-third of all their 
property, put into a different form of words. The refusal to allow slaves in 
the territories meant the drawing of a line around the slave States as around a 
section afflicted with a fearful disease. It made it impossible for a man to 
emigrate from them unless at a sacrifice of his slaves or a forced sale. The 
forced sale, breaking as it did the ties between the slaves and the families to 
which they had been born, was intensely repugnant to the Southern mind, 
then. 

The feeling in the South was precisely that which would be felt in any 
State or city or town to-day, were the people threatened with confiscation of 
one-third of their property. Apart from the frightful financial disaster 
which such confiscation would bring, it is no new thing in the Anglo-Saxon 
race to fight when their property is attacked. The ship-money was hut 
a small tax, yet the ship-money helped to bring Charles the First to the scaf- 
fold. 

It must be borne in mind that the men of the days of Buchanan's Presi- 
dency were for the most part innocent so far as slavery was concerned. The 
slaves represented to them investment as the result of effort, inheritance, 
.property seizure for a just debt. They were not responsible for the system, 
for it was inherited. They had been born into a community whereof slavery 
was part and parcel. This property they were asked to give up because it 
represented a wrong to men and women, and so asked by men and women 
who owned not one dollar's worth of it. To ask a race to give up one-third 
of their property, to ruin themselves, to upset every industry by which they 
live, to beggar their wives and children, was to ask much. 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 33 

No movement to buy the slaves, make them the property of the nation, 
and set them free, seems to have been seriously considered. This is the more 
wonderful because this is what England had done. The Abolitionists would 
be satisfied with nothing less than confiscation, the Pro-Slavery men would 
hear of nothing else than " Property in one State shall be property in all 
States," and this the fugitive slave law gave them. Is it any wonder, then, 
that war was the only way out? Both sides had a part of the right: both 
were determined their right should win. Morally, too, the Abolitionists 
were right, for slavery is wrong. Morally, too, the Pro-Slavery men were- 
right, for it is wrong to punish a man for that for which he is not responsible. 

Now the heat and passion has passed away, buried in the graves of those 
who fought so gallantly during the four long years. Now we can see things 
as they were in reality, and we can accord to those of a generation fast pass- 
ing away equal honesty in their belief, equal heroism in their support of 
them. The question is settled forever in this country, and all that can be 
said is that it had to be fought out. Yet when one thinks of what it cost to 
North and South alike, one can but sigh over " the pity of it! " 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 

Genekat, Zachary Taylor's career before he became the twelfth Presi- 
dent of the United States was that of an officer in the army. In 1808 he was 
commissioned as a lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry, and from that time until 
he took part in the Mexican War he spent his days fighting Indians. His 
first independent command was at Fort Harrison, in 1812, when he success- 
fully defended the place during the Black Hawk War. He won the battle of 
Okechobee in Florida against the Seminoles. In 1845 Texas was annexed, 
and as Mexico threatened to invade the new territory of the United States, 
General Taylor was sent down to defend the border." He won the battle of 
the Rio Grande, at which time he said to the council of war that recom- 
mended retreat, "I shall go to Fort Brown or stay in my shoes." Under 
orders from the President he invaded Mexico, and won the battle of Monterey 
on September 24, 1846. Although he was succeeded in his command by 
General Scott, he fought and won the battle of Buena Vista on February 27, 
1847. 

The Whigs took advantage of his great personal popularitj r in the country 
and nominated him for the Presidency. He was elected in November, 1848, 
and he died in the White House in 1850. During his term of office President 
Taylor show r ed himself exceedingly conservative. He restrained the out 
Dreaks of the slavery question, and prevented its influence with the action of 
the government. During his term the gold rush to California began, and 
the President was forced to meet the strange political conditions this gave 
rise to. He sent Commodore Perry to Japan, and the Perry treaty was con 
eluded. Had President Taylor lived he would have done much; as it was, he 
left behind him the memory of a good man. • 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

When Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office "to support the Consti- 
tution of the United States," that oath which he kept so loyally and well, he 
was able to look back over as hard a life of struggle and toil as that passed 
over by any American. Born among the poorest of the poor, self-educated 
and self-taught, he had begun his public career as a member of the Illinois 



34 BIOGKAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 



Legislature. In 1846 he went to Congress, where he was particularly notice- 
able for his urgent desire to see the slaves in the District of Columbia eman- 
cipated. In 1854 the repeal of the Missouri Compromise brought Lincoln out 
in debate, and his speeches marked him as one of the most fiery of the Anti- 
Slavery orators. When the Republican party was formed he became, natur- 
ally, it's head in Illinois, and during 1858 took part in his great debates with 
Senator Douglass, in which his speeches outlined the policy of the Anti-Slavery 
men for all time. 

In 1860, Douglass and Breckinridge being his two opponents, he was 
nominated and elected sixteenth President of the United States. Already 
States had seceded, and Lincoln was, from the first, face to face with a 
disrupted Union. He treated secession as a nullity, and in his intense de- 
sire to find some way out of the difficulty before him, proposed that Con- 
gress should pay for the slaves. This Congress agreed to do, but the 
suggestion had come too late. 

The war issues absorbed everything, and although there were politics in 
the country still, they were as nothing. Lincoln's course from first to last 
was the same. With him the Union was before everything else, and he 
would listen to any plan which even looked toward its restoration. Even the 
emancipation of the slaves was only forced upon him — near as was the meas- 
ure to his soul — by the exigencies of the war. The history of the war is alike 
too well known and too long to be even summarized here. 

The President returned Slidell and Mason to England and bent his efforts 
toward keeping the peace between this country and France as well as Great 
Britain. He maintained friendly relations with President Juarez in Mexico, 
and he welcomed the visit of the Russian fleet gladly and warmly. But, in 
fact, he had but one thought, the war; and the pontics and the foreign rela- 
tions of other presidents played but a small part in the gigantic task before 
him. Still, what there was of them he managed with great wisdom. 

No President has had such a responsibility as that which Lincoln was 
called upon to bear. Even Washington had no such war to manage, no such 
anxious hours, for Washington's enemies were foreigners. Calmly, quietly, 
with infinite patience and almost infinite wisdom, the President carried on 
the government of the country and brought the war to an end. We are only 
beginning to learn now how great and good this man was: we will never 
fully realize how much we owe to him. 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 

Andrew Johnson was elected to Congress in 184:? and to the Senate in 
L857. In both he was a bitter opponent to slavery. In 1862 Lincoln made 
him military Governor of Tennessee, where he was successful in his adminis- 

ti.iii I' the affairs of the State. 

When Lincoln died Johnson became President. His hatred of secession 
found utterance in such expressions as "treason is a crime," and for a time it 
was feared he would become the exponent of what was called the " Party of 
Vengeance" in the North. Owing, however, to the influence of Secretary 
Seward, Johnson moderated his sentiments. He went so far in the other di- 
rection that he found himself in conflict with Congress. He attempted to 

nullify various acts of Congress, and was impeached by the House before the 
Senate. He was acquitted by a vole of thirty-five for conviction to nineteen 
for acquittal. The difference of one vote would have turned the tide. For : 
Innately the country was spared the scandal. 

The remainder of his time in the White House Johnson spent in lighting 
Congress. During his term there were no politics to amount to anything, the 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 35 



country being fully occupied in recovering from the chaos of the war. After 
his term had ended Johnson was elected to the Senate from Tennessee. 



ULYSSES S. GRANT. 

U. S. Grant — " Uncle Sam " Grant, as Lincoln called him when he heard 
of the capture of Donelson — after serving through the Mexican War under 
General Taylor and spending a few years in civil life, entered the service of 
the State of Illinois at the beginning of the war as mustering officer. He was 
made colonel of the twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, and soon after received 
his commission as brigadier-general. He captured Fort Donelson, the first 
capture of any importance made by the Union troops, and he followed this 
up by taking Vicksburg. Assuming the command of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, he received the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, which act 
virtually ended the war. 

General Grant appeared prominently in politics during the administration 
of Johnson. As general of the army, a rank revived for him by Congress, 
his position and influence were alike important in national affairs. President 
Johuson had committed himself to the policy of punishing the Confederate 
leaders, and the work was begun by a persecution of General Robert E. Lee. 
General Lee appealed to General Grant, and the latter, who firmly believed 
the war was over, and that the best way to secure its fruits was to simply as- 
sume that the Confederates had been punished enough, at once responded to 
the appeal. He declared that the terms on which he had paroled General 
Lee and all other Southern officers must be respected, and that no one should 
be punished. Although there were enough hot-heads in Washington to have 
carried the policy of the President into effect, General Grant's influence was 
so great that against his objections nothing could be done. In order to pre- 
vent the President using the army officers in the South to further embitter 
the people, Congress passed an act declaring that no orders should be given 
to the army except through its general. This, in effect, placed Grant above 
the President in the administration of the army, a position Johnson vainly 
tried to get out of by sending Grant to Mexico as the U. S. Minister, a posi- 
tion the latter refused. 

In 1868 he was unanimously nominated as the candidate of the Republican 
party for the presidency, and was elected by a sweeping majority. In his 
letter of acceptance he used the famous phrase, " Let us have peace," and it 
is the proud record of the man who carried the war to its most bloody end. 
that he bent the whole power of his office to binding up the wounds and 
bringing the nation back once more to Constitutional government. General 
Grant believed in the nation, and in the inherent power of the national gov- 
ernment, as he believed in the people and their capacity for self-rule. | 

One of the distinguishing features of his government was his desire to re- 
store the finances of the country to a sure basis. He advocated specie pay- 
ment of the bonds and resumption as soon as possible. He was warmly in 
favor of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, as he believed this 
would secure to the negro race the full benefits of the war. A request for 
annexation to the United States having been forwarded by the government 
of Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, President Grant did Ins best to secure 
the passage of the treaty, but, largely owing to the opposition of Charles 
Sumner, failed in the Senate. The necessity which is apparent now for some 
naval station to the south of us makes plain the wisdom of General Grant in 
his views of this matter. 

When it appeared that the negroes in \hr South were not reaping (lie 
benefit of the Fifteenth. Amendment, and wen; being oppressed by men in de- 



36 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

fiance of the law, Grant took prompt measures, and by a show of govern- 
ment troops in North Carolina put a stop to the whole business without diffi- 
culty. The consistent and firm friendship shown by the President for the 
men of the Southern States gave him an influence with them that materially 
assisted all the reconstruction measures. 

A feature of Grant's administration, which will always redound to his 
credit, was his success with the treaty of Washington. The claims for dam- 
ages to American commerce by Confederate vessels which had been built and 
armed in England, had created very sore feeliugs between the Americans 
and English. War talk was heard often, and affairs at one time looked dan- 
gerous. Grant's inflexible desire for peace curbed those of the angrier sort, 
and he finally had these and other American claims referred to arbitration. 
As a result of the Geneva congress, which grew out of the treaty of Wash- 
ington, England paid the "Alabama" claims. The San Juan boundary 
cpiestion was decided in our favor. 

During Grant's second term the so-called "Whiskey Ring " was exposed, 
and the men who had been robbing the government were tried and pun- 
ished. The President vetoed the Currency Inflation Bill, and his reasons 
were so good that the measure died. 

The peculiar glory of Grant's administration is to be found in his firm 
and unvarying friendship for the Southern States. While he made it plain 
that he would cause the law to be obeyed, he would allow nothing to be done 
to further embitter those who were then slowly recovering from the effects 
< if the war. No President ever gave utterance to a nobler sentiment than ' ' Let 
us have peace,"and to this, in spirit as in word, Grant acted up. His wisdom 
iu this regard brought the country together much sooner than it otherwise 
would have come, and the policy he stamped on the government survived 
him. Unlearned in statecraft, he saw this part of his duty plainly, and, see- 
ing it, he was not found lacking. The reunited nation of to-day should hold 
Grant in higher honor for this than is due to him from the North for his vic- 
tories in the war. 



RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES. 

Rutherford B. Hayes won his rank as Major-General by brevet for his 
gallantry in the war. He w r ent to Congress in 1865, and became Governor 
of Ohio four years later. He made for himself, from his entrance into pub- 
lic life, a record as an advocate of honest money, civil-service reform, and 
the pacification of the South. When he became President in 1876 he announced 
these three as the main features of his policy. He was able to withdraw the 
troops which had been kept in the South, an act which did much to soothe 
the feelings of the people of that section. He attempted to inaugurate civil- 
service reform, but was unable to bring it about. He vetoed the Silver Cur- 
rency lh'11 on the ground that silver could not honestly be used as a legal ten- 
der in excess of its market value. 

It is a marked feature of the administration of President Hayes that 
resumption of specie payment went into effect on January 1, 1879. To this 
end the President had worked hard, and he had the delight of seeing it an 

accomplished fact. The dollar of the United States government once more 
became a dollar in fact. 

President Hayes made himself tell in the scheme of a canal to join the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. lie took the ground that no such canal could 
ever be built unless it was to be controlled by the United States, and this 
view lias been accepted as sound American policy since that time. 



BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 



JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD. 

James A. Garfield had a war record of no small glory when he was 
elected to Congress. There he came to the front as a champion of specie 
payment. He was made chairman of the committee of finance and banking, 
and his speeches laid down the soundest principles of national finance. lie 
was a member of the electoral commission which awarded the Presidency to 
Mr. Hayes, and he fought in all ways the attempts of his political opponents 
to control the elections unfairly. He was elected to the Presidency as a com- 
promise candidate in 1880. The one feature of his life in the White House 
was the celebrated patronage fight. 

Garfield held out for the power and dignity of his office, although he con- 
ceded the national patronage to the Republican leaders. It was while the 
quarrel between these leaders for the spoils was going on that he was shot 
by Guiteau, and, after lingering for a few weeks, died. His administration 
was not old enough at his death to have had any political questions of mo- 
ment submitted to it. 



CHESTER ALLAN ARTHUR. 

As Quartermaster-General of the State of New York during the war, 
Arthur showed his power of administration. When he became President on 
the death of Garfield, he set himself at work to quiet the feuds in the Repub- 
lican party, and in this he succeeded well. His administration was a tran- 
quil one, there beimr no great questions to settle and no great political issues 
to be fought out. He appointed that Central and South American commis- 
sion which finally resulted in the Pan- American Congress. He made a treaty 
with Nicaragua looking forward to an inter-oceanic canal, and began the 
work of erecting defenses for the coast, which has gone on steadily ever 
since. The new navy was begun during his term of office, and the first of 
those ships which now give us some power on the sea were designed and 
built. 

The great problem of polygamy in Utah was grappled with, and this tenet 
of the Mormon belief was done away with. The fight was long, but the 
government won. The foreign relations of the country during his adminis- 
tration call for but little comment in any way. 



GROVER CLEVELAND. 

Thekr had been a long lease of power for the Republican parly — from 
1860 to 1884 — when Grover Cleveland was elected President on 1 he Demo 
cratic and Independent-Republican nomination. His career in politics had 
been almost phenomenally short. Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and Governor 
of New York in 1882, he was chosen to carry the standard of the Democracy. 
During his term of office in Albany he became known as the " Veto Gov- 
ernor," and he earned a similar title in Washington. 

Mr. Cleveland had from the first ranged himself on the side of economy 
in public expenditures. As mayor he saved Buffalo $1,000,000 in a' year, 
and as Governor he refused to sign bills which involved heavy expenditures 
for the State. When he became President he made it apparent that his belief 



38 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 

in his own judgment had nut diminished. In two years he had vetoed 115 
out of 987 bills passed by Congress. 

Mr. Cleveland had the bitterest fight of his term on the question of civil- 
service reform. His party demanded that all Republicans be turned out of 
office and their places filled with Democrats. This demand the President 
refused to comply with. 

During his term he took steps to recover the public lands which had been 
unlawfully seized. He promised protection to the Chinese from the mobs 
that had attacked them, and he took extremely strong ground against Canada 
as the result of outrages on American fishermen. The Senate attempted to 
compel him to give the reasons for such removals as he made from among 
the office-holders, and this the President resisted strongly and won the fight. 

His administration was marked by tranquillity in our relations with other 
countries and prosperity in our own. 



BENJAMIN HARRISON. 

Benjamin Harrison, a grandson of President Harrison, was elected to 
many local offices in his own State before he was sent to the Senate. In 
1888 he was elected President on the nomination of the Republicans. 

The features of his term have been the passage of the McKinley bill to 
increase the tariff, and the Pan-American Congress. At the latter, repre- 
sentatives of all countries in North and South America, except Canada, met 
in Washington and debated subjects of common interest. From this it is 
hoped the best results may, in time, come. 

The events of President Harrison's term of office are too recent to make 
it necessary to allude to them at length in this place. 



THE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION. 



An Act relative to the Election op a President and Vice-Pres- 
ident, AND DECLARING THE OFFICER WHO SHALL ACT AS PRESIDENT 
IN CASES OF VACANCIES, APPROVED MARCH 1, 1793, PROVIDES AS 
FOLLOWS:' 

That the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday 
in Decemher, at such place in each State, as shall he directed by the Legisla- 
ture thereof; and the Electors in each State shall make and sign three certifi- 
cates of all the votes by them given, and shall seal up the same, certifying, 
on each, that a list of the votes of such State, for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent, is contained therein; and shall, by writing, under their hands, or under 
the hands of a majority of them, appoint a person to take charge of, and de- 
liver to the President of the Senate, at the seat of government, before the 
first Wednesday in January then next ensuing, one of the said certificates; 
and the said Electors shall forthwith forward, by the post-office, to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate, at the seat of government, one other of the said certifi- 
cates; and shall, forthwith, cause the other of the said certificates to be deliv- 
ered to die judge of that district in which the said Electors shall assemble. 

That the executive authority of each State shall cause three lists of tin; 
names of the Electors of such State to be made, and certified, and to be de- 
livered to the Electors on or before the said first Wednesday in December; 
and the Electors shall annex one of the said lists to each of the lists of their 
votes. 

That if a list of votes from any State shall not have been received at the 
seat of government, on the said first Wednesday in January, then the Secre- 
tary of State shall send a special messenger to the district judge in whose 
custody such list shall have been lodged, who shall forthwith transmit the 
same to the seat of government. 

That Congress shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February, 
and the said certificates, or so many of them as shall have been received, 
shall then be opened, the votes counted, and the persons who shall fill the 
offices of President and Vice-President ascertained and declared, agreeably 
to the Constitution. 

That in case there shall be no President of the Senate at the seat of gov- 
ernment on the arrival of the persons intrusted with the lists of the votes of 
the Electors, then such persons shall deliver the lists of votes in their custody 
into the office of the Secretary of State, to be safely kept and delivered over, 
as soon as may be, to the President of the Senate. 

That in case of a removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, the President of the Senate pro tempore, and in 
case there shall be no President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the House 
of Representatives, for the time being, shall act as President of the United 
States, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

That whenever the offices of President and Vice-President shall both he- 
come vacant, the Secretary of State shall forthwith cause a notification to be 
made to the executive of every State, and shall also cause the same to be pub- 
lished in at least one of the newspapers printed in each State, specifying 
that Electors shall be appointed or chosen, in the several States, within thir- 
ty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December then next ensuing; 
Provided, There shall be the space of two months between the date of said 
notification, and the said first Wednesday in December; but if there shah not 
be a spftce of two months between the date of such notification and the first 

39 



40 THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 

Wednesday in December, and if the terra for which the President and Vice- 
President last in office were elected shall not expire on the third day of March 
next ensuing, then the Secretary of State shall specify in his notification, that 
the Electors shall be appointed within thirty-four days preceding the fourth 
Wednesday in December in the next year ensuing, further action to be fol- 
lowed as prescribed by law for elections ordinarily. 

The Presidential Succession Bill, passed at the first session of the 
49th Congress, reads as follows: Chap. IV.— In case of removal, death, res- 
ignation, or inability of both the President and Vice-President, a member of 
the Cabinet shall, in the following order, act as President until the disability 
is removed or a President elected : The Secretary of State, Secretary of the 
Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary 
of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior; Provided, That whenever the powers 
and duties "of the office of President of the United States shall devolve upon 
any of the persons named herein, if Congress be not then in session, or if it 
would not meet in accordance with law within twenty days thereafter, it 
shall be the duty of the person upon whom said powers and duties shall de- 
volve, to issue a proclamation convening Congress in extraordinary session, 
giving twenty days' notice of the time of meeting.— [Approved January 19, 
1886.] 

THE ELECTOEAL COLLEGE. 

The Presidents and Vice-Presidents are chosen by Electors, the people of 
each State voting for as many Electors as it has members of both Houses of 
Congress. After the votes are cast and counted in the several districts in 
each State, the Electors meet at a place designated in the State law, and vote 
for the candidate whom they have been elected to choose. ' ' By this plan 
the electoral vote of each State is solid for one candidate, and the popular 
vote for the minority candidate is lost, " It may happen, and has so occurred, 
that the candidate receiving the largest number of popular votes has not 
been elected. If the number of votes cast by Electors for each candidate is 
equal, the House of Representatives is called upon to choose a President, 
This has happened twice. The Representatives vote, in such a case, by 
Slates, each delegation representing one vote for or against. 

The plan of procedure when Electors meet is not generally known, and 
may be of interest: As noted above, they meet on a given day (Act of 1845) 
alter the election, at a place designated by the State law. No particular or- 
ganization for business is called for. As a rule, however, a chairman is 
selected when the Electors assemble. Then, by ballot, they vote for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, the ballots for each office being separate. This 
done, three lists are made of the persons voted for, including designation of 
the office to be Idled and number of votes cast for each. 

Following comes the preparation and signing of three identical certifi- 
cates (one for each of the lists), stating that "a list of the votes for President 
and Vice-President is contained herein." To each list of votes is added a list 
of the names of the Klectors, made and certified by the Governor of the State. 

The next step is to seal (separately) the certificates, certifying upon each 
that it contains a list of all the electoral votes of the State. These several 
documents Laving been made ready, the Electors appoint by writing a person 
to deliver one certificate to the President of the Senate at Washington. 
Another document (duplicate) is forwarded through the post-office, also to 
the President of the Senate at Washington. The third (or triplicate) is de- 
livered to the Federal Judge of the district in which the Electors assemble. 

"The Electoral College is then dead in law, whether it adjourns tempora- 
rily or permanently, or never adjourns.'' 



ELECTORAL VOTE PRIOR TO 1872. 





OS 
1 
l~ 

13 


OJ 

15 


co 

OS 

1- 

Iti 


o 
= 
x 

16 


r 

i; 


e 

<o 

17 


i 
18 


CO 

19 


- 

00 

24 
3 


00 

24 
5 


oo 

/ 

21 
5 


<N 

CO 

CO 

24 


co 

M 
X 

26 

7 
3 


© 

00 

26 

7 
3 


3 

CO 

26 

9 
3 


00 

r 
30 

9 
3 


o> 

IB 
I 

31 

9 
4 
4 


CD 

it 

/ 


O 
CO 
X 


cb 

GC 

36 

8 
5 
5 


00 

3 
oo 


No. of States.. 


31 33 


37 




9 
4 
4 


9 
4 
4 


s 




















5 




























5 






































Connecticut . . . 
Delaware 


7 
3 


9 
3 


9 
3 


9 
3 


9 
3 


9 
3 


9 

4 


9 

4 


9 
4 


8 
3 


8 
3 


8 
3 


8 
3 


8 
3 


6 
3 


6 
3 
3 

10 
9 
12 

4 


6 
3 
3 
10 
11 
13 
4 


6 
3 
3 
10 
11 
13 
4 


6 
3 
3 
10 
11 
13 
4 


(i 
3 
3 
9 

16 

13 
8 
3 

11 
7 
7 
7 

12 
8 
4 
7 

11 


6 
3 
3 


Georgia 


5 


4 


4 


4 


6 


6 


• 8 


8 


8 
3 
3 


9 
3 

5 


9 
3 
5 


11 
5 
9 


11 
5 
9 


11 
5 
9 


10 
9 
12 


9 
16 


















3 


13 


















8 


































3 


Kentucky 




4 


4 


4 


8 


8 


12 
3 


12 
3 


12 
3 
9 
11 
15 


14 
5 
9 
11 
15 


14 
5 
9 
11 
15 


15 
5 
10 

10 
14 


15 
5 
10 
10 
14 
3 


15 
5 
10 
10 
14 
3 


12 
6 
9 

8 
12 
5 


12 
6 
9 
8 

12 
5 


12 
6 
8 
8 

13 
6 


12 
6 
8 
8 

13 
6 


12 
6 
8 
8 

13 
6 
4 
7 
9 


11 

7 
















7 


Maryland 

Massachusetts 


8 
10 


10 
16 


10 
16 


10 
16 


11 
19 


11 
19 


11 
22 


11 
22 


7 
12 
8 




























4 




















3 
3 


3 

3 


3 
3 


4 
4 


4 
4 


4 
4 


6 


6 


7 
9 


7 
9 


7 




















11 




















8 










































3 
5 

33 

9 
21 

3 
26 

4 
li 

10 
6 
5 

10 
5 
8 


3 


N* Hampshire. 
New Jersey . . . 

New York 

North Carolina 
Ohio 


5 
6 

8 
7 


6 

12 
12 


6 

7 
12 
12 


6 
7 
12 
12 


7 
8 
19 
14 
3 

20 
4 

10 
5 


7 
8 
19 
14 
3 

20 
4 
10 

5 


8 
8 
29 
15 
8 

25 
4 

11 
8 


8 

8 

29 

15 

8 

25 

4 
11 

8 


8 
8 
29 
15 

8 

25 
4 

11 
8 


8 

8 

36 

15 

16 

'28 
4 
11 

11 


8 

8 

36 

15 

16 

'28 
4 
11 
11 


8 
42 
15 

21 

SO 
4 
11 
15 


8 
42 
15 
21 

'iib 

■4 

11 

15 


8 
42 
15 
21 

30 

4 
11 
15 


6 

36 
11 
23 

26 
4 
9 

13 


6 

36 
11 
23 

26 
4 
9 

13 
4 
6 

17 


5 

35 

10 
23 

4 

8 
12 
4 
5 

15 


5 

35 
10 
23 

~4 
8 

IS 
4 
5 

15 


5 

i 
35 
10 
23 

3 

~4 
8 

12 
4 
5 

15 


5 

7 

38 

9 

21 


Oregon 

Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina 


io 

3 


'is 

4 

' 8 


is 

4 
8 
3 


15 
4 

8 
3 


3 
86 

4 

i; 

10 








6 


Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. 


12 


4 
21 


4 
21 


4 
21 


6 
24 


6 
24 


8 
25 


8 
25 


8 
25 


24 


i 
24 


23 


23 


23 


6 
17 


5 
10 
5 
































4 
290 


5 


5 

•.".Hi 


5 


8 




'.11 


135 


138 


138 


176 


176 


218 


221 


235 


261 


261 


L'SS 


294 


294 


275 





Total 


317 



41 



6b 



ELECTOEAL VOTE, 1873-1 





1888. 


1884. 


1880. 


t 1876. 


18 


72. 


States. 


-d 

a o 
a o 

5 


r p 

w 


J 2 
5 


p 

.S a) 

5 


■b'3 

^F ST 
3« 
O 


d 
Mo 

dQ 

w . 


H 

a) a 

d« 

a 


d 

s 

„o 
s z 
£ 5 
§0 

H 


S aT 


^ d 
•r o 

•5 ° 

c S 

<P 0) 

WO 
* 




10 

7 


'""8' 
3 

22 
15 
13 
9 

..„ 

11 
13 

5 
3 

4 

36 

23 
3 

30 
4 

4 
11 


10 

7 

6 
3 
4 

12 

"is 

13 

8 

8 

9 
16 

9 
36 
11 

9 
12 
13 

12 
6 


8 
3 

22 

13 
9 

6 

14 
13 

7 

5 
3 
4 

23 
3 

30 
4 

4 

11 


1 
3 
6 

21 
15 
11 
5 

7 

13 
11 
5 

3 

5 

35 

22 
3 

29 
4 

5 
10 


10 
6 
5 

3 

4 
11 

12 

8 

8 

8 
15 

3 

9 

10 

12 

8 

11 
5 


6 
3 

4 

21 

11 
5 

8 

7 

13 
11 
5 

3 
3 
5 

22 
3 

29 
4 

5 
10 


in 
6 


10 










6 












6 
3 

4 
12 


6 
3 

11 

15 

12 


6 
3 
4 


















21 
15 
11 
5 
























13 

8 


8 








8 

8 
15 

9 
35 
10 

12 

8 

11 
5 


13 
11 
5 
8 

3 
3 
5 
9 

a5 

10 
22 
3 

29 
4 

5 
11 
5 

10 




Maryland 

Massachusetts 


8 


8 










9 
16 






6 












New Jersey.. 


9 




North Carolina 

Ohio 


11 






















South Carolina 


9 

12 
13 


12 




8 








12 
6 




Wisconsin .'. 




Total 


168 


233 


219 


182 


214 


155 


185 


184 


286 


43 



* In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican candidate for Presi- 
dent , havinir died before the electoral vote was cast, the Greeley electors voted as 
above for Thomas A. Hendricks in Ave states. Kentucky, Georgia, and Missouri cast 
is electoral votes Cor [J. ( Jrai /. Blown, of Missouri, for President; Georgia, 2 votes for 

C. J. Jenkins, of <; gia, and Missouri 1 vote for David Davis of Illinois, and 17 votes 

irregularly cast were not counted by Congress, t Count of the Electoral Commission. 



42 



THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE, 1893. 

The Electoral College in 1893, based upon the apportionment bill, will contain 444 
votes, requiring 233 to elect a President. For ordinary purposes, there are but two 
doubtful States, New York and Indiana. New Jersey and Connecticut are frequently 
included in the doubtful list, but they are more reliably Democratic than New Hamp- 
shire and Rhode Island are Republican. There are really but two doubtful States, 
leaving the electoral vote in 1892 as follows: 





Rep. 


Dem. 


Doubt- 
ful. 




Rep. 

8 
3 
4 


Dem. 


Doubt- 
ful. 






11 

8 






















9 
4 


New Hampshire. . 












10 






6 
3 
4 
13 








36 


North Carolina . 

North Dakota 

Ohio 


3 
23 

4 
32 

4 

4 


11 




















3 
24 














Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina. , 
South Dakota,, 








15 








13 
10 




9 














13 

8 

8 




12 
15 
















6 




4 








12 




Massachusetts ... 


15 
14 
9 


Washington 


4 








6 




Minnesota 








12 
3 




9 

17 
3 
























215 


178 


51 



" From this it will be seen that if the other States vote as given, the Democrats 
must carry both New York and Indiana, to elect a President, while either State would 
suffice for the Republicans. Or, the Republicans could lose both New York ami 
Indiana, and still win by carrying New Jersey." 

This table is based upon a Congressional apportionment of 350, which would repre- 
sent the States as follows: 



Alabama 9 

Arkansas ■ . . 6 

California 7 

Colorado 2 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 1 

Florida... 2 

Georgia 11 

Idaho 1 

Illinois 22 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 11 

Kansas 8 

Kentucky 11 

Louisiana 6 



Maine 4 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts ... 13 

Michigan 12 

Minnesota 7 

Mississippi 7 

Missouri 15 

Montana 1 

Nebraska 6 

Nevada 1 

New Hampshire 2 

New Jersey 8 

New York 34 

North Dakota 9 

North Carolina 1 



The following States gain Representatives: 



Alabama . . 
Arkansas. . 
California. 
Colorado . . 

Georgia 

Illinois 



Kansas 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri.." , 

Nebraska 



Ohio 31 

Oregon 2 

Pennsylvania 30 

Rhode Island 3 

South Carolina 7 

South Dakota 3 

Tennessee 10 

Texas 13 

Vermont 3 

Virginia 10 

Washington 2 

West Virginia 4 

Wisconsin 10 

Wyoming • 1 



New Jersey 1 



( h-egoii 



1 



Pennsylvania 2 

Texas' 2 

Washington 1 

Wisconsin 1 



43 



THE NEW APPORTIONMENT ELECTORAL VOTE. 



States. 


Electoral 
votes in 
the next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 


States. 


Electoral 
votes in 
the next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 


States. 


Electoral 
votes in 
the next 
Presiden- 
tial Elec- 
tion. 




11 
8 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
13 
3 
24 
15 
13 
10 
13 
8 
6 




8 
15 
14 
9 
9 
17 
3 
8 
3 
4 
10 
36 
11 
3 
23 
4 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 


32 




Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 


4 




9 


Colorado 


4 
12 






15 




Montana 




4 


Georgia 




12 




Washington 


4 




New Hampshire. . . 
New Jersey 


6 




12 






3 




North Carolina. . . . 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

< >regon 


Total 






444 













Electoral votes necessary to a choice, 223. 



44 



POPULAR VOTE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES, 1789-1888. 



Names of Candidates. 



George Washington 

John Adams 

George Washington 

Jolm Adams 

Join) Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 

Thomas Jefferson 

Aaron Burr 

Thomas Jefferson 

C. C. Pinekney 

James Madison 

C. C. Pinekney 

James Madison 

DeWitt Clinton 

James Monroe 

Rufus King 

James Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

J. Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Andrew Jackson 

J. Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Henry Clay 

Martin Van Bnren 

W. H. Harrison 

W. H. Harrison 

Martin Van Buren — 
James K. Polk 

Henry Clay 

Zachary Taylor 

Lewis Cass 

Franklin Pierce 

Winfleld Scott 

James Buchanan 

John C. Fremont 

Abraham Lincoln 

John C. Breckenridge 
Abraham Lincoln 

George B. McClellan . 
Ulysses S. Grant 

Horatio Seymour 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Horace Greeley 

R. B. Hayes 

Samuel J. Tilden 

James A. Garfield 

W. S. Hancock 

Grover Cleveland 

James G. Blaine 

Benjamin Harrison 

Grover Cleveland 



State. 



Virginia 

Massachusetts.. . 

Virginia 

Massachusetts . . 
Massachusetts.. . 

Virginia 

Virginia 

New York 

Virginia 

South Carolina. . 

Virginia 

South Carolina. . 

Virginia 

New York 

Virginia 

New York 

Virginia 

Massachusetts.. . 
Massachusetts.. . 

Tennessee 

Tennessee 

Massachusetts.. . 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

New York 

Ohio 

Ohio 

New York 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania.. . 

California 

Illinois 

Kentucky 

Illinois 

New Jersey 

Illinois 

New York 

Illinois 

New York 

Ohio 

New York 

Ohio 

New York 

New York 

Maine 

Indiana 

New York 



Party. 



Federalist . . 
Federalist . . 
Federalist . . 
Federalist. . 
Federalist . . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Federalist. . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Federalist . . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Federalist . . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Federalist .. 
Dem. Rep. . . 
Opposition.. 
Coalition . . . 
Dem. Rep.. . 
Democrat... 
Nat. Rep . . . 

Democrat 

Nat. Rep 

Democrat.... 

Whig 

Whig 

Democrat 

Democrat 

Whig 

Whig 

Democrat 

Democrat.... 

Whig 

Democrat 

Republican . . 
Republican . . 

Democrat 

Republican . . 

Democrat 

Republican . . 

Democrat 

Republican. . 
Dem. & Lib. 
Republican. . 

Democrat 

Republican . . 

Democrat 

Democrat .... 
Republican.. 
Republican . . 
Democrat ... . . 



Jan. 



Date 

of 

Election. 



1789 



Nov. 13, 1792 
Nov. "8," 1796 



Popular 
vote 
cast. 



Nov. 11,1800 



Nov. 13, 1804 



Nov. S, lsos 



Nov. 10,1818 



Nov. 12, 1816 



Nov. 14, 1820 



Nov. 9,1824 



Nov. 11, 1828 



Nov. 13, 1832 



Nov. 8, 1836 



Nov. 10, 1840 



Nov. 12, 1844 



Nov. 7,1848 



Nov. 2,1852 



Nov. 4, 1856 



105,321 
155,872 
647,231 
50! 1,097 
687,502 
530,189 
761,549 



Nov. 6,1860 



Nov. 8,1864 



Nov. 3,1868 



Nov. 5,1872 



Nov. 7, 1870 



Nov. 2, 1880 



Nov. 4, 1884 



Nov. 6, 1888 



1,275,017 
1,128,702 
1,337,243 
1,299,068 
1,360,101 
1,220,544 
1,601,474 
2,380,578 
1,838,169 
1,341,264 
1,866,352 
815,703 
2,216,06' 
1,808,725 
3,015,071 
2,709,613 
3,597,070 
2.831.117!! 

4,033,975 

4,284,873 
4,454,416 
4,444,952 
1,874,986 
4,851,981 
5,440,708 
5,536,242 



29.92 

44.27 
55.97 
44.03 
54.96 
42.39 
50.83 



52.89 
46.82 
49.55 
48.14 
47.36 
42.50 
50.93 
44.10 
45.34 
33.09 
39.91 
18.08 
55.06 
44.94 
52.67 
47.33 
55.6:! 
43.83 
47.95 
50.94 
48.31 
48.20 

48. 18 

48.22 
47. S3 

18.63 



45 



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50 



THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 

The Executive is divided into numerous departments, several of these 
departments having within them a number of bureaus, each with separate 
and distinct functions and under the control of a subordinate officer who, 
in his turn, answers to the officer in charge of the department. 
The departments are set forth as*f ollows : 

Department of State. 
Treasury Department. 

Supervising Architect's Office. 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 

Secret Service Division. 

Office of Steamboat Inspection. 

Bureau of Statistics. 

Life-Saving Service. 

First Comptroller's Office. 

Second Comptroller's Office. 

Commissioner of Customs. 

Register of the Treasury. 

First Auditor. 

Second Auditor. 

Third Auditor. 

Fourth Auditor. 

Fifth Auditor. 

Sixth Auditor. 

Treasurer of the United States. 

Comptroller of the Currency. 

Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 

Director of the Mint. 

Bureau of Navigation. 

Lighthouse Board. 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

Marine Hospital Service. 
War Department. 

Headquarters of the Army. 

Adjutant-General's Department. 

Inspector-General's Department. 

Judge-Advocate General's Department. 

Quartermaster's Department. 

Subsistence Department. 

Medical Department. 

Pay Department. 

Corps of Engineers. 

Public Buildings and Grounds and Washington Monument 

Ordnance Department. 

Signal Office. 

Publication Office War Records. 
Navy Department. 

Bureau of Ordnance. 

Bureau of Equipment. 

Bureau of Navigation. 

United States Hydrographic Office. 

51 



52 THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 



Bureau of Yards and Docks. 

Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. 

Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 

Bureau of Construction and Repair. 

Office of the Judge-Advocate General. 

Nautical Almanac. 

Naval War Records, Office and Library. 

Board of Inspection and Survey. 

Office of Naval Intelligence. 

Navy- Yard and Station. 

U. S. Naval Hospital. 

Navy Pay Office. 

Steel Inspection Board. 

Museum of Hygiene. 

Naval Dispensary. 

Naval Examining Board. 

Naval Retiring Board. 

Naval Medical Examining Board. 

Naval Observatory. 
Post-Office Department. 

Office of the Postmaster-General. 

Office of the First Assistant Postmaster- General. 

Dead-Letter Office. 

Office of the Second Assistant Postmaster-General. 

Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster-General. 

Office of the Fourth Assistant Postmaster-General. 
Department of the Interior. 

General Land Office. 

Patent Office. 

Bureau of Pensions. 

U. S. Pension Agency. 

Office of Indian Affairs. 

Office of Education. 

Office of Commissioner of Railroads. 

Office of Geological Survey. 

Census Office. 
Department of Justice. 

Office of the Solicitor of the Treasury. 

Assistant Attorneys — Department of Justice. 
Department of Agriculture. 

Office of the Secretary of Agriculture. 

Weather Bureau. 

Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Division of Statistics. 

Division of Chemistry. 

office of Experimenl Stations. 

Division of Entomology. 

Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy. 

Division of Forestry. 

Division of Botany. 

Division of Pomology. 

Division of Vegetable Pathology. 

Division of Microscopy. 

Filler Investigation. 

Division of Accounts. 



THE DEPARTMENTS AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 53 

Division of Records and Editing. 
Division of Illustration and Engraving. 
Seed Division. 

Department op Labor. 

National Board op Health. 

United States Civil Service Commission. 

Building for the Library of Congress. 

United States Fish Commission. 

Government Printing Office. 

Printing Department. 

Binding Department. 

Congressional Record. 
United States Board on Geographic Names. 
The Soldiers' Home. 
Bureau of the American Republics. 
Inter-Continental Railway Commission. 

In addition to the above departments and bureaus, there are the follow- 
ing Federal establishments at the National Capital or controlled therefrom: 
Supreme Court of the United States. 
Circuit Courts of the United States. 
Court of Claims. 
Interstate Commerce Commission. 
The District Government. 

Commissioners. 

The District Officers. 

The Police Court. 

Metropolitan Police. 

The Fire Department. 

Telegraph and Telephone Service. 

The Health Department. 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 

U. S. Attorney's Office. 

U. S. Marshal's Office. 

Register of Wills Office. 

Recorder's Office. 
The Smithsonian Institution. 

The National Museum. 

The Bureau of Ethnology. 

National Zoological Park. 
The Washington National Monument Society. 
The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 
Washington City Post-Office. 



THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892.* 
A last of Principal Officers with Salaries. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

President, Benjamin Harrison (Ind.) $50,000 

Priv. Sec, Elijah W. Halford (Ind.) 5,000 

Vice-President, Levi P. Morton (N. Y.) 8,000 

U. S. Disi. Marshal, D. M. Ransdell (Ind.) 6,000 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 

Secretary, James G. Blaine (Me. ) 8,000 

Asst. Secretary, W. F. Wharton (Mass.) 4,500 

Second Asst. Secretarg, Alvey A. Adee 3,500 

Tirird Asst. Secretary, John B. Moore 3,500 

Chief Clerk, Sevellon A. Brown (N. Y.) 2,750 

Chief of Diplomatic Bureau, Thomas W. Cridler (W. Va.) 2,100 

Chief of Consular Bureau, F. O. St. Clair 2, 100 

Chief of Bureau of Archives and Indexes, John H. Haswell 2.100 

Chief of Bureau of Accounts, Francis J. Kieckhoefer 2,100 

Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Michael Scanlon (N. Y.) 2,100 

Chief of Bureau of Rolls and Library, Frederic A Bancroft 2,100 

Passport Clerk, Henry P. Randolph (Va.) 1,800 

BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 

Director— William Eleroy Curtis (111.) 5,000 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary, Charles Foster (O.) 8,000 

Priv. Sec, Robert J. Wynne 2,400 

Asst. Sec, A. B. Nettleton (Minn.) 4,500 

Asst. Sec, O. L. Spalding (Mich.) ■ 4.500 

Asst. Sec, Lorenzo ( Irounse (Neb.) 4,500 

Chief Clerk, Fred A. Stocks (Kas. ) 3,000 

Chief of Appt, J)ic. Daniel Macauley (Ind. ) 2,750 

Chief of Warrants Die, W. F. Maclennan 2,750 

Chief Pub. Monei/s Div., Eugene 15. Daskam 2,500 

Chief of Cus. Div., John M.^Comstock (N. Y.) 2,700 

Chief of Rev. Marine Div., 2,500 

Chief of Stationery, Printing and Blanks Div., A. L. Sturtevant 2,500 

Chief of Loans and Currency Die. Andrew T. Huntington (Mass). . . . 2,500 

Chief of Misc. Div., J. A. Tomson (Ind. ) 2,500 

Sup, r rising Spec' I Agt.. A. K . Tingle (Ind.) $8 day 

< lore r anient Actuary, Win. Fewsmith (N. J.) 2,250 

! For changes in the various departments, up to the moment of soi'iR to press, see 
Addenda, preceding [ndex. 

54 



THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 55 
SUPERVISING ARCHITECT'S OFFICE. 

Supervising Architect, W. J. Edbrooke (111.) $4,500 

BUREAU OF ENGRAVINO AND PRINTING. 

Chief, W. M. Meredith (111.) 4,500 

Asst. Chief, Thomas J. Sullivan 2^250 

Supt. Engraving Div., Geo. W. Casilear 3^600 

OFFICE STEAMBOAT INSPECTOR. 

Supervising Inspector, James A. Durnont 3,500 

BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 

Chief, S. G. Brock (Mo.) 3,000 

LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. 

Gen' I Supt., S. I. Kimball (Me.) 4,000 

Asst., Horace L. Piper (Me.) 2^500 

COMPTROLLERS. 

First Comptroller, Asa C. Matthews (111. ) 5,000 

Deputy, John R. Garrison 2 700 

Second Compt., B. F. Gilkeson (Pa.) 5*000 

Deputy, E. N. Hartshorn (O.) 2^700 

COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS. 

Commissioner, S. V. Holliday (Pa.) 4,000 

Deputy, H. A. Lockwood 2^250 

REGISTER OF THE TREASURY. 

Register, Win. S. Rosecrans 4,000 

Asst., L. W. Reid (Va.) 2,250 

AUDITORS. 

First Auditor, Geo. P. Fisher (Del. ) 3,600 

Deputy, A. F. McMillan (Mich) 2^250 

Second Auditor, J. N. Patterson (N. H.) 3,600 

Deputy, J. B. Franklin (Kas. ) 2,250 

Third Auditor, W. H. Hart (Ind.) 3,600 

Deputy, Augustus Shaw (Ind.). . . ., 2,250 

Fourth Auditor, J. R. Lynch (Miss.) 3,600 

Deputy, Andrew J. Whittaker (111.) 2,250 

Fifth Auditor, L. W. Habercomb (D. C.) 3,600 

Deputy, J. Lee Tucker (N. Y. ) 2,2. r »o 

Sixth Auditor, Tbos. B. Coulter (O.) 3,600 

Deputy, J. I. Rankin (Pa.) 2,250 

TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Treasurer, Enos H. Nebeker (Ind.) 6,000 

Asst. Treasurer, James W. Whelpley 3,600 

Supt. Nat. Bank Red. Div., Thos. E. Rogers 3,500 

COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY. 

Comptroller, E. S. Lacy (Mich.) 5,000 

Deputy, Robert M. Nixon (Ind.) 2,800 

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE. 

Commissioner, J. W. Mason (Va.) 6,000 

Deputy, G. W. Wilson (O. ) 3,200 



50 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 

DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. 

Director, E. O. Leech (D. C.) $4,500 

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. 

Commissioner, Win. W. Bates (N. Y. ) 3,600 

UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. 

Superintendent, T. C. Mendenhall (Ind.) 6,000 

MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE. 

Supervising Surg. -Gen., Walter Wyman 4,000 

WAR DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary, Stephen B. Elkins (W. Va.) 8,000 

Priv. Sec., S. I). Miller (Ind.) 2,000 

Asst. Sec, L. A. Grant (Minn. ) 4,500 

Chief Clerk, John Tweedale (Pa. ) 2,750 

HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY. 

Major- General, J. M. Schofleld. 

Asst. Adjt.-Gen'l, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. T. M. Vincent. 

Aides-de-Camp, Capt. C. B. Schofield, 1st Lieut. T. H. Bliss and 2d Lieut. 

A. D. Andrews. 
Chief Clerk, J. B. Morton. 

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. 

Adjt.-Gen'l, Brig. -Gen. J. C. Keltoh (Pa. ). 

Assistants, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. R. Williams, Bvt. Brig. -Gen. S. Breck, Maj. Theo. 
Sch wan, Maj. A. MacArthur, Jr., Bvt. Lieut. -Col. J. C. Gilmore, Capt. 
D. M. Taylor. 

Chief Clerk, R. P. Thian $2,000 

inspector-general's department. 

Inspector-Gen'l, Brig. -Gen. J. C. Breckinridge. 

Ass'ts,lA.-Co\. H. W. Lawton and Maj. J. P. Sanger. 

Chief Clerk, W. H. Orcutt. 

quartermaster's department. 

Quarterm.-Gen'l, Brig.-Gen. R. N. Batchekler. * 

Ass'ts, Bvt. Brig.-Gen. M. I. Ludingtou, Maj. Jas. Gilliss, Capt. W. S. Pat- 
ten, Capt. C. P. Miller. 

Depot Quartermaster, Lt.-Col. G. H. Weeks. 

Chi,f Clerk, J. Z. Dare. 

SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT. 

Commissary- Gen' I, Brig.-Gen. B. DuBarry. 

Assixtaitt.s, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. H. Gilman, Capt. John F. Weston, Capt. O. M. 

Smith. 
Chief Clerk, Wm. A. DcCaindry. 
Depot Commissary, Capt. F. E. Nye. 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Surgeon Gen'l, Brig.-Gen. Charles Sutherland. 

Ass'U, Lt.-Col. C. K. Greenleaf, Bvt. Lt.-Col. J. S. Billings, Maj. Chas. 

Smart, Capt. -I. C. Merrill. 
Chief Clerk, John .1. Beardsley. 
Attending Surgeon, Col. A. Heger. 



THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 57 



PAY DEPARTMENT 

Paymaster-Gen' I, Brig. -Gen. William Smith. 
Ass'ts, Lt.-Col. W. R. Gibson, Maj. D. R. Lamed. 
Chief Clerk, G. D. Hanson. 

CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 

Chief of Engineers, Brig. -Gen. T. L. Casey. 

Assistants, Maj. H. M. Adams, Capt. J. G. D. Knight, Capt. Thos. Turtle.. 

Chief Clerk, Wm. J. Warren. 

Sec. to Lighthouse Board, Maj. J. F. Gregory. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. 

Officer in Charge, Col. O. H. Ernst. 

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 

Chief of Ordnance, Brig. -Gen. D. W. Flagler. 

Assistants, Capt. Chas. S. Smith, Capt. Rogers Birnic, Capt. V. McNally, 

Capt. Wm. Crozier, Capt. Charles Shaler. 
Chief Clerk, John J. Cook. 

JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT. 

Judge Advocate- Gen., Col. G. N. Leiber (acting). 
Assistant, Lieut. -Col. Wm. Winthrop, deputy. 
Chief Clerk, J. N. Morrison. 

SIGNAL OFFICE. 

Chief Signal Officer, Brig. -Gen. A. W. Greely. 

Assistants, Capts. Robert Craig, James Allen and Charles E. Kilbourne. 

Chief Clerk, Otto A. Nesmith. 

PUBLICATION OFFICE — WAR RECORDS. 

Board of Publication, Maj. Geo. B. Davis, L. J. Perry, J. W. Kirkley. 
Assistants, Capt. Wyllys Lyman, Capt. J. J. Knox, Capt. J. A. Buchanan, 

Capt. C. D. Cowles, Lieut. Frank Taylor, Lieut. J. H. Duval. 
Agent Collection Confed. Bee., M. J. Wright. 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary, B. F. Tracy (K Y.) $8,000 

Private Secretary, Henry W. Raymond 2,250 

Assl. Secretary, J. H. Soley (Mass.) 4,500 

Naval Aide, Lieut. B. H. Buckingham 

Chief Clerk, John W. Hogg (Md.) 2,500 

BUAEAU YARDS AND DOCKS. 

Chief, Commodore N. H. Farquhar. 

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION. 

Chief, Commodore Francis M. Ramsay. 
Commanders, A. S. Barker and C. M. Thomas. 
Lieutenant Commander, E. B. F. Heald. 
Lieutenant, T. D. Griffin. 

NAUTICAL ALMANAC. 

Superintendent, Prof. Simon Newcomb. 

Assistants, Prof. H. D. Todd, E. J. Loomis, G.W. Hill, Dr. J. Morrison. 
7b 



58 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 



OFFICE NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. 

Chief Intelligence Officer, Comdr. C. H. Davis. 

Lieuls., G. W. Mentz, W. H. H. Southerland, Chas. E. Fox, Aug. F. 

Fechteler, Charles C. Rogers, J. T. Newton, Benj. Tappan. 
Ensigns, Edward Simpson, J. M. Ellicott. 

LIBRARY AND WAR RECORDS. 

Lieut. -Commander F. M. Wise, Acting Superintendent. 
Lieutenants, Prof. E. K. Rawsou, F. E. Beatty. 

OFFICERS ON DUTY IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. 

Acting Hydrographer, Lieut. -Commander Richardson Clover. 

Lieut's, R. G. Davenport, C. M. McCarteney, F. H. Sherman, L. S. Adams, 

H. M. Witzel. 
Ensigns, L. S. Van Duser, Benj. Wright. 

NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 

Superintendent, Capt. F. V. McNair. 

Lieut. -Commander, Walton Goodwin. 

Lieutenant, H. Taylor. 

Ensigns, Hugh Rodman, Thos. Suowden, W. B. Hoggatt, H. H. Whittlesey, 

J. A. Hoogewerff. 
Professors of Mathematics, Asaph Hall, William Harkness, J. R. Eastman, 

Edgar Frisby, S. J. Brown. 

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. 

Chief, Commodore W. M. Folger. 
Li< at. -Commander, Albert R. Conden. 

Lieutenants, C. A. Stone, S. H. May, Prof. P. R. Alger, Frank F. Fletcher, 
C. Y. Boush. 

BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT AND RECRUITING. 

Chief, Capt. Geo. B. Dewey. 
Ensigns, John Gibson, Gilbert Wilkes. 

BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 

Chief, Surgeon-General J. Mills Browne. 
Asst. Medical Inspector, W. K. Van Reypen. 
Spec in I- Duty, Surg. W. A. McClurg. 

BUREAU OF PROVISIONS AND CLOTHING. 

Chief, Paymaster-General Edwin Stewart. 
Paymaster, C. P. Thompson. 
Asst. Paymaster, A. K. Michler. 

BUREAU OF STEAM ENGINEERING. 

Engineer-in-Chief, G. W. Melville. 
Chief Eng'8, Montgomery Fletcher, X. P. Towne. 
Passed Asst. Engineers, J. II. Perry, II. Webster, F. H. Bailey. 
Asst. Engineers, Emil Thiess, W. II. Chambers, W. M. McFarland, H. G. 
Leopold, C. A. Carr, F. M. Bennett, \V. \V. AVhite. 

BUREAU OK CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR. 

Chief Constructor, T. I). Wilson. 
Naval Constructor, Philip Hichborn. 

OFFICE OK JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL. 

Judge Advocate <•'*»'/, Co]. William 15. Remey, United States Marine Corps. 
Lieutenants, S. C. Lemly, F. L. Denny, Marine Corps. 



THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 59 



NAVAL EXAMINING BOARD. 

Commodore W. R. McCann, Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S. W. Terry. 
Medical Directors, J. J. Taylor, W. T. Hord, David Kindleberger. 

RETIRING BOARD. 

Commodore W. P. McCann, Pres. ; Capt. R. R. Wallace, Commander S. W. 
Terry, Medical Directors J. F. Taylor, D. Kindleberger. 

STATE, WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT BUILDING. 

Supi., Thomas Williamson, Chief Engineer. 
Assistant, G. W. Baird, 1st Assistant Engineer. 

BOARD OF INSPECTION AND SURVEY. 

President, Rear-Admiral T. J. Kimberley. 

Members, Capt. T. O. Sel fridge; Comdr. W. R. Bridgemau; Chief Engineer 

W. G. Bnchler; Naval Constructor John F. Hanscom; Lieutenant L. 

C. Logan. 

NAVAL DISPENSARY. 

Surgeon, P. M. Rixey. 

Passed Asst. Surg., Frank Anderson. 

MUSEUM OF HYGIENE. 

Medical Director, P. S. Wales. 
Passed Asst. Surg., S. H. Griffith. 

NAVY PAY OFFICE. 

Pay Director, Edward May. 

HEADQUARTERS OF UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. 

Col. Commandant, Charles Hey wood. 
Adjt. and Inspector, Maj. Aug. S. Nicholson. 
Quartermaster, Maj. H. B. Lowry. 
Paymaster, Maj. Green Clay Goodloe. 

MARINE BARRACKS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Lieut.-Col., G. P. Houston. 
Captain, D. Pratt Mannix. 
First Lieut., S. W. Quackenbush. 



POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Postmaster-Gen'l, John Wanamaker (Pa.) $8,000 

Chief Clerk, W. B. Cooley(Pa.) 2,: 

Stenographer, John B. Minick (Mich.) 1,800 

Asst.Atty.-Gen'l, James N. Tyner (Ind.) 4,000 

Law Clerk, Ralph W. Haynes (111.) 2,500 

Appointment Clerk, James A. Vose (Me.) 1,800 

Supt. and Disbursing Clerk, Theodore Davenport (Conn.) 2,100 

Topographer, Charles Roeser, Jr. (Wis.) 2,500 

OFFICE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

First Asst. P. M.-G., S. A. Whitfield (O.) 4,000 

Chief Clerk, E. C. Fowler (Md.) 2,000 

Supt. Division Post-office Supplies, E. H. Shook (Mich.) 2,000 

Supt. Division Free Delivery, William J. Pollock (Kas.) 3,000 

Asst, Supt. Div. of Free Delivery, Win. Helm (Wis.) 2,000 

Chief Division of Salaries and Allowances, Albert H. Scott (Iowa) .... 2,200 



(JO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 

Supt Money Order System, Charles F. MacDonald (Mass.) $3,500 

Chief Clerk Money Order System, James T. Metcalf (Iowa) 2,000 

Supt. Bead Letter Office, David P. Leibhardt (Ind.) 2,500 

Chief Clerk Bead Letter Office, Waldo G. Perry (Vt.) 1,800 

Chief Division of Correspondence, James R. Ash (Pa.) 1,800 

OFFICE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Second Asst. P. M.-G., J. Lowrie Bell (Pa.). .... 4,000 

Chief Clerk, George F. Stone (N. Y.) 2,000 

Supt. Railway Adjustments, John M. Young (Mich.) 2,000 

Chief Div. of Inspection, John A. Chapman (111. ) 2,000 

Chief Div. Mail Equipment, R. D. S. Tyler (Mich.) 1,800 

Gen' I Supt. Railway Mail Service, James E. White (111.) 3,o00 

Asst. Gen'l Supt. Railway Mail Service, Wm. P. Campbell (111.) 3,000 

Chief Clerk Railway Mail Service, Alexander Grant (Mich.) 2,000 

Supt. Foreign Mails, N. M. Brooks (Va.) 3,000 

Chief Clerk Foreign Mails, George M. Drake (Tenn.) 2,000 

OFFICE THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Third Asst. P. M.G., Abraham D. Hazen (Pa.) 4,000 

t %ief Chrk, Madison Davis (D. C. ) 2,000 

Chief Div. Postage Stamps, E. B. George (Mass. ) 2,250 

Chief Biv. Finance, A. W. Bingham (Mich.) 2,000 

OFFICE FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 

Fourth Asst. Postmaster-General, E. G. Rathbone (O.) 4,000 

Chief Biv. of Appointments, P. H. Bristow (Iowa) 2,000 

Chief Biv. of Bonds and Commissions, Luther Caldwell (N. Y.) 2,000 

Chief Biv. of P. O. Inspectors and Mail Depredations, M. D. Wheeler 

(N. Y.). 3,000 

Chief Clerk, James Maynard (Tenn.) 2,000 



INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. 

Secretary, John W. Noble (Mo.) 8,000 

First Asst. do., George Chandler (Kas.) 4,500 

Asst. do., Cyrus Bussey (N. Y.) 4,000 

Chief Clerk, Edward M. Dawson (Md.) 2,500 

Appl. Clerk, A. C. Tonner (O.) 2,000 

GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 

Commissioner, Thomas H. Carter (Mont.) 5,000 

Asst. do., Wm. M. Stone (Iowa) 3,000 

Chief Clerk, Manning M. Rose (O.) 2,500 

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

Commissioner, T. J. Morgan (R. I.) 4,000 

Asst. do., R. V. Belt (Md.) 3,000 

Supt. Indian Schools, D. Dorchester (Mass. ) 4,000 

PENSION OFFICE. 

Commissioner, Green B. Raum (111.) 5,000 

First Deputy do., Andrew Davidson (N. Y.) 3,600 

Second Deputy do., ('has. P. Lincoln (Mich.) 3,600 

Chief Clerk, A. W. Fisher (N. C.) 2,250 

Medical Referee, Thomas D. Ingram (Pa. ) 3,000 



THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 01 

OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OF RAILROADS. 

Commissioner, Horace A. Taylor (Wis. ) $4, 500 

PATENT OFFICE. 

Commissioner, Wm. E. Simonds (Conn. ). 5,000 

Asst. do., Nathaniel L. Frothingham (Mass. ) 3,000 

Chief Clerk, Joseph L. Bennett (Conn. ) 2,250 

OFFICE OF EDUCATION. 

Commissioner. W. T. Harris (Mass.) 3,000 

( 'hUf Clerk, J. W. Holcombe 1,800 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

Director, John W. Powell (111. ) 6,000 

Chief Clerk, Henry C. Rizer (Kas.) 2,400 

CENSUS OFFICE. 

Superintendent, R. P. Porter (N. Y. ) 6, 000 

Chief Clerk, A. F. Childs (O.) 2,500 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Atty. -Gen'l, W. H. H. Miller (Ind.) 8,000 

Solicitor Gen'l, Wm. H. Taft (O. ) 7,000 

Asst. Atty. -Gen'l, Wm. A. Maury (D. C.) 5,000 

Asst. do. , J. B. Cotton (Me. ) 5,000 

Asst. do., A. X. Parker (N. Y.) 5,000 

Asst. do., (Dept. of Int.), Geo. H. Shields (Mo.) 5,000 

Asst. do. (P. O. Dept.), J. N. Tyner (Ind.) 4,000 

Solicitor of Int. Rev. (Treas. Dept.), Alphonso Hart (O.) 4,500 

Examiner of Claims {State Dept.), Frank C. Partridge (Vt.) 3,500 

Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles, A. J. Bentley (O.) 2,750 

Chief Clerk and Supt. of Building, Cecil Clay (W. Va.) 2,500 

Gen'l Agent, E. C. Foster (Iowa) '. $10 per diem 

Appt. and Disbursing Clerk, Frank A. Branac;an (O.) 2,000 

Clerk of Pardons, Chas. F. Scott ( W. Va, ) 2,400 

Solicitor of Treas. (Treas. Dept.) W. P. Hepburn (Iowa) 4,500 

Asst. Solicitor (Treas. Dept.), F. A. Reeve (Tenn.) 3,000 

Chief Clerk Solicitor's Office (Treas. Dept.), Charles E. Vrooman (Iowa) 2,000 

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 

Secretary, J. M. Rusk (Wis.) 8,000 

Asst. Secretary, E. Willits (Mich.) 4,500 

Chief Clerk, S. S. Rockwood (Wis.) 2,500 

Statistician, J. R. Dodge (O.) 2,500 

Chief of Div. of Accounts, B. F. Fuller (111. ) 2,000 

Horticulturist, etc, W. Saunders (D. C. ) 2,500 

Entomologist, C. V. Riley (Mo.) 2,500 

Botanist, Geo. Vasey (111.) 2,500 

CJiemist, H. W. Wiley (Ind.) 2,500 

Microscopist, Thomas Taylor (Mass. ) 2, 500 

Chief Experimental Stations, O. W. Atwater (Conn.) 3,500 

Ornithologist, C. H. Merriam (N. Y.) 2,500 

Chief Forestry Div., B. E. Fernow (N. Y. ) 2,000 

Pomologkt, H. E. Van Demen (N. C. ) 2,500 

Bureau Animal Industry, D. E. Salmon (N. C.) 3,000 



62 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 1892. 



INDEPENDENT DEPARTMENTS. 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

Public Printer, Frank W. Palmer (111. ) $ 4,500 

Chief Clerk, W. H. Collins (N. Y. ) 2,400 

Foreman of Printing, II. T. Brian (Md. ) 2, 100 

Foreman of Binding, Jas. W. White (I). C.) 2,100 

UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 

Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt (N. Y.), Charles Lyman (Conn.), 

Hugh S. Thompson (S. C.) 3,500 

Chief Examiner, W. H. Webster (Conn.) 3,000 

BUREAU OF LABOR. 

Commissioner, Carroll D. Wright (Mass.) 3,000 

Chief Clerk, ( >ren W. Weaver (Mass.) 2,500 



ORIGIN OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



State or Territory, 



Set- 
Popular name. t] ec j 



From what Territory formed. 



Alabama 

Alaska Territory 

Arizona Territory. . . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

(a)Connectieut 

(a)Delaware 

Dist. Columbia 

Florida 

(a)Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

(a)Maryland 

(a)Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

(a) New Hampshire. . 

(a)New Jersey 

New Mexico Ter 

(a)New York 

(a)North Carolina. . . 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma Territory 

Oregon 

(a)Pennsylvania 

(a)Rhode' Island 

(a)South Carolina. . . 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Territory 

Vermont 

(a)Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Cotton. 



Bear 

Golden 

( Vntennial 
Nutmeg 
Blue Hen . 



Pen insular. 
Cracker . . . 



Sucker. 



Hoosier 

Hawkeye. . 
Sunflower . 
Bluegrass.. 

Pelican 

Pine Tree.. 
Old Line... 

Bay 

Wolverine , 

Gopher 

Bayou 



Black-water. 

Silver 

Granite 



Empire. . . . 
Old North 



Buckeye. 



Beaver . . . 
Keystone . 



Volunteer . 
Lone Star , 



Green M't'n.. . 
Old Dominion. 



Badger 



1713 



Dist.xrf Louisiana, Ga., Fla., Miss. Terr. 

Bought from Russia. 

New Mexico. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Bliss., and Ark. Terr. 

New Albion, Upper California. 

Dist. of Louisiana and Mexican Cession. 

North Virginia and New England. 

New Netherlands. 

Maryland and Virginia. 

Florida Territory. 

North Virginia and New England. 

Idaho Territory. 
1720 Northwest and Illinois Territory. 
1832 Louisiana. 
1730 Northwest and Indiana Territory. 



1590 
1685 
1769 
1540 
1633 
1627 
1660 
1565 
1733 
184S 



Dist. La., La. Ter., Bio., Mich., Wis. Ter. 

Dist. Louisiana, and Kansas Territory. 

Virginia. 

Dist. Louisiana, Territory of New Orleans. 

New England, Laconia, Massachusetts. 

North Virginia and New England. 

Northwest, Indiana and Michigan Terr. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Minnesota Territory. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Ga. and Bliss. Terr. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Missouri Territory. 

Montana Territory. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Nebraska Territory. 

Upper California. 

North Virginia, Laconia, New England. 

New Netherlands. 



i «:;.", 
1850 
1775 
ItiilO 
1630 
1634 
1620 
1070 
1819 
1716 
1755 

1852 
1850 

1X50 

1623 

1627 

1582 

1023 North Virginia, New Netherlands. 

1685 Albemarle Colony. 

1X50 Dakota Territory. 

1768JNorthwest Territory. 



1889 
1811 
1648 
1633 
1562 

1X5!) 



Indian Territory. 

Dist. of Louisiana, Oregon Territory. 



No. Va., N. E., Aquiday, Prov., R. I. Plan. 

Cartaret Colony. 

Dakota Territory. 
1765 j Kentucky Territory. 
1090 New Philippines. 
1X47 Upper California. 

1703 New Netherlands, New Hampshire Grants. 
1007 South Virginia. 
1X45 Washington Territory. 
1007 South Virginia, Virginia. 
1745 Dist. Louisiana, Illinois Ter., Michigan Ter. 
1867JWyoming Territory. 



(a) The thirteen original States. 



63 



SETTLEMENT OP STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



State or Territory. 



Alabama 

Alaska Territory 

Arizona Territory. . . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

(a) Connecticut 

(a)Delaware 

Dist. Columbia 

Florida 

(a)Oeorgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indian Territory 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

(a)Maryland 

(a)Massachusetts. . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

(a)New Hampshire.. 

(a)New Jersey 

New Mexico Terr. .. 

(a)New York 

(a)Nort li Carolina. . . 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma Territory 

Oregon 

(a)Pennsylvania 

(a)Rhode Island 

(a)South Carolina. . . 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Territory 

Vermont 

(a)Virginia 

Washington 

Wesl Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



. Date of admiss'n (b)Population Population 
By whom settled. Organization, when adm'd. 1890. 



French 



Spanish 

French 

Spanish 

French 

Em. from Mass 

Swedes and Finns. 

English 

Spanish 

English 

Emigrants 

French.., 

Spanish 

French 

Em. from N. E 

Em. from West. St 

Em. from Va 

French 

English 

English 

English Puritans .. 

French 

Em. from N. E 

French 

French 

Em. from South... 

Emigrants 

Em. from Cal 

English 

Dutch and Danes,. 

Spanish 

Dutch 

English 

Em. from Mid. St.. 
Em. from N E .... 

Emigrants 

Em. fromN. Y 

Swedes 

English 

French 

Em. from Mid. St. 
Em. from N. C . . . . 

Spanish 

Spanish 

Em. from Mass 

English 

Em. from Cal 

English 

French 

Em. from Mid. St., 



..Dec. 14, 1819... 
..July 27, 1868.., 
..Feb. 24, 1863.. 
..June 15, 1836., 
..Sept. 9, 1850... 
..Aug. 1, 1876... 
..Jan. 9, 1788... 
..Dec. 7, 1787... 

..July, 1791 

..March 3, 1845. 
..Jan. 2, 1788... 
..July3, 1890... 
..Dec. 3, 1818.. 
..June 30, 1834. 
..Dec. 11, 1816.. 
..Dec. 28, 1846. 
..Jan. 29, 1861.. 
. .Junel, 1792.. 
..April 30, 1812 
..Mar. 15, 1820., 
..April 28, 1788. 
..Feb. 6, 1788... 
..Jan. 26, 1837.., 
..May 11, 1858... 
..Dec. 10, 1817... 
..Aug. 10,1821.. 
..Nov. 8,1889... 
..March 1,1867, 
..Oct. 31, 1864.., 
..June 21, 1788., 
..Dec. 18,1787... 
..Sept. 9, 1850... 
..July 26, 1788.. 
..Nov. 21,1789.. 
..Nov, 2, 1889... 
..Jan. 19, 1803.. 
..April 22, 1889. 
..Feb. 14, 1859.. 
..Dec. 12, 1787.. 
..Mav29, 1790... 
..May 23, 1788... 
..Nov. 2, 1889... 
..June 1, 1796... 
..Dec. 29, 1845., 
..Sept. 9, 1850... 
. . Mar. 4, 1791 . . . 
..June 25, 1788., 
..Nov. 11, 1889., 
..June 19, 1863.. 
..May 29, 1848... 
..July 10, 1889... 



127,901 



52,240 
92,597 
150,000 
237,496 
59,096 



58,080 
82,548 
84,229 
34,620 



63,805 

81,920 

107,206 

73,077 

76,550 

898,369 

319,728 

378,787 

212,267 

172,023 

75,512 

66,586 

131,769 

60,000 

40,000 

141,885 

184,139 



340,120 
393,751 
182.425 
41,915 



52,465 
434,373 

68,825 
849,033 
387,848 

77,202 
212,592 



85,339 

747,610 



442,014 
305,391 
00,589 



1,513,017 

38,000 

59,620 

1,128,179 

1,208,130 

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740,258 

168,493 

230,392 

391,432 

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1,767,518 

2,235,523 

207,905 

332,422 

1,055,980 

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762,794 

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si 



PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 

The facts concerning the party tendency in each of the new States are 
briefly thus: 

Idaho. There is a Republican majority of ten in the Senate and 26 in 
the House, the majority on joint ballot being 36 in favor of the Republican 
party. At the election for Governor, 1890, Shoup, the Republican candidate, 
had a majority of 2,314 over Wilson, the Democratic nominee. The whole 
vote cast was 18,210, of which 10,262 were cast for Shoup. This was the 
first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Idaho to the Union. The 
State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880 the 
Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, Democratic majority, 
1,514; 1882, no record available; 1884, Democratic majority, 786; 1886, 
Republican majority, 426; 1888, Republican majority, 3,203; 1890 (short 
term), Republican ma jority, 2,112 (long term) 2,104. 

Montana. There is a Democratic majority of 4 in the Senate and a 
Republican majority of 5 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 
1 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Toole, the Democratic 
candidate had a majority of 556 over Power, the Republican nominee. The 
whole vote cast was 38,552, of which 19,564 were cast for Toole. This was 
the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Montana to the Union. 
The State government and judiciary, except the Governor, consists entirely 
of Republicans. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as 
follows: 1880, 1,428, Democratic; 1882, 1,484, Democratic; 1884, 199, 
Democratic; 1886, 3,718, Democratic; 1888, 5,126, Republican; 1890, 283, 
Democratic. 

North Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 11 in the Senate and 
18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 29. The minority in the 
Senate consists of 5 Democrats and 5 Farmers' Alliance, in the House, of 16 
Democrats and 6 Farmers' Alliance. The 11 Farmers' Alliance votes are, 
included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At 
the election for Governor, 1890, Burke, the Republican candidate had a 
plurality of 6,449 over Roach, the Democratic, and Muir the Independent 
nominees. In 1889, Miller, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plu- 
rality of 12,632 over Roach. The State government is entirely Republican. 
Since 1884, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1884, 25,554, 
Republican; 1886, 8,027, Republican; 1888, 9,489, Republican; 1890, 6,535, 
Republican. 

South Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 1 in the Senate and 4 
in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 5. The minority in the 
Senate consists of 14 Democrats and 8 Independents; in the House, of 46 
Democrats and 11 Independents. The 19 Independent votes are included 
with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the 
election for Governor, 1890, Mellette, the Republican candidate, had a 
plurality of 9,896 over Taylor the Democratic, and Louks the Farmers' 
Alliance nominees. Louks received 24,591 votes out of a total of 77,607. 
In 1889, Mellette, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plurality of 
30,124, McClure being the Democratic nominee. The State government and 
judiciary are entirely Republican. The vote for South Dakota for Repre- 
sentatives, 1886 and 1888, was that of the counties of Dakota Territory, which 
now compose the State of South Dakota. This vote is as follows: 1886, 
Democratic, 22,339, Republican, 43,365; I ss8, Democratic, 25,044, Repub 
lican, 44,906; 1891, Democratic, 7,199, Republican, 17,614, Farmers' Alli- 
ance, 14,587. The Republican majorities or pluralities have been respect- 
ively '.'1.026, 19,862 and 3,027. 

82 



PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 83 

Washington. There is a Republican majority of 26 in the Senate and 
44 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 70 on joint ballot. 
At the election for Governor, 1889, Ferry, the Republican candidate had a 
majority of 8,979 over Semple, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote 
cast was 58,443, of which 33,711 were cast for Ferry. The Slate govern- 
ment and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880, the Congressional 
majorities have been as follows: 1880, 1,797, Republican; 1882, 3,008, 
Republican; 1884, 148 Democratic; 1886, 2,192, Democratic; 1888, 7,371, 
Republican; 1890, 6,322, Republican. 

Wyoming. There is a Republican majority of 9 in the Senate and 18 in 
the House, the majority on joint ballot being 27. At the election for Gov- 
ernor, 1890, Warren the Republican candidate, had a majority of 1,726 over 
Baxter, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 16,032, of which 
Warren received 8,879. The State government is entirely Republican. 
Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 147, 
Democratic; 1882, 1,111, Democratic; 1884, 1,639, Republican; 1886, 7,146, 
Republican; 1888, 2,894, Republican; 1890, 2,859, Republican. 



SENATE. 



Levi P. Morton, V. -President, Presiding. | C. F. Manderson, Neb., Pres't pro tem. 
Republicans, 47; Democrats, 39; Alliance,!; INDEPENDENT,!. 



ALABAMA. 

John T. Morgan Selma 1895 

James L. Pugh Eufaula 1897 

ARKANSAS. 

James IT. Berry Bentonville 1895 

James K. Jones Washington... 1897 

CALIFORNIA. 

( tharles X. Felton San Francisco. 1893 

Leland Stanford San Francisco.1897 

COLORADO. 

E. O. Wolcott Denver 1895 

Henry M. Teller Central City... 1897 

CONNECTICUT. 

Joseph R. Hairley Hartford . . 

OrviUe 11. Piatt Meriden . . 



.1893 
.1897 

DELAWARE. 

Anthony Higgins Wilmington. . .1895 

George Cray Newcastle. . . .1893 

FLORIDA. 

Samuel Pasco Monticello 1893 

Wilkinson Call Jacksonville . . 1897 

GEORGIA. 
Alfred H. Colquitt ...Atlanta 1895 



John B. Gordon At la i it a. 



. 1897 



.1895 
. 1897 



IDAHO. 

George L. Shoup Salmon City.. .1895 

Fred T. Dubois Blackfoot . . . ...1897 

ILLINOIS. 

Shelby M. Cullom Springfield 

John M. Palmer Springfield 

INDIANA. 

Daniel S. Turpie Indianapolis .1893 

Daniel W. Voorhees.. .Terre Haute. .1897 

IOWA. 

James F. Wilson Fairfield 1895 

William B. Allison Dubuque 1897 

KANSAS. 

Bishop W. Perkins. . .Oswego 1895 

W i l.i.iAM A. Pepper Topeka 1897 

KENTUCKY. 

John G. Carlisle Covington 1895 

Jos. C. S. Blackburn.. Versailles 1897 

LOUISIANA. 

Randall L. Gibson New Orleans. .1895 

Edward D. White New Orleans .. 1897 

MAINE. 

William P. Frijc Lewiston 1895 

Eugene Hale Ellsworth 1893 



MARYLAND. 

Arthur P. Gorman Laurel 1893 

Charles H. Gibson East on 1897 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George F. Hoar Worcester 1895 

Hen ry L. Da ires Pittsfield 1893 



MICHIGAN. 

Ja mes McMiUa n Detroit 1895 

F. B. Stockbridge Kalamazoo 1893 

MINNESOTA. 
Win. 1). Washburn Minneapolis. . .1895 



Cushman K. Davis St. Paul 

MISSISSIPPI. 

E. 0. Walthall Grenada. . . 

James Z. George Carrollton. 



.1893 



.1895 
.1893 



MISSOURI. 
Francis M. Cockrell. . . Warrensburg. .1893 
George G. Vest Kansas City. . . 1897 

MONTANA. 

William F. Sawders.. Helena 1893 

Tli oiiias C. Power Helena 1895 

NEBRASKA. 

Chas. F. Manderson . . Omaha 1895 

A . S. Paddock Beatrice 1893 

NEVADA. 

W. M. Stewart Carson City . . . 1893 

John P. Jones Gold Hill 1897 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Win. E. Ch a ndler Concord 1895 

Jacob 11. Gallinger... . Concord 1897 

NEW JERSEY. 

John R. McPherson... Jersey City 1895 

Rufus Blodgett Long Branch . . 1893 

NEW YORK. 

Frank Hiscock Syracuse 1893 

David B.Hill Elmira 1897 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Matt W. Ransom Weldon 1895 

Zebulon B. Vance Charlotte 1897 



NORTH DAKOTA. 

Lyman R. Casey Jamestown. . . .1893 

L. C. Hansbrough Devil's Lake 1897 

OHIO. 

John Sherman Mansfield 1893 

Calvin S. Brice Lima 1897 



OREGON. 

Joseph Dolph Portland 1895 

John 11. Mitchell Portland 1897 



* For changes in the Senate, up to the moment of 
preceding Index. 

84 



,'oing to press, see Addenda, 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



85 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

Matthew S. <,"«'.'/ Beaver 1893 

James D. Cameron Harrisburg — 1897 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Nathan F.Dixon Westerly 1895 

Nelson W. Aldrich Providence — 1893 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

M. C. Butler Edgefield 1895 

John L. M. Irby Laurens 1897 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 

F. T. Pettigrew Sioux Falls. . . .1895 

J. H. KYLE Aberdeen 1897 



TENNESSEE. 

Isham f4. Harris Memphis 1895 

William B. Bate Nashville 1893 



TEXAS. 

Richard Coke Waco 

Roger Q. Mills Corsicana. 



.1895 
.1897 



VERMONT. 

Red field Proctor Proctor 1893 

Justin S. Morrill Stratford 1897 



VIRGINIA. 

John S. Barbour Alexandria. . . 1895 

John W. Daniel Lynchburg. . . . 1893 

WASHINGTON. 

John B. Allen Walla Walla. .1893 

Watson ('.Squire Seattle 1897 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

John E. Kenna Charleston 1895 

C. J. Faulkner Mart insburg . 1S93 

WISC< >NSIN. 

Ph iletus Sa wyer Oshkosh 1893 

William F. Vilas Madison 1897 

WYOMING. 

Joseph M.Carey Cheyenne 1895 

Francis E. Warren. .. Cheyenne 1893 



HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES, t 
CHARLES F. CRISP, Georgia, Speaker. 
Republicans, 88; Democrats, 236; Farmers' Alliance, 8; whole number, 332. 

Those marked * served in the List House. Those marked t served in a previous 
House. Those marked J were unseated by the List House. 



ALABAMA. 

1. Richard H. Clarke*. Mobile. 

2. Hilary A. Herbert*.. Montgomery. 

3. William C. Oat es*. . .Abbeville. 

4. Louis W. TurpinJ Newbern. 

5. James E. Cobb* Tuskegee. 

t>. J. H. Bankhead* ....Fayette C. H. 

7. Wm. H. Forney* Jacksonville. 

8. Joseph Wheeler*. .. .Wheeler. 

ARKANSAS. 

1. William II. CateJ Jonesborough. 

2. C.R.BreckinridgetJ.Pine Bluff. 

3. Thomas C. McRae* . . Prescott. 

4. William L. Terry. .. .Pulaski. 

5. Samuel W. Peel* Bentonville. 

CALIFORNIA. 

1. Thomas J. Geary Santa Rosa. 

2. A. Caminctti Jackson. 

3. Joseph McKenna*... Suisun. 

4. John T. Cutting San Francisco. 

5. Eugene F. Loud San Francisco. 

6. Wm. W. Boicers San Diego. 

COLORADO. 
Hosea Townsend* . . .Silver Cliff. 



CONNECTICUT. 



1 . Lewis Spcrry 

2. W. F. Wilcox*...'... 

3. Charles A. Russell*. 

4. Rob't E. DeForest . . 



.Hartford. 

Chester. 

Killingly. 

Bridgeport. 



DELAWARE. 
John W.Casey Milford. 



FLORIDA. 
Stephen R. Mallory . .Pensacola. 
Robert Bullock* Ocala. 

GEORGIA. 

Ruftis E. Lester* Savannah. 

Henry G. Turner* Quitman. 

Charles F. Crisp* Americas. 

Charles L. Moses Turin. 

L. F. Livingston Atlanta. 

James H. Blount*... Macon. 
K. William Everett. .Fish. 

Thus. (!. Lawson Eatonton. 

Thomas E. Winn Laurenceville. 

Thomas B. Watson. .Thomson. 

IDAHO. 
Willie Sweet* Moscow. 

ILLINOIS. 

Abner Taylor* Chicago. 

L. E. McGann Chicago. 

A. E. Durborow, Jr. .Chicago. 
Wm. C. Newberry.. .Chicago. 
Albert J. Hopki ns*.. Aurora. 

Robert /.'. Httt* Mount Morris. 

T. J. Henderson*.... Princeton. 

Lewis Steward Piano. 

Henry W. Snow Sheldon. 

Philip S. Post* Galesburg. 

Benj. T. Cable Rock Island. 

Scotl Wike* riitsiield. 

Wm. M. Springer*... Springfield. 

< )wen Scott Bloomington. 

Samuel T. Busey Urbana. 

Geo. w. Fithian* Newton. 

Edward Lane* Hillsborough. 

Wm. S. Forman* Nashville. 

.las. R. Williams*. . . .Cartni. 

Qeo. W. Smith* Murphysboro'gh 



t For changes in the House of Representatives, up to the moment of going to press, 
see Addenda, preceding Index. 



86 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



INDIANA. 

1. Wm. F. Parrett*....Evansville. 

2. John L. Bretz Jasper. 

3. Jason B. Brown* Seymour. 

4. Wm. S. Holman* Aurora. 

5. Geo. W. Cooper Columbus. 

6. Henry U. Johnson. .Richmond. 

7. Wm. D. Bynum* Indianapolis. 

8. E. V. Brookshire* . . .Cravvfordsville. 

9. Daniel Waugh Tipton. 

10. David H. Patton Remington. 

11. A. N.Martin* Bluffton. 

12. C. A. O.McClellan*.. Auburn. 

13. Benj. F. Shively*. . . .South Bend. 

IOWA. 

1. John J. Seerley Burlington. 

2. Walter I. Hayes*.. . .Clinton. 

3. D. B. Henderson* . . Dubuque. 

4. Waller H. Butler. .. West Union. 

5. John T. Hamilton.. Cedar Rapids. 

6. Fred. E. White Webster. 

7. John A. T. Hull Des Moines. 

8. James P. Flick* Bedford. 

9. Thomas Bowman Council Bluffs. 

ID. John, P. Dolliver* ... Fort Dodge. 
11. George D. Perkins. .Sioux City. 

KANSAS. 

1. Cose Broderick Holton. 

2. Ed-urd H. Funston* .Iola. 

3. Benj. H. Clover Cambridge. 

4. John G. Otis". Topeka. 

5. John M. Davis Junction City. 

6. William Baker Lincoln. 

7. Jerry Simpson Medicine Lodge. 

KENTUCKY. 

1. William J. Stone*.. .Kuttawa. 

2. William T. Ellis*. .. .Owensborough. 

3. Isaac H. Goodnight*. Franklin. 

4. A. B. Montgomery*. .Ehzabethtown. 

5. Asher G. Caruth* Louisville. 

6. W. W. Dickerson*. . .Williamstown. 

7. W.C.P.Breckinridge*Lexmgton. 

8. Jas. B. McCreary* . . .Richmond. 

9. Thos. H. Paynter*.. .Greenup. 

10. John W. Kendall.... West Liberty. 

11. John H. Wilson* Barboursville. 

LOUISIANA. 

1. Adolph Meyer New Orleans. 

2. Matthew D. Lagan. .New Orleans. 

3. Andrew Price* Thibodeaux. 

4. N. C. Blanchard*. . . .Shreveport. 

5. Chas. J. Boatner*. . .Monroe. 

6. Sam'IM. Robertson*. Baton Rouge. 

MAINE. 

1. Thomas B. Peed* ...Portland. 

2. Nelson Dingley, «7r.*.Lewiston. 

3. Seth L. Miltiken* . . . Belfast. 

4. Chas. A. Boutelle* . .Bangor. 

MARYLAND. 

1 . Henry Page Princess Anne. 

2. Herman Stump*.... Bel Air. 

3. H. Welles Rusk*.... Baltimore. 

4. Isidor Raynert ."Baltimore. 

5. Barnes Comjit on I } . . Laurel. 

6. Wm. M. McKaig Cumberland. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. Chas. S. Randall*.. .New Bedford. 

2. Elijah A. Morse* Canton. 

3. John F. Andrew* Boston. 

4. Joseph H. O'Neil*... Boston. 

5. Sherman Hoar Waltham. 

6. Henry Cabot Lodgre*Nahant. 

7. Wm. Cogswell* Salem. 

8. Moses T. Stevens North Andover. 

9. Geo. Fred. Williams. Dedham. 

10. Joseph H. Walker*.. Worcester. 

1 1 . Frederic S. Coolidge . Ashburnhatn 

12. John C. Crosby Pittsfleld. 

MICHIGAN. 

1. J. Logan Chipman*. Detroit. 

2. James S. Gorman Chelsea. 

3. James CDonnell* . . .Jackson. 

4. Julius C. Burrows* . Kalamazoo. 

5. Chas. E. Belknap*.. Grand Rapids. 

6. Byron G. Stout Pontiac. 

-,. Justin R. Whiting*.. St. Clair. 

8. Henry M. Youmans. Saginaw. 

9. Harrison H. Wheeler. Ludington. 

10. Thos. A. E.Weadock.Bay City. 

11. S. M. Stephenson* . . .Menominee. 

MINNESOTA. 

1. Wm. H. Harries Caledonia. 

2. John Lind* New Ulm. 

3. Orrin M. Hall Red Wing. 

4. James N. Castle Stillwater. 

5. Kittel Halvorsen . . South Fork. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

1. John M. Allen* Tupelo. 

2. John C.Kyle Sardis. 

3. Thos. C. Catchings* . Vicksburg. 

4. Clarke Lewis* Macon. 

5. Joseph H. Beeman. .Eley. 

6. Thos. R. Stockdale*. Summit. 

7. Charles E. Hooker*. Jackson. 

BIISSOURI. 

1. Wm. H. Hatch* Hannibal. 

2. Chas. H. Mansur*.. .Chillicothe. 

3. Alex. M. Dockery*.. Gallatin. 

4. Rob't P. C. Wilson*. .Platte City. 

5. John C. Tarsney* — Kansas City. 

6. John T. Heard* Sedalia. 

7. Richard H. Norton*. Trov. 

8. John J. O'Neillt St. Louis. 

It. Sel h W. Cobb St. Louis. 

10. Samuel Byrns Potosi. 

11. Richard P. Bland* . . .Lebanon. 

12. D. A. De Armond Butler. 

13. Richard W. Fyant. . .Marshfleld. 

14. Marshall Arnold Benton. 

MONTANA. 

Wm. W. Dixon Butte City. 

NEBRASKA. 

1. Wm. J. Bryan Lincoln. 

2. Wm. A. BlcKEiGHAN..Red Cloud. 

3. O. M. Kem Broken Bow. 

NEVADA. 

Horace F. Bartine*. Carson City. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. L. F. McKinneyt Manchester. 

2. Warren F. Daniell. . .Franklin. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



87 



NEW JERSEY. 

1. Chris. A. Bergen* . . .Camden. 

2. James Buchanan* . Trenton. 

3. J. A. Geissenhainer*. Freehold. 

4. Samuel Fowler* Newton. 

5. Cornelius A. Cadmus. Paterson. 

6. Thos. Dunn English. Newark. 

7. Edw. F. McDonald... Harrison. 

NEW YORK. 

1. James W. Covert*. . .Long Island City 

2. Alfred C. Chapin. ...Brooklyn. 

3. Wm. J. Coombs Brooklyn. 

4. John M. Clancy*.... Brooklyn. 

5. Thos. F. Manner* . . . .Brooklyn. 

6. John R. Fellows New York city. 

7. Edw. J. Dunphy*. . . .New York cil v. 

8. Tim. J. Campbell t . . New York city. 

9. Amos J.Cunimings*.New York city. 

10. W. B. Cockrant New York city. 

11. J. DeWitt Warner. . .New York city. 

12. Joseph J. Little New York city. 

13. Ashbel P. Fitch*. . . .New York city 

14. W.G.Stahlnecker*..Yonkers. 

15. Henry Bacont Goshen. 

16. John H. Ketcham* . . Dover Plains. 

17. Isaac N. Cox Ellenville. 

18. J. A. Quackenbush* . Stillwater. 

19. Charles Tracey* A lbany . 

20. John Sa nfo rd* Amsterdam. 

21. John M. Wever Plattsburgh. 

22. N. M. Curtis Ogdensburg. 

23. Henry W. Bent ley . . . Boone ville. 

24. George Van Horn Cooperstown. 

25. James J. Belden*.. .Syracuse. 

26. George W. Rayi Norwich. 

27. Sereno E. Payne* .. .Auburn. 

28. H. H. Rockwell Elmira. 

29. John Raines* Canandaigua. 

30. Henry S. Greenleaft. Rochester. 

31. J. W. Wadsworthf . .Genesee. 

32. Dan'l N. LockwoQd+.Buffalo. 

33. Thos. L. Bunting. . . . Hamburgh. 

34. Warren B. Hooker.. Fredonia. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

1. Wm. A. B. Branch. . .Washington. 

2. H. P. Cheatham* Henderson. 

3. Benj. F. Grady Wallace. 

4. Benj. H. Bunn* Rocky Mount. 

5. A. H. A. Williams.... Oxford. 

6. S. B. Alexander Charlotte. 

7. John S. Henderson*. Salisbury. 

8. Wm. H. H. Cowles*.Wilkesborough. 

9. Wm. T. Crawford. . . . Waynesville. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

Martin N. Johnson. Petersburg. 

OHIO. 

1. Bellamy Storer Cincinnati. 

2. John A. Caldwell* . . .Cincinnati. 

3. George W. Houk Dayton. 

4. Martin K. Gantz Troy. 

5. Fred'k C. Layton . . . Wapakoneta. 

6. Dennis D. Donovan. .Deshler. 

7. Wm. E. Haynes* Fremont. 

8. Darius D. Hare Upper Sandusky 

9. Jos. H. Outhwaite*. Columbus. 

10. Robert E. Doan Wilmington 

11. John M. Pattison ...Milford. 

12. Wm. H. Enochs Ironton. 



OHIO.— (Continued.) 

13. Irvine Dungan Jackson. 

14. James W. Owens*. . .Newark 

15. Michael D. Harter. .Mansfield 

16. John G. Warwick. . . .Massillon. 

17. Andrew J. Pearson .. Woodsfield 

18. Joseph D. Taylor*... Cambridge. 

19. Ezra B. Taylor* Warren 

20. Vincent A. Taylor. .Bedford. 

21. Thos. L. Johnson. . . .Cleveland. 

OREGON. 
Binger Hermann*. .Roseburg. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. H. H. Bingham*.... Philadelphia 

2. Charles O'Neill* Philadelphia 

3. William McAleer Philadelphia 

4. John E. Reyburn*.. Philadelphia! 

5. Alfred C. Harmer*.. Philadelphia 

6. John B. Robinson... Media. 

7. Edwin R. Hallowell. .Willow Grove 

8. William Mutehler*. .East on 

9. David B. Brunner* . . .Reading 

10. Marriott Bi-osius* . .Lancaster. 

11. Lemuel Amerman. . .Scranton 

12. George W. Shonk. . .Plymouth. 

13. James B. Reilly*. . . .Pottsville 

14. John W. Rife* Middleton. 

15. Myron B .Wright*. .Susquehanna. 
16 Albert C. Hopkins. . .Lock Haven 

17. Simon P. Wolverton.Sunburv 

18. Louis E. ^fc/«so7i,*.Mifnintbn 

19. F. E. Beltzhoo vert.. Carlisle 

20. Edward Scull* Somerset. 

21. George E. Huff Greensburg. 

22. JohnDalzell* Pittsburg 

23. William A. Stone. . .Allegheny City 

24. Andrew J. Stewart. .Ohiopyle 

25. Eugene P. Gillespie. .Greenville. 

26. Matthew Griswold. Erie. 

27. Charles W. Stone*. .Warren 

28. George F. Kxibbs .... Clarion . 

RHODE ISLAND. 

1. Oscar Lapham* Providence 

2. Charles H. Page Scituate. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1. William H. Brawley. Charleston. 

2. George D. Tillman*. Clark's Hill. 

3. George Johnstone. . .Newberry 

4. George W. Shell Laurens. 

5. John J. Hemphill*.. Chest, i 

6. L. T. -Staekhouse Little Rock 

7. William Elliott-It.... Beaufort. 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 

1. John L. Jolley Vermillion. 

2. John A. Pickler* Faulkton. 

TENNESSEE. 

1. Alfred A. Taylor* . . .Johnson City 

2. John C. Houk Knoxville. 

3. H. C. Snodgrass Spa rl a 

4. Benton MeMillin* Carthage. 

5. Jas. D. Richardson*. Murfreesboro' 

6. J. E. Washington*... Cedar Hill. 

7. Nicholas N. Cox Franklin. 

8. Benj. A. Enloe* lackson 

9. Rice A. Pierce* Union fit \ 

10. Josiah Patterson Memphis, 



FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 



TEXAS. 

Charles Stewart* 

John B. Long 

C. Buckley Kilgore*. 
David B. Culberson* 

Joseph W. Bailey 

Joseph Abbott*' 

William II. Crain*. . 
Littleton W.Moore*. 
Joseph D. Savers*. . , 
S. W. T. Lanham*... 



Houston. 

Palestine. 

Will's Point. 

Jefferson. 

Gainesville. 

Hillsboro. 

Cuero. 

La Grange. 

Bastrop. 

Weatherford. 



VERMONT. 

1. H.Henry Poioera...Morrisville. 

2. William W. Grout*. Barton. 

VIRGINIA. 

1. William A. Jones Warsaw. 

2. John W. Lawson . . . Isle of Wight. 

3. George D. WisetJ Richmond. 

4. James F. Epes Blackstone. 

5. Posey G. Lester* . . . .Flovd C. H. 

6. Paul'C. Edmunds*... Halifax C. H. 

7. Chas. T. , Ferrall*..Harrisonburgh. 

8. E. E. Meredith Prince Williams. 

9. John A. Buchanan*. Abingdon. 
10. H. St. G. Tucker*. . . .Staunton. 



WASHINGTON. 

John L. Wilson* Spokane Falls. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

1. John O. Pendleton:):. Wheeling. 

2. Wm. L. Wilson* Charlestown. 

3. John D. Alderson*.. Nicholas C. H. 

4. James A. Capehart . . Mount Pleasant. 

WISCONSIN. 

1. Clinton A. Babbit... Beloit. 

2. Charles Barwig* May ville. 

3. Allen R. Bushnell. . . .Madison. 

4. John L. Mitchell Milwaukee. 

5. George H. Briekner*. Sheboygan Falls 

6. Lucas M. Miller Oshkos'h. 

7. Frank P. Coburn West Salem. 

8. Nils P. Haugen* ... .River Falls. 

9. Thomas Lynch Antigo. 

"WYOMING. 
Clarence D. Cfrrrfc*.. Evanston. 
TERRITORIES. 
Arizona— M. A. Smith*. Tombstone. 
New Mexico — A. Joseph*. Ojo Caliente. 
Oklahoma— />..l.//<n-r<7/. Oklahoma City. 
Utah— John T. Caine*. .Salt Lake City. 



FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893.* 



SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged). 



Aldrich, N. W Rhode Island 

Allen, J. B Washington 

Allison, William B Iowa 

Barbour, J. S Virginia 

Bate, W. B Tennessee 

Berry, James H Arkansas 

Blackburn. J. C. S Kentucky 

Blodgctt ., Rufus New Jersey 

Brice, Calvin S Ohio 

Butler, M. C South Carolina 

Call, Wilkinson Florida 

Cameron, J. D Pennsylvania 

Carey, J. M Wyoming 

Carlisle, J. G Kentucky 

Casey, L. R North Dakota 

< 'handler, W. E New Hampshire 

Cockrell, F. M Missouri 

< !( ike, Richard Texas 

( 'olquitt, Alfred H Georgia 

Cullom, Shelby M Illinois 

I laniel, John W Virginia 

Davis, C. K Minnesota 

Dawes, Henry L Massachusetts 

Dixon, N. F Rhode Island 

Dolph, Joseph Oregon 

Dubois, F. T Idaho 

Faulkner, C. J West Virginia 

Felton, C. N California 

Frye, William P Maine 

Gn'llinger, J. II New Hampshire 

George, .lames /, Mississippi 

Gibson, C. H Maryland 

( libson, Randall L Louisiana 

Gordon, John B Georgia 

Gorman, Arthur P Maryland 

Gray, George Delaware 

Bale, Eugene Maine 

Hansbrough, L. C North Dakota 



Harris, Isham G ' Tennessee 

Hawley, Jos. R Connecticut 

Higgins, Anthony Delaware 

Hill, David B New York 

Hiscock, Frank New York 

Hoar, George F Massachusetts 

Irby, J. L. M South Carolina 

Jones, James K Arkansas 

Jones, John P Nevada 

Kenna, John E West Virginia 

Kyle, J. H South Dakota 

Manderson, Chas. F Nebraska 

McMillan, James Michigan 

McPherson, John R New Jersey 

Mills, Roger Q Texas 

Mit chell, John H Oregon 

Morgan, John T Alabama 

Morrill, Justin S Vermont 

Paddock, A. S Nebraska 

Palmer, John M Illinois 

Pasco, Samuel Florida 

Peffer, W. A Kansas 

Perkins, B. W Kansas 

Pettigrew, V. T South Dakota 

Piatt, Orville H Connecticut 

Power, T. C Montana 

Proctor, Redlield Vermont 

Pugh, James L Alabama 

Quay, M. S Pennsylvania 

Ransom. Matt W North Carolina 

Sanders, W. F Montana 

Sawyer, Philel us Wisconsin 

Sherman, John Ohio 

Shoup, Geo. L Idaho 

Squire, W. C Washington 

Stanford, Leland California 

Si e wart, W. M ..Nevada 

Stockbridge, F. B Michigan 



; For changes, up to the moment of going to press, sec Addenda, preceding Index. 



FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 



89 



SENATORS (Alphabetically Arranged).— Continued. 



Teller, Henry M Colorado 

Turpie, D. S Indiana 

Vance, Z. B North Carolina 

Vest, George G Missouri 

Vilas, W. F Wisconsin 

Voorhees, D. W Indiana 



Walthall, E. C Mississippi 

Warren, F. E Wyoming 

Washburn, W. D Minnesota 

White, E. D Louisiana 

Wilson, James F Iowa 

Wolcott. E. O Colorado 



REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged). 



Abbott, Joseph Texas 

Alderson, J. D West Virginia 

Alexander, S. B North Carolina 

Allen, J. M Mississippi 

A merman, L Pennsylvania 

Andrew, J. F Massachusetts 

Arnold, Marshall Missouri 

Atkinson, L. E Pennsylvania 

Babbitt, Clinton Wisconsin 

Bacon, Henry New York 

Bailey, J. W Texas 

Baker, William Kansas 

Bankhead, John H Alabama 

Bartine, H. F Nevada 

Barwig, Charles Wisconsin 

Beeman, J. H Mississippi 

Belden, James J New York 

Belknap, C. E Michigan 

Beltzhoover, F. E Pennsylvania 

Bentley,H. W. New York 

Bergen, C. A New Jersey 

Bingham, H. H Pennsylvania 

Blanchard, N. C Louisiana 

Bland, R. P Missouri 

Blount, J. H Georgia 

Boatner, C. J Louisiana 

Boutelle, C. A Maine 

Bowers, W. W Colorado 

Bowman, Thomas Iowa 

Branch, W. A. B North Carolina 

Brawley, W. H South Carolina 

Breckinridge, C. R Arkansas 

Breckinridge, W. C. P Kentucky 

Bretz, J. L Indiana 

Brickner, G. H Wisconsin 

Broderick, C Kansas 

Brookshire, E. V Indiana 

Brosius, M Pennsylvania 

Brown, J. B Indiana 

Brunner, D. B Pennsylvania 

Bryan, W. J Nebraska 

Buchanan, J. A Virginia 

Buchanan, J New Jersey 

Bullock, R Florida 

Bunn, B. II North Carolina 

Bunting, T. L New York 

Burrows, J. C Michigan 

Bussey, S. T Illinois 

Bushnell, A. R Wisconsin 

Butler, W. H Iowa 

Bynum, W. D Indiana 

Byrns, S Missouri 

Cable, B. T Illinois 

Cadmus, C. A New Jersey 

Caldwell, J. A Ohio 

Caminetti, A California 

Campbell, T.J New York 

Capehart, J West Virginia 

Caruth, Asher G Kentucky 

Castle, J. N Minnesota 

Catchings, T. C Mississippi 

Cate, W. C Arkansas 

Causey, J. W Delaware 

9b 



Chapin, A. C New York 

Cheatham, H. P North Carolina 

Chipman, J. Logan Michigan 

Clancy, J. M New York 

Clark, CD Wyoming- 
Clarke, R. H Alabama 

Clover, B. H Kansas 

Cobb, J. E Alabama 

Cobb, S. W Missouri 

Coburn, F. P Wisconsin 

Cockran, W. B New York 

Cogswell, Wm Massachusetts 

Compton, B Maryland 

Coolidge, F. S Massachusetts 

Coombs, W. J New York 

Cooper, G. W Indiana 

Covert, J. W New York 

Cowles, W. H. H North Carolina 

Cox, I . N New York 

Cox. N. N Tennessee 

Crain, W. H Texas 

Crawford, W. T North Carolina 

Crisp, C. F Georgia 

Crosby, J. C Massachusetts 

Culberson, D. B Texas 

Cummings, A.J New York 

Curtis, N . M New York 

Cutting, J. T California 

Dalzell, John Pennsylvania 

Daniels, W. F New Hampshire 

Davis, John Kansas 

De Armond, D. A Missouri 

DeForest, R. E Connecticut 

Dickerson, W. W Kentucky 

Dingley, N., Jr Maine 

Dixon, W. W Montana 

Doan, R. E Ohio 

Dockery , A. M Missouri 

Dolliver, J. P Iowa 

Donovan, D. D Ohio 

Dugan, I ( )hio 

Dunphy, E. J New York 

Durborow, A. C., Jr Illinois 

Edmunds, P. C Virginia 

Elliott, W South Carolina 

Ellis, W. T Kentucky 

English, T. D New Jersey 

Enloe, Benj. J Tennessee 

Enochs, W. H Ohio 

Epes, J. F Virginia 

Everrett, R. W Georgia 

Fellows, J. R New York 

Fitch, Ashbel P New York 

Fithian, G. W Illinois 

Flick, J. P Iowa 

Formal), W. S Illinois 

Forney, W. H Alabama 

Fowler, S New Jersey 

Funston, E. H Kansas 

Fyan, R. W Missouri 

Gantz, M. K Ohio 

Geary, T.J California 

Geissenhainer, J. A New Jersey 



90 



FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 



REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arr&nge&).-Continued. 



Gillespie, E. P Pennsylvania 

Goodnight, I. H Kentucky 

Gorman, J. S Michigan 

Grady, B. F North Carolina 

Greenleaf, H. S New York 

Griswold, M. R Pennsylvania 

Grout, W. W Vermont 

Hall, O. M Minnesota 

Hallowell, E. N Pennsylvania 

Halvorson, K Minnesota 

Hamilton, J. T Iowa 

Hare, D. D Ohio 

Harmer, A. C Pennsylvania 

Harries, W. H Minnesota 

Harter, M. D Ohio 

Hatch, W. H Missouri 

Haugen, N. P Wisconsin 

Hayes, Walter I Iowa 

Haynes, W. E Ohio 

Heard, J. T Missouri 

Henderson, D. B Iowa 

Henderson, J. S North Carolina 

Henderson, T. J Illinois 

Herbert, H. A Alabama 

Hemphill, J. J South Carolina 

Hermann, Binger Oregon 

Hitt, R. R Illinois 

Hoar, S Massachusetts 

Holman, W. S Indiana 

Hooker, Charles E Mississippi 

Hooker, W. B New York 

Hopkins, A. C Pennsylvania 

Hopkins, A. J Illinois 

Houk, G. W Ohio 

Houk, John C Tennessee 

Huff, G. F Pennsylvania 

Hull, J. A. T Iowa 

Johnson, H. U Indiana 

Johnson, T. L Ohio 

Johnson, M. N North Dakota 

Johnstone, G South Carolina 

Jolley, J. L South Dakota 

Jones, W. A Virginia 

Kem, O. M Nebraska 

Kendall, J. W Kentucky 

Ketcham, J. H New York 

Kilgore, C. B Texas 

Krebbs, G. F Pennsylvania 

Kyle, J. C Mississippi 

Lagan, M. D Louisiana 

Lane, Edward. Illinois 

Lanham, S. W. T Texas 

Lapham, O Rhode Island 

Lawson, J. W Virginia 

Lawson, T. G Georgia 

Layton,F. C Ohio 

Lester, P. G Virginia 

Lester, R. E Georgia 

Lewis, Clark Mississippi 

Lind, John Minnesota 

Little, J. J New York 

Livingston, L. F Georgia 

Lockwood, D.N New York 

Lodge, H. C Massachusetts 

Long, J. B Texas 

Loud, E. F California 

Lynch, T Wisconsin 

Manner, T. F New York 

Mallory, S. R Florida 

Mansur, Charles it Missouri 

Marl in, A. N Indiana 

Meredith, E. E Virginia 

Meyer, A Louisiana 



Miller, L. M Wisconsin 

Milliken, S. L Maine 

Mitchell, J. L Wisconsin 

Moore, L. W Texas 

Montgomery, A. B Kentucky 

Morse, E. A Massachusetts 

Moses, C. L Georgia 

Mutchler, W Pennsylvania 

McAlles, W Pennsylvania 

McClellan, C. A. O Indiana 

McCreary, J. B Kentucky 

McDonald, E. F New Jersey 

McGann, L. E Illinois 

McKaig, Wm. M Maryland 

McKeighan, W. A Nebraska 

McKenna, J California 

McKinney, L. F New Hampshire 

McMillan, B Tennessee 

McRea, Thomas C Arkansas 

Newberrv, W. C Illinois 

Norton, R. H Missouri 

Oates, W. C Alabama 

O'Donnell, J Michigan 

O'Farrell, C. T Virginia 

O'Neil, J. H Massachusetts 

O'Neill, C Pennsylvania 

O'Neill, J. J Missouri 

Otis, J. G Kansas 

Outhwaite, J. H Ohio 

Owens, J. W Ohio 

Page, C. H Rhode Island 

Page, H Maryland 

Parrett, W. F Indiana 

Patterson, J Tennessee 

Pattison, J. M Ohio 

Patton, D. H New York 

Payne, S. E New York 

Paynter, T. H Kentucky 

Pearson, A. J Ohio 

Peel, S. W Arkansas 

Pendleton, J. O West Virginia 

Perkins, G. D Iowa 

Pickler, J. A South Dakota 

Pierce, R. A. Tennessee 

Post, Philip S Illinois 

Powers, H. H Vermont 

Price, Andrew Louisiana 

Quackenbush, J. A New York 

Raines, J New York 

Randall, C. S Massachusetts 

Ray, G. W New York 

Rayner, I Maryland 

Reed, T. B Maine 

Reilly, J. B Pennsylvania 

Reyburn, J. E Pennsylvania 

Richardson, J. D Tennessee 

Rife, J. W Pennsylvania 

Robertson, S. M Louisiana 

Robinson, J. B Pennsylvania 

Rockwell, H. H New York 

Rusk, H. W Maryland 

Russell, C. A Connecticut 

Sanford, J New York 

Sayers, J. D Texas 

Scott, O Illinois 

Scull, Edward Pennsylvania 

Seerley, J. J Iowa 

Shell, C. W South Carolina 

Shively, Benj. F Indiana 

Shouk, G. W Pennsylvania 

Simpson, J Kansas 

Smith, G. W Illinois 

Suodgrass, H. C Tennessee 






FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. 



91 



REPRESENTATIVES (Alphabetically Arranged).— Continued. 



Snow, H. W Illinois 

Sperry, L Connecticut 

Springer, W. M Illinois 

Stackhouse, E. T South Carolina 

Stahlneckew, W. G New York 

Stephenson, S. M Michigan 

Stevens, M. T Massachusetts 

Stewart, A Pennsylvania 

Stewart, C Texas 

Stewart, L Illinois 

Stockdale, T. R Mississippi 

Stone, Chas. W Pennsylvania 

Stone, W. A Pennsylvania 

Stone, W. J Kentucky 

Storer, B Ohio 

Stout, B. G Michigan 

Stump, H Maryland 

Sweet, Willis Idaho 

Tarnsey, J. C Missouri 

Taylor, A Illinois 

Taylor, A. A Tennessee 

Taylor, E. B Ohio 

Taylor, Joseph D Ohio 

Taylor, V. A Ohio 

Terry, W. L Arkansas 

Tillman, G. D South Carolina 

To vvnsend, H Colorado 

Tracey, C New York 

Tucker, H. S. G Virginia 

Turner, H. G Georgia 



Turpin, L. W Alabama 

Van Horn, G New York 

Wadsworth, J. W New York 

Walker, J. H Massachusetts 

Warner, J. D New York 

Warwick, J. G Ohio 

Washington, Jos. E Tennessee 

Watson, T. E Georgia 

Waugh, D Indiana 

Weadcock, T. A. E Michigan 

Wever, J. M New York 

Wheeler, H. H Michigan 

Wheeler, J Alabama 

White, F. E Iowa 

Whiting, Justin R Michigan 

Wike, Scott Illinois 

Wilcox, W. F Connecticut 

Williams, A. H. A North Carolina 

Williams, G. F Massachusetts 

Williams, J. R Illinois 

Wilson, J. H Kentucky 

Wilson, J. L Washington 

Wilson, R. P. C Missouri 

Wilson, W. I West Virginia 

Winn, T. E Georgia 

Wise, G. D Virginia 

Wolverton, S. P Pennsylvania 

Wright, M. B Pennsylvania 

Youmaus, H. M Michigan 



TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. 



Caine, J. T Utah 

Harvey, D. A Oklahoma 



Joseph, A New Mexico 

Smith, M. A Arizona 



RECAPITULATION. 



States. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusel t s 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 



R. 


D.FA 




8 .. 




5 .. 


4 


2 .. 


1 




1 


3 .. 




1 .. 




o 




10 .. 


6 


U '.'. 


2 


11 .. 


5 


c .. 


2 


5 


1 


10 .. 




6 .. 


4 






6 .. 


5 


7 


4 


7 


1 


3 1 




7 




14 .. 
1 .. 



States. R. D. FA 

Nebraska 1 2 

New Hampshire 2 

New Jersey 2 5 

Nevada 1 

New York 11 23 .. 

North Carolina 1 8 .. 

North Dakota 1 .. .. 

Ohio 7 14 .. 

Oregon 1 . . 

Pennsylvania 18 10 

Rhode Island 2 

South Carolina 7 .. 

South Dakota 2 . . 

Tennessee 2 H 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 



10 



Wyoming . 
Totals. 



1 



236 8 



APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1789-1893. 



The act of 1891 provides that, after March 3, 1893, the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall be composed of 356 members, to be apportioned as follows : 



Alabama 9, 
Arkansas 6, 

California 7, 
Colorado 2, 
Connecticut 4, 
Delaware 1, 
Florida 2, 
Georgia 11, 
Idaho 1, 
Illinois 22, 
Indiana 13, 



Iowa 11, 
Kansas 8, 
Kentucky 11, 
Louisiana 6, 
Maine 4, 
Maryland 6, 
Massachusetts 13, 
Michigan 12, 
Minnesota 7, 
Mississippi 7, 
Missouri 15, 



Montana 1, 
Nebraska 6, 
Nevada 1, 
New Hampshire 2, 
New Jersey 8, 
New York 34, 
North Carolina 9, 
North Dakota 1, 
Ohio 21, 
Oregon 2, 
Pennsylvania 30, 



Rhode Island 2, 
South Carolina 7, 
South Dakota 2, 
Tennessee 10, 
Texas 13, 
Vermont 2, 
Virginia 10, 
Washington 2, 
West Virginia 4, 
Wisconsin 10, 
Wyoming 1. 



Whenever a new State is admitted, Representatives assigned to it shall be 
in addition to the number 356. In each State entitled under this apportion- 
ment the number in the LUId and each subsequent Congress shall be elected 
by districts composed of contiguous territory, and containing as nearly as 
practicable an equal number of inhabitants. These districts shall be equal 
to the number of Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Con- 
gress, no one district electing more than one Representative. In case of an 
increase in the number of Representatives from any State under this appor- 
tionment, such additional Representatives shall be elected by the State at 
large, and the other Representatives by the districts now prescribed by law 
until the Legislature shall redistrict such State, and if there be no increase 
in the number of Representatives from a State, the Representatives shall be 
elected from the districts now prescribed by law until such State be redis- 
tricted, as herein prescribed by the State Legislature. 

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Massachu- 
setts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon and Wisconsin gained one 
Representative each : Illinois, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Texas two each, 
and Nebraska three. 

The basis of representation for the last apportionment is found by divid- 
ing the total population of all the States by 356. Then by the quotient, 
which, from results of the Eleventh Census, is 173,901, the population of 
each State is divided. If the population be exactly divisible by that number, 
the answer will show how many members of Congress the State is entitled 
to ; though no State can have less than one. As there is often a fraction left 
over after doing this sum in division, the total of all the answers will be 
something less than 356, as it happens 339. These seventeen Representa- 
tives are then allotted to the States having the largest fractions, one to each. 

The following exhibit shows the apportionment for the House of Repre- 
sentatives since the formation of the srovernment : 






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'O9L,P5d502HE-i>>-?!?! 



THE NEW APPORTIONMENT— STATES REDISTRICTED.* 
CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENTS. 



Alabama as redistricted Feb. 13, 1891: 

1st District — Counties of Mobile, Washington, Clark, Monroe, Choctaw 
and Marengo. 

2d District — Counties of Baldwin, Wilcox, Escambia, Covington, Con- 
ecuh, Butler, Crenshaw, Pike and Montgomery. 

3d District — Counties of Geneva, Coffee, Dale, Henry, Barbour, Bullock, 
Russell and Lee. 

4th District — Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun 
and Cleburne. 

5th District — Counties of Lowndes, Augusta, Elmore, Macon, Tallapoosa, 
Coosa, Chambers, Clay and Randolph. 

6th District — Counties of Sumter, Greene, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, 
Fayette, Walker and Marion. 

7th District — Counties of St. Clair, Etowah, Cherokee, Marshall and De- 
Kalb. 

8th District — Counties of Colbert, Lawrence, Morgan, Jackson, Madison, 
Limestone and Lauderdale. 

ARKANSAS. 

Arkansas as redistricted by the Legislature of 1890-91: 

1st District — Counties of Chicot, Desha, Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Crit- 
tenden, Woodruff-Cross, Jackson, Poinsett, Mississippi, Craighead, Law- 
rence, Greene, Sharp, Randolph and Clay. 

2d District — Counties of Bradley, Drew, Cleveland, Lincoln, Dallas, 
Jefferson, Grant, Hot Springs, Garland, Saline, Montgomery, Polk, Scott 
and Sebastian. 

3d District — Counties of Ashley, Union, Calhoun, Ouichita, Columbia, 
Clark, Nevada, Lafayette, Hempstead, Pike, Howard, Sevier, Little River 
and Miller. 

4th District — Counties of Pulaski, Perry, Yell, Logan, Pope, Johnson and 
Franklin. 

5th District — Counties of Faulkner, Conway, Van Buren, Searcy, New- 
ton, Boone, Carroll, Madison, Washington and Burton. 

6th District — Counties of Arkansas, Monroe, Prairie, Lonoke, White, 
Cleburne, Independence, Stone, Izard, Marion, Baxter and Fulton. 

COLORADO. 

Colorado as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Counties of Lorimer, Weld, Morgan, Logan, Washington, 
Sedgwick, Phillips, Yuma, Arapahoe, Jefferson, Lake and Park. 
2d District — The remainder of the State. 



Georgia as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Counties of Mcintosh, Liberty, Bryan, Chatham, Tattnall, 
Bullock, Effingham, Screven, Emanuel and Burke. 

2d District — Counties of Thomas, Decatur, Berrien, Colquitt, Worth, 
Mitchell, Miller, Baker, Early, Calhoun, Dougherty, Clay, Terrell, Ran- 
dolph and Quitman. 

* For revisions anil additions to this list, up to the moment of going to press, see 
Addenda, preceding Index. 

94 



THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 95 

3d District — Counties of Wilcox, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Dooley, Lee, 
Sumter, Macon, Crawford, Taylor, Schley, Webster and Stewart. 

4th District — Counties of Marion, Chattahoochee, Muscogee, Talbot, 
Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard and Carroll. 

5th District — Counties of Johnson, Laurens, Dodge, Montgomery, Tel- 
fair, Irwin, Appling, Coffee, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Camden, Charlton, 
Ware, Clinch and Echols. 

6th District — Counties of Baldwin, Jones, Bibb, Monroe, Butts, Henry, 
Spalding, Pike and Upson. 

7th District — Counties of Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Polk, Floyd, Bar- 
ton, Gordon, Chattooga, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, Dade and Walker. 

8th District — Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Greene, Morgan, Oconee, 
Clarke, Oglethorpe, Wilkes, Madison, Elbert, Hart and Franklin. 

9th District — Counties of Gwinnett, Milton, Jackson, Banks, Hall, For- 
sythe, Cherokee, Pickens, Dawson, [Habersham, White, Lumpkin-Gilmer, 
Fannin, Union Towns and Rabun. 

10th District — Counties of Wilkinson, Washington, Jefferson, Bullock, 
Hancock, Warren, Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, McDuffie and Taliaferro. 

11th District — Counties of Walton, Newton, Rockdale, DeKalb, Fulton, 
Douglass, Campbell, Henry, Clayton, Fayette and Spaulding. 

INDIANA. 

» 

Indiana as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Counties of Posey, Vanderburg, Gibson, Pike, Warwick, 
Spencer and Perry. 

2d District — Counties of Crawford, Dubois, Orange, Lawrence, Martin, 
Daviess, Green and Knox. 

3d District— Counties of Harrison, Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jen- 
nings, Jackson and Washington. 

4th District — Counties of Switzerland, Ohio, Dearborn, Ripley, Decatur, 
Franklin, Rush and Shelby. 

5th District — Counties of Bartholomew, Brown, Johnson, Monroe, Mor- 
gan, Hendricks, Owen and Putnam. 

6th District — Counties of Fayette, Union, Wayne, Randolph, Henry and 
Delaware. 

7th District — Counties of Marion, Hancock and Madison. 

8th District — Counties of Sullivan, Vigo, Clay, Vermillion, Park and 
Fountain. 

9th District — Counties of Hamilton, Boone, Tipton, Howard, Clinton, 
Tippecanoe, Warren and Benton. 

10th District — Counties of Lake, Newton, Porter, Jasper, Pulaski, Ful- 
ton, White, Cass and Carroll. 

11th District — Counties of Miami, Wabash, Huntington, Wells, Adams, 
Jay, Blackford and Grant. 

12th District — Counties of Lagrange, Steuben, Noble, DeKalb, Whitley 
and Allen. 

13th District— Counties of Elkhart, Kosciusko, Marshall, St. Joseph, La 
Porte and Starke. 

MICHIGAN. 

The following gives the Congressional districts of Michigan as the State 
was apportioned under the census of 1890 by the last Legislature. The 
arrangement of the different counties under the bill, with the population of 
each, is: 

1. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 15th 
wards of the city of Detroit; population, 173,841. 



96 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 

2. Jackson, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Monroe, and the townships of Plym- 
outh, Canton, Van Buren, Romulus, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown, Mon- 
guagon, Taylor and Ecorse, and the city of Wyandotte in Wayne county; 
population, 192,779. 

3. Hillsdale, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Eaton ; population, 172, 309. 

4. St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry; population, 
180,874. 

5. Ottawa, Kent and Ionia; population, 178,081. 

6. Ingham, Livingston, Genesee and Oakland, the townships of Livonia, 
Nankin, Dearborn, Redford, Springwell and Greenfield in the county of 
Wayne, and the 12th, 14th and 16th wards in the city of Detroit; population, 
190,443. 

7. Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer, St. Clair and McCornb, and the townships of 
Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck in Wayne county; population, 181,441. 

8. Tuscola, Saginaw, Shiawassee and Clinton; population, 172,342. 

9. Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, Wexford, Manistee, Ben- 
zie, Leelanaw and Manitou; population, 149,558, 

10. Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Oscoda, 
Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Emmet and 
Otsego; population, 154,811. 

11. Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Osceola, Clare, Roscommon, 
Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix; population 
167,629. 

12. Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, 
Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, 
Luce, Iron and Gogebic (comprising the upper peninsula); population, 
180,658. 

It is intended to give six safely Democratic districts — the 1st, 2d, 5th, 
7th, 8th and 10th. The 6th and 9th are set down as doubtful, but as giving 
the Democrats more than a fighting chance. The 3d, 4th, 11th and 12th are 
safely Republican. By some the 5th is also classified as doubtful, but under 
ordinary circumstances it would undoubtedly be hard for the Republicans to 
carry it. 

MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota as redistricted in 1891: 

1st District — Counties of Wabasha, Winona, Houston, Olmsted, Fillmore, 
Dodge, Mower, Steele, Freeborn and Waseca. 

2d District — Counties of Blue Earth, Nicolet, Faribault, Brown, Waton- 
wan, Martin, Jackson, Cottonwood, Redwood, Chippewa, Lac qui Parle, 
Yellow Medicine, Lincoln, Lyon, Pipe Stone, Murray, Rock and Nobles. 

3d District — Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Carver, Meeker, 
Sibley, Le Sueur and Renville. 

4th District — Counties of Washington, Chicago, Isanti and Kanabee. 

5th District — The county of Hennepin. 

6th District — Counties of Anoka, Wright, Sherburne, Stearns, Benton, 
Mille Lacs, Morrison, Todd, Crow Wing, Atkins, Pine, Carlton, Cass, 
Wadena, Hubbard, Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake and Cook. 

7th District — Counties of Kandiyohi, Swift, Big Stone, Stevens, Pope, 
Traverse, Grant, Douglass, Wilkin, Otter Tail, Clay, Becker, Norman, 
Polk, Marshall and Kittson. 

NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska as redistricted in 1891: 

1st District — Counties of Richardson, Pawnee, Johnson, Nemaha, Otoe, 
Lancaster and Cass. 

2d District — Counties of Sarpy, Douglass and Washington. 



THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 97 

3d District— Counties of Merrick, Nance, Boone, Antelope, Knox, Pierce, 
Madison, Platte, Colfax, Stanton, Wayne, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota, Thurston, 
Coming, Burt and Dodge. 

4th District— Counties of Gage, Jefferson, Thayer, Saline, Fillmore, 
Seward, York, Hamilton, Po.k, Butler and Saunders. 

5th District— Counties of Clay, Nuckolls, Hall, Adams, Webster, 
Kearney, Franklin, Harlan, Phelps, Furnas, Gosper, Red Willow, Frontier,' 
Hitchcock, Hayes, Dundy, Chase and Perkins. 

6th District — The remainder of the State. 

NEW JERSEY. 

New Jersey as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District— Counties of Cape May, Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester and 
Camden. 

2d District — Counties of Atlantic, Burlington, Ocean and Mercer. 

3d District — Counties of Monmouth, Middlesex and Somerset. 

4th District — Counties of Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Essex and Sussex. 

5th District — Counties of Bergen and Passaic. 

6th District — City of Newark. 

7th District — Cities of Hoboken and Jersey City. 

8th District — County of Union. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolina as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Carteret, Pandico, Pitt, Beaufort, Hyde, Dare, Tyrrell, 
Washington, Martin, Chowan, Hertford, Perquimans, Gates, Pasquotank 
and Currituck. 

2d District — Counties of Lenoir, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, Edgecombe, 
Warren, Halifax, Northampton and Bertie. 

3d District — Counties of Craven, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Bladen, Samp- 
son, Cumberland, Harnett, and Moore. 

4th District— Counties of Vance, Franklin, Nash, Johnson, Wake, 
Chatham and Randolph. 

5th District — Counties of Granville, Durham, Person, Orange, Alamance, 
Caswell, Guilford, Rockingham and Stokes. 

6th District — Counties of Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, 
Robson, Richmond, Anson, Union and Mecklenburg. 

7th District — Counties of Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Rowan, David- 
son, Davie, Yadkin, Iredell, Catawba and Lincoln. 

8th District — Counties of Gaston, Cleveland, Burke, Alexander, Cald- 
well, Mitchell, Watauga, Wilkes, Ashe, Alleghany, Surry and Forsythe. 

9th District — Counties of Polk, Rutherford, McDowell, Yancey, Bun- 
combe, Henderson, Madison, Haywood, Transylvania, Jackson, Swain, 
Macon, Graham, Cherokee and Clay. 



Ohio as redistricted by act of March 11, 1890: 

District 1. That so much of the county of Hamilton as is now contained 
within the limits of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th,*6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 
21st, 26th, and 27th wards of the city of Cincinnati, as they are now consti- 
tuted, and the townships of Anderson, Columbia, Spencer, Symmes, Syca- 
more and Southeast, St. Bernard and Clifton precincts of Mill Creek town- 
ship. 



98 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 

2. The balance of the county of Hamilton as is now contained within the 
limits of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 
25th, 28th, 29th and 30th wards of the city of Cincinnati as they are now con- 
stituted, and the townships of Springfield, Colerain, Green, Delhi, Miami, 
Whitewater, Harrison, Crosby and College Hill, Winton Place, Western, 
Avondale, Bond Hill, Elmwood and Northeast precincts of Mill Creek town- 
ship. 

3. The counties of Butler, Montgomery and Warren. 

4. The counties of Champaign, Darke, Mercer, Miami, Preble and 
Shelby. 

5. The counties of Allen, Auglaize, Hardin, Logan, Putnam and Van 
Wert. 

6. The counties of Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Paulding, Williams and 
Wood. 

7. The counties of Erie, Lucas, Ottawa and Sandusky. 

8. The counties of Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Union and Wyandot. 

9. The counties of Franklin, Madison and Pickaway. 

10. The counties of Clark, Clinton, Fayette, Greene and Ross. 

11. The counties of Adams, Brown, Clermont, Highland and Pike. 

12. The counties of Athens, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs and Scioto. 

13. The counties of Fairfield, Hocking, Jackson, Morgan, Perry and 
Vinton. 

14. The counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum and Tuscarawas. 

15. The coimties of Ashland, Crawford, Delaware, Knox, Morrow and 
Richland. 

16. The counties of Holmes, Medina, Wayne and Stark. 

17. The counties of Belmont, Noble, Monroe and Washington. 

18. The counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, and Jef- 
ferson. 

19. The counties of Ashtabula, Geauga, Mahoning, Portage and Trum- 
bull. 

20. The counties of Huron, Lake, Lorain, Summit, and the townships of 
Bedford, Chagrin Falls, East Cleveland, Euclid, Mayfield, Newburg, 
Orange, Warrensville, Solon, Brecksville, Brooklyn, Dover, Middleburg, 
Olmstead, Parma, Independence, Rockport, Royalton and Strongsville, in 
Cuyahoga county, and the 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 27th wards of the city 
of Cleveland as they are now constituted. 

21. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. 13th, 
14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 
33d, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th wards of the city of Cleve- 
land as they are now constituted. 

OKEGON. 

Oregon as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Counties of Tillamook, Washington, Clarkamas, Yamhill, 
Polk, Marion, Benton, Linn, Lane, Douglass, Coos, Curry, Josephine, 
Jackson, Klamath and Lake. 

2d District — Counties of Clatsop, Columbia, Multnomah, Wasco, Sher- 
man, Gillman, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Grant, Crook, 
Harney and Malheur. 

TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee as redistricted in 1891 : 

1st District — Counties of Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, Unicoi, 
Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hawkins, Granger, Hancock and Claiborne. 

2d District — Counties of Scott, Campbell, Union, Anderson, Morgan, 
Roane, Knox, Jefferson, Sevier, Blount and Louden. 



THE WEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 99 

3d District— Counties of Monroe, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Bradley, James, 
Hamilton, Marion, Franklin, Sequatchie, Grundy, Bledsoe, Van Buren| 
Warren and White. 

4th District— Counties of Fentress, Pickett, Overton, Putnam, Jackson, 
Clay, Macon, Trousdale, Wilson, Smith and Sumner. 

5th District— Counties of Lincoln, Moore, Coffee, Bedford, Marshall, 
Cannon, Rutherford and DeKalb. 

6th District— Counties of Davidson, Cheatham, Robertson, Montgomery, 
Humphreys, Houston and Stewart. 

_ 7th District— Counties of Dickson, Hickman, Williamson, Lewis, Maury, 
Giles, Lawrence and Wayne. 

8th District— Counties of Henry, Carroll, Benton, Perry, Decatur, Hen- 
derson, Madison, Chester, McNairy and Hardin. 

9th District— Counties of Lake, Obion, Weakley, Gibson, Dyer, Lauder- 
dale, Crockett and Haywood. 

10th District— Counties of Tipton, Shelby, Fayette and Hardeman. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin as redistricted in 1890: 

1st District — Counties of Kenosha, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green and 
Lafayette. 

2d District — Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia, 

3d District — Counties of Grant, Iowa, Crawford, Richland, Sauk, Ver- 
non, Juneau and Adams. 

4th District — County of Milwaukee. 

5th District — Counties of Waukesha, Washington, Ozaukee and She- 
boygan. 

6th District — Counties of Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Mani- 
towoc, Calumet, Winnebago, and Waushara. 

7th District — Counties of LaCrosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, 
Buffalo, Pepin and Eau Claire. 

8th District — Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outgamie, Brown, 
Kewaunee and Door. 

9th District— Counties of Clark, Taylor, Pierce, Ashland, Oneida, Lin- 
coln, Marathon, Shawano, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and 
Oconto. 

10th District — Counties of Bayfield, Douglass, Sawyer, Washburn, Bur- 
nett, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. 



RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. 



The principal changes made by the fifty-first in the rules of the former 
House were these: 

1. In new Rule VIII., it was required that every member shall be pres- 
ent within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or neces- 
sarily prevented, and shall vote on each question put, unless he has a direct 
personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The old rule 
required him to be present and to vote "unless on motion made before 
division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, 
he shall be excused," or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest 
in the event of such question. The provision within quotation marks gave 
opportunity for frivolous and dilatory motions. 

2. As to questions of privilege, the new rules gave them "precedence 
of all other questions, except motions to adjourn." The old rules gave them 
precedence of "all other questions except motions to fix the day to which 
the Hoiise shall adjourn, and for a recess." 

3. ^The new rules required that "all proposed action touching the rules, 
joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on 
Rules." The old rule did not contain the clause "and order of business," 
and left the struggle over precedence of business to go on under the general 
rules in the House. 

4. The new rules struck from the rule touching committees the old 
provision that "any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the 
House shall have leave to report such bill at any time and may call the 
same up for consideration, as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV." 
Their report, it was intended under the new rules, should come in as reports 
from the committees of the House. 

5. The new rules established three calendars, and provided that "all 
reports of committees, except as provided in clause 51 of Rule XI., together 
with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing 
and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker, in 
accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall 
be entered on the Journal and printed in the Record." The old rales per- 
mitted the reporting of bills and their reference in open session, with the 
reference of them in certain prescribed cases to be determined by vote of the 
House. 

6. The new rules added this clause to Rule XV.: "On the demand of 
any member, or at" the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members 
sufficient to make a quorum in the hall of the House who do not vote, shall 
be noted by the clerk and recorded in the Journal, and reported to the 
Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and 
announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do business." 

7. The new rules (XVI., clause 4) reduced the number of motions in 
order when a question is under debate, by striking out the motions "to fix 
the day to which the House shall adjourn, and to take a recess." Motions 
to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, to postpone to a 
day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely were left. 

8. The new rales struck out the clause that "a motion to fix the day 
to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn and to take a recess 
shall always be in order." 

!>. The new rules inserted as clause 10 of Rule XVI. the words: "No 
dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker." 

10. The new rule struck out the old clause which required that the pre- 

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Hon. THOS. B. REED. 



RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-FIEST CONGRESS. 101 

vious question should extend only to the engrossment and third reading of 
a bill, and then be renewed so as to reach the question of passage; and in- 
serted a clause that it may be made to "include the bill to its passage or 
rejection." 

11. The new rules struck out as motions having preference of a motion 
to reconsider a vote, the motion "to fix the day to which the House shall 
adjourn or to take a recess." 

12. The new rule extended to bills, the old rule relating to memorials 
and petitions, and provided for the introduction of all by handing them to 
the Speaker or clerk for appropriate reference to committees. 

13. The new rule changed the old rule so as to fix "one hundred mem- 
bers " as a quorum in the Committee of the Whole. The old rule had no 
provision on the subject, but a quorum hi Committee of the Whole was 
treated the same as a quorum in the House. 

14. The new rules required that all propositions involving a tax or 
charge upon the people "originating either in the House or Senate," shall be 
first considered in a Committee of the Whole. The words within quotation 
marks were not in the old rule. 

15. The new rule changed the "order of business" so as to conform to 
the other changes made; but these variations are of minor consequence and 
are not stated. 

16. There were several other unimportant changes to make the plan 
harmonious. 

THE ACTION OF THE HOUSE. 

The new rules came up for debate and action in February, 1890. 

On the 13th, pending the clause to insert the words: "No dilatory 
motion shall be entertained by the Speaker," a motion to add the words: 
"But a demand for the yeas and nays shall not be considered dilatory," was 
rejected — yeas, 119 (Republicans 2, Democrats 117); nays, 149 (Republicans 
147, Democrats 2). A motion to add the words: "And the Speaker shall 
not in any case refuse to entertain an appeal from his decision, " was rejected 
— yeas, 114 (all Democrats); nays, 140 (all Republicans). A motion on the 
14th to strike out the clause was rejected — yeas, 140 (all Democrats); nays, 
155 (all Republicans). 



RULES, HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. 

FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. 
Rule I. 

DUTIES OF THE SPEAKER. 

1. The Speaker shall take the chair on every legislative day precisely at 
the hour to which the House shall have adjourned at the last sitting, imme- 
diately call the members to order, and on the appearance of a quorum, 
cause the journal of the proceedings of the last day's sitting to be read, hav- 
ing previously examined and approved the same. 

2. He shall preserve order and decorum, and in case of disturbance or 
disorderly conduct in the galleries, or in the lobby, may cause the same to 
be cleared. 

3. He shall have general control, except as provided by rule or law, of 
the hall of the House, and the disposal of the unappropriated rooms in that 
part of the Capitol assigned to the use of the House until further order. 

4. He shall sign all acts, addresses, joint resolutions, writs, warrants, 
and subpoenas of, or issued by order of, the House, and decide all questions 
of order subject to an appeal by any member, on which appeal no member 
shall speak more than once, unless by permission of the House. 

5. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting; and shall put 
questions in this form, to wit: "As many as are in favor (as the question 
may be) say Ay; " and after the affirmative voice is expressed, "As many as 
are opposed say No; " if he doubts, or a division is called for, the House 
shall divide; those in the affirmative of the question shall first rise from their 
seats, and then those in the negative; if he still doubts, or a count is required 
by at least one-fifth of a quorum, he shall name one from each side of the 
question, to tell the members in the affirmative and negative; which being 
reported, he shall rise and state the decision. 

6. He shall not be required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, 
except where his vote would be decisive, or where the House is engaged in 
voting by ballot; and in all cases of a tie vote the question shall be lost. 

7. He shall have the right to name any member to perform the duties 
of the Chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment: 
Provided, however, That in case of his illness, he may make such appoint- 

I nient for a period not exceeding ten days, with the approval of the House at 
' the time the same is made; and in his absence and omission to make such 

appointment, the House shall proceed to elect a Speaker pro tempore, to act 

during his absence. 

Rule II. 

ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 

There shall be elected by a viva voce vote at the commencement of each 
Congress, to continue in office until their successors are chosen and qualified, 
a Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Doorkeeper, Postmaster, and Chaplain, each of 
whom shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, 
and for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office, to the best 
of his knowledge and ability, and to keep the secrets of the House, and each 
shall appoint all of the employes of his department provided for by law. 

103 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 103 

Rule III. 

DUTIES OF THE CLERK. 

1. The Clerk shall, at the commencement of the first session of each 
Congress, call the members to order, proceed to call the roll of members by 
States in alphabetical order, and, pending the election of a Speaker or 
Speaker pro tempore, preserve order and decorum, and decide all questions 
of order, subject to appeal by any member. 

2. He shall make, and cause to be printed and delivered to each member, 
or mailed to his address, at the commencement of every regular session of 
( longress, a list of the reports which it is the duty of any officer or depart- 
ment to make to Congress, referring to the act or resolution and page of the 
volume of the laws or journal in which it may be contained, and placing 
under the name of each officer the list of reports required of him to be made; 
also make a weekly statement of the resolutions and bills upon the Speaker's 
table, accompanied with a brief reference to the orders and proceedings of 
the House upon each, and the dates of such orders and proceedings, which 
statement shall be printed. 

3. He shall note all questions of order, with the decisions thereon, the 
record of which shall be printed as an appendix to the Journal of each 
session; and complete, as soon after the close of the session as possible, the 
printing and distribution to members and delegates of the journal of the 
House, together with an accurate and complete index; retain in the library 
at his office, for the use of the members and officers of the House, and not to 
be withdrawn therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents 
deposited there; send, at the end of each session, a printed copy of the 
Journal thereof to the Executive and to each branch of the Legislature of 
every State and Territory; preserve for and deliver or mail to each member 
and delegate an extra copy, in good binding, of all documents printed by 
order of either House of the Congress to which he belonged; attest and affix 
the seal of the House to all writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by order of 
the House, certify to the passage of all bills and joint resolutions, make or 
approve all contracts, bargains, or agreements relative to- furnishing any 
matter or thing, or for the performance of any labor for the House of Repre- 
sentatives, in pursuance of law or order of the House, keep full and accurate 
accounts of the disbursements out of the contingent fund of the House, keep 
the stationery accounts of members and delegates, and pay them as provided 
by law. He shall pay to the officers and employes of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, on the last day of each month, the amount of their salaries that 
shall be due them; and when the last day of the month falls on Sunday he 
shall pay them on the day next preceding. 

Rule IV. 

DUTIES OP TILE SERGEANT-AT-ARMS. 

1. It shall be the duty of the Sergeant-at-Arms to attend the House 
during its sittings, to maintain order under the direction of the Speaker, 
and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore, under the 
direction of the Clerk; execute the commands of the House, and all proc- 
esses issued by authority thereof, directed to him by the Speaker, keep the 
accounts for the pay and mileage of Members and Delegates, and pay them 
as provided by law. 

2. The symbol of his office shall be the mace, which shall be borne by 
him while enforcing order on the floor. 



104 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Rule V. 

DUTIES OF OTHER OFFICERS. 

1. The Doorkeeper shall enforce strictly the rules relating to the privileges 
of the hall and be responsible to the House for the official conduct of his 
employes. 

2. At the commencement and close of each session of Congress he shall 
take an inventory of all the furniture, books, and other public property in 
the several committee and other rooms under his charge, and report the 
same to the House, which report shall be referred to the Committee on 
Accounts to ascertain and determine the amount for which he shall be held 
liable for missing articles. 

3. He shall allow no person to enter the room over the hall of the House 
during its sittings; and fifteen minutes before the hour for the meeting of 
the House each day he shall see that the floor is cleared of all persons except 
those privileged to remain, and kept so until ten minutes after adjournment. 

Rule VI. 

The Postmaster shall superintend the post-office kept in the Capitol for 
the accommodation of Representatives, delegates, and officers of the House, 
and be held responsible for the prompt and safe delivery of their mail. 

Rule VII. 

The Chaplain shall attend at the commencement of each day's sitting of 
the House and open the same with prayer. 

Rule VIII. 

OF THE MEMBERS. 

1. Every member shall be present within the hall of the House during 
its sittings, unless excused or necessarily prevented; and shall vote on each 
question put, unless, on motion made before division or the commencement 
of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused, or unless he 
has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. 

2. Pairs shall be announced by the Clerk, after the completion of the 
second roll-call, from a written list furnished him, and signed by the mem- 
ber making the statement to the Clerk, which list shall lie published in the 
Record as apart of the proceedings, immediately following the names of 
those not voting: Provided, That pairs shall be announced but once during 
the same legislative day. 

Rule IX. 

QUESTIONS OF PRIVILEGE. 

Questions of privilege shall be, first, those affecting the rights of the 
House collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings; 
second, the rights, reputation, and conduct of members" individually in their 
representative capacity only; and shall have precedence of all other ques- 
tions, except motions to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to ad- 
journ, and for a recess. 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 105 

Rule X. 

OP COMMITTEES. 

1. Unless otherwise specially ordered by the House, the Speaker shall ap- 
point, at the commencement of each Congress, the following standing com- 
mittees, viz. : 

On Elections, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Ways and Means, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Appropriations, to consist of fifteen members. 

On the Judiciary, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Banking and Currency, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Coinage, Weights, and Measures, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to consist of seventeen members. 

On Rivers and Harbors, to consist of fifteen members. 

On the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Agriculture, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Foreign Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Military Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Naval Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 

On the Post-Office and Post-Roads, to consist of fifteen members. 

On the Public Lands, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Indian Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Territories, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Railways and Canals, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Manufactures, to consist of eleven members. 

On Mines and Mining, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Public Buildings and Grounds, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Pacific Railroads, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Levees and Improvement of the Mississippi River, to consist of thir- 
teen members. 

On Education, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Labor, to consist of thirteen members. 

On the Militia, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Patents, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Invalid Pensions, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Pensions, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Claims, to consist of fifteen members. 

On War Claims, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Private Land Claims, to consist of thirteen members. 

On the District of Columbia, to consist of fifteen members. 

On Revision of the Laws, to consist of thirteen members. 

On Expenditures in the State Department, to consist of seven members. 

On Expenditures in the Treasury Department, to consist of seven 
members. 

On Expenditures in the War Department, to consist of seven members. 

On Expenditures in the Navy Department, to consist of seven members. 

On Expenditures in the Post-Office Department, to consist of seven 
members. 

On Expenditures in the Interior Department, to consist of seven members. 

On Expenditures in the Department of Justice, to consist of seven 
members. 

On Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture, to consist of seven 
members. 

On Expenditures on Public Buildings, to consist of seven members. 

On Rules, to consist of five members. 

On Accounts, to consist of nine members-. 
10b 



100 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

On Mileage, to consist of five members. 

Also the following joint standing committees, viz. : 

On the Library, to consist of three members. 

On Printing, to consist of three members. 

On Enrolled Bills, to consist of seven members. 

2. He shall also appoint all select committees which shall be ordered by 
the House from time to time; 

3. The first-named member of each committee shall be the chairman ; 
and in his absence, or being excused by the House, the next-named member, 
and so on, as often as the case shall happen, unless the committee by a ma- 
jority of its number elect a chairman; and in case of the death of a chair- 
man, it shall be duty of the Speaker to appoint another. 

4. The chairman shall appoint the clerk of his committee, subject to its 
approval ; who shall be paid at the public expense, the House having first 
provided therefor. 

Rule XI. 

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. 

All proposed legislation shall be referred to the committees named in the 
preceding rule as follows, viz. : Subjects relating — 

1. to the election of members: to the Committee on Elections; 

2. to the revenue and the bonded debt of the United States: to the Com 
mittee on Ways and Means; 

3. to appropriation of the revenue for the support of the government as 
herein provided, viz.: for legislative, executive, and judicial expenses; for 
sundry civil expenses; for fortifications and coast defenses; for the District 
of Columbia; for pensions; and for all deficiencies: to the Committee on Ap- 
propriations; 

4. to judicial proceedings, civil and criminal law: to the Committee on 
the Judiciary; 

5. to banking and currency: to the Committee on Banking and Currency; 

6. to coinage, weights, and measures: to the Committee on Coinage, 
Weights, and Measures; 

7. to commerce, life-saving service, and lighthouses, other than appro- 
priations for life-saving service and lighthouses: to the Committee on Inter- 
state and Foreign Commerce; 

8. to the improvement of rivers and harbors: to the Committee on Rivers 
and Harbors; 

9. to the merchant marine and fisheries : to the Committee on the Mer- 
chant Marine and Fisheries; 

10. \o agriculture and forestry: to the Committee on Agriculture, who 
shall receive the estimates and report the appropriations for the Agricultural 
Department; 

11. to the relations of the United States with foreign nations, including 
appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Foreign Affairs; 

12. to the military establishment and the public defense, including the 
appropriations for its support and for that of the Military Academy: to the 
Committee on Military Affairs; 

13. to the naval establishment, including the appropriations for its sup- 
port: to the Committee on Naval Affairs; 

14. to the post-office and post-roads, including appropriations for their 
support: to the Committee on the Post-Oiliee and Post-Roads; 

15. to the lands of the United States: to the Committee on the Public 
Lands ; 

16. to the relations of the United Stales with the Indians and the Indian 
tribes, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Indian Affairs; 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 107 

17. to Territorial legislation, the revision thereof, and affecting Terri- 
tories or the admission of States: to the Committee on the Territories; 

18. to railways and canals, other than Pacific railroads: to the Committee 
on Railways and Canals; 

19. to the manufacturing industries: to the Committee on Manufactures; 

20. to the mining interests: to the Committee on Mines and Mining; 

21. to the public buildings and occupied or improved grounds of the 
United States, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Pub- 
lic Buildings and Grounds; 

22. to the railroads and telegraphic lines between the Mississippi River 
and the Pacific coast: to the Committee on Pacific Railroads; 

23. to the levees of the Mississippi River: to the Committee on Levees 
and Improvements of the Mississippi River; 

24. to education: to the Committee on Education; 

25. to and affecting labor: to the Committee on Labor; 

26. to the militia of the several States: to the Committee on the Militia; 

27. to patents, copyrights, and trade-marks: to the Committee on 
Patents; 

28. to the pensions of the Civil "War: to the Committee on Invalid 
Pensions; 

29. to the pensions of all the wars of the United States, other than the 
civil war: to the Committee on Pensions; 

30. to private and domestic claims and demands, other than war claims, 
against the United States: to the Committee on Claims; 

31. to claims arising from any war in which the United States has been 
engaged: to the Committee on War Claims; 

32. to private claims to lands: to the Committee on Private Land Claims; 

33. to the District of Columbia, other than appropriations therefor: to 
the Committee for the District of Columbia ; 

34. to the revision and codification of the statutes of the United States: 
to the Committee on the Revision of the Laws; 

35. The examination of the accounts and expenditures of the several 
Departments of the government and the manner of keeping the same; the 
economy, justness, and correctness of such expenditures; their conformity 
with appropriation laws; the proper application of public moneys; the 
security of the government against unjust and extravagant demands; re- 
trenchment; the enforcement of the payment of moneys due to the United 
States; the economy and accountability of public officers; the abolishment 
of useless offices; the reduction or increase of the pay of officers, shall all be 
subjects within the jurisdiction of the eight standing committees on the pub- 
lic expenditures, in the several Departments, as follows: 

36. In the Department of State: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
the State Department; 

37. In the Treasury Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
the Treasury Department; 

38. In the War Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the 
War Department; 

39. In the Navy Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the 
Navy Department; 

40. In the Post-Office Department: to the Committee on Expenditures 
in the Post-Office Department; 

41. In the Interior Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
the Interior Department; 

42. In the Department of Justice: to the Committee on Expenditures in 
the Department of Justice ; 

43. In the Department of Agriculture: to the Committee on Expendi- 
tures in the Department of Agriculture; 



108 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

44. On public buildings: to the Committee on Expenditures on Public 
Buildings; 

45. All proposed action touching the rules and joint rules and order of 
business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules; 

46. Touching the expenditure of the contingent fund of the House, the 
auditing and settling of all accounts which may be charged therein by order 
of the House: to the Committee on Accounts; 

47. The ascertainment of the travel of members of the House shall be 
made by the Committee on Mileage and reported to the Sergeant-at-Arms; 

48. Touching the Library of Congress, statuary, and pictures: to the 
Joint Committee on the Library; 

49. All proposed legislation or orders touching printing shall be referred 
to the Joint Committee on Printing on the part of the House; 

50. The enrollment of engrossed bills; to the Joint Committee on En- 
rolled Bills; 

51. The following-named committees shall have leave to report at any 
time on the matters herein stated, viz. : The Committee on Rules, on rules, 
joint rules, and order of business; the Committee on Elections, on the right 
of a member to his seat; the Committee on Ways and Means, on bills raising 
revenue; the committees having jurisdiction of appropriations, the general ap- 
propriation bills; the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, bills for the im- 
provement of rivers and harbors; the Committee on the Public Lands, bills 
for the forfeiture of land grants to railroads and other corporations, bills pre- 
venting speculation in the public lands, and bills for the preservation of the 
public lands for the benefit of actual and bona fide settlers; the Committee on 
Enrolled Bills, enrolled bills; the Committee on Printing, on all matter re 
f erred to them of printing for the use of the House or two houses: the Com- 
mittee on Accounts, on all matters of expenditure of the contingent fund of 
the House. 

It shall always be in order to call up for consideration a report from the 
Committee on Rules, and pending the consideration the Speaker may enter- 
tain one motion that the House adjourn; but after the result is announced, he 
shall not entertain any other dilatory motion until the said report shall have 
been fully disposed of. Any commission authorized by law to report by bill 
to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time, and may call 
the same up for consideration as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV. 

53. No committee shall sit during the sitting of the House without special 
leave. 

53. It shall be the duty of the several committees having jurisdiction of 
the general appropriation bills to report said appropriation bills (except the gen- 
eral deficiency bill) within eighty days after the committees are announced 
in a long session, and within forty days after the commencement of a short 
session; and if any committee fail to so report, the reasons of such failure 
shall be privileged for consideration when called for by any member of the 
House. 

Rule XII. 

DELEGATES. 

The speaker shall appoint from among the delegates one additional mem- 
ber on each of the following committees, viz. : Coinage, Weights and Meas- 
ures; Agriculture; Military Affairs; Post-Office and Post -Roads; Public 
Lands; Indian Affairs; Private Land Claims; and Mines and Mining; and 
two on the Committee on the Territories; and they shall possess in their re- 
spective committees the same powers and privileges as in the House, and may 
make any motion except to reconsider. 






RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 109 

Rule XIII. 

CALENDARS. 

1. There shall be three calendars of business reported from committees, 
viz.: 

First. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of- 
the Union; to which shall be referred bills raising revenue, general appropri- 
ation bills, and bills of a public character, directly or indirectly appropriating 
money or property; 

Second. A House Calendar, to which shall be referred all bills of a public 
character not raising revenue nor directly or indirectly appropriating money 
or property; and 

Third. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House, to which shall 
be referred all bills of a private character. 

2. The question of reference of any proposition, other than that reported 
from a committee, shall be decided without debate, in the following order, 
viz : a standing committee, a select committee ; but the reference of a propo- 
sition reported by a committee, when demanded, shall be decided according 
to its character, without debate, in the following order, viz. : House Calendar, 
Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, Committee of the 
Whole House, a standing committee, a select committee. All reports of 
committees on private bills, together with the views of the minority, shall be 
delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under 
the direction of the Speaker in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the 
titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the 
Record. 

Rule XIV. 

OF DECORUM AND DEBATE. 

1. When any member desires to speak or deliver any matter to the House, 
he shall rise and respectfully address himself to "Mr. Speaker," and, on be- 
ing recognized, may address the House from any place on the floor or from 
the Clerk's desk, and shall confine himself to the question under debate, 
avoiding personality. 

2. When two or more members rise at once, the Speaker shall name the 
member who is first to speak; and no member shall occupy more than one 
hour in debate on any question in the House or in the committee, except as 
further provided in this rule. 

3. The member reporting the measure under consideration from a com- 
mittee may open and close, where general debate has been had thereon; and 
if it shall extend beyond one day, he shall be entitled to one hour to close, 
notwithstanding he may have used an hour in opening. 

4. If any member, "m speaking or otherwise, trausgress the rules of the 
House, the Speaker shall, or any member may, call him to order; in which 
case he shall immediately sit down, unless permitted, on motion of another 
member, to explain, and the House shall, if appealed to, decide on the case, 
without debate; if the decision is in favor of the member called to order, he 
shall be at liberty to proceed, but not otherwise; and, if the case require it, 
he shall be liable to censure or such punishment as the House may deem 
proper. 

5. If a member is called to order for words spoken in debate, the member 
calling him to order shall indicate the words excepted to, and they shall be 
taken down in writing at the Clerk's desk and read aloud to the House; but 
he shall not be held to answer, nor be subject to the censure of the House 
therefor, if further debate or other business has intervened. 



110 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

6. No member shall speak more than once to the same question without 
leave of the House, unless he be the mover, proposer, or introducer of the 
matter pending, in which case he shall be permitted to speak in reply, but 
not until every member choosing to speak shall have spoken. 

7. While the Speaker is putting a question or addressing the House no 
member shall walk out of or across the hall, nor, when a member is speaking, 
pass between him and the Chair; and during the session of the House no 
member shall wear his hat, or remain by the Clerk's desk during the call of 
the roll or the counting of ballots, or smoke upon the floor of the House; and 
the Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper are charged with the strict enforcement 
of this clause. 

Rule XV. 

ON CALLS OF THE ROLL AND HOUSE. 

1. Upon every roll-call the names of the members shall be called alpha- 
betically by surname, except when two or more have the same surname, in 
which case the name of the State shall be added; and if there be two such 
members from the same State, the whole name shall be called; and after the 
roll has been once called, the Clerk shall call in their alphabetical order the 
names of those not voting; and thereafter the Speaker shall not entertain a 
request to record a vote or announce a pair. 

2. In the absence of a quorum, fifteen members, including the Speaker, if 
there is one, shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, 
and in all calls of the House the names of the members shall be called by the 
Clerk, and the absentees noted; the doors shall then be closed, and those for 
whom no sufficient excuse is made may, by order of a majority of those pres- 
ent, be sent for and arrested, wherever they may be found, by officers to be 
appointed by the Sergeant-at-Arms for that purpose, and their attendance 
secured; and the House shall determine upon what condition they shall be 
discharged. 

Members who voluntarily appear shall, unless the House otherwise direct, 
be immediately admitted to the Hall of the House, and they shall report their 
names to the Clerk to be entered upon the journal as present. 

Rule XVI. 

ON MOTIONS, THEIR PRECEDENCE, ETC. 

1. Every motion made to the House and entertained by the Speaker shall 
be reduced to writing on the demand of any member, and shall be entered on 
the journal with the name of the member making it, unless it is withdrawn 
the same day. 

2. When a motion lias been made, the Speaker shall state it, or (if it be in 
writing) cause it to be read aloud by the Clerk before being debated, and it 
shall then be in possession of the House, but may be withdrawn at any time 
before a decision or amendment. 

3. When any motion or proposition is made, the question, Will the 
House now consider it ? shall not be put unless demanded by a member. 

4. When a question is under debate no motion shall be received but to fix 
the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, to take a recess, to lay 
on the table, for the previous question (which motions shall be decided with- 
out debate), to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone 
indefinitely, which several motions shall have precedence in the foregoing 
order; and no motion to postpone to a day certain, to refer, or to postpone 
indefinitely, being decided, shall be again allowed on the same day at the 
same stage of the question. 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Ill 

5. A motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to 
adjourn, and to take a recess shall always be in order, and the hour at which 
the House adjourns shall be entered on the journal. 

6. On the demand of any member, before the question is put, a question 
shall be divided if it include propositions so distinct in substance that one be- 
ing taken away a substantive proposition shall remain. 

7. A motion to strike out and insert is indivisible, but a motion to strike 
out being lost shall neither preclude amendment nor motion to strike out and 
insert; and no motion or proposition on a subject different from that under 
consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment. 

8. Pending a motion to suspend the rules the Speaker may entertain one 
motion that the House adjourn; but after the result thereon is announced he 
shall not entertain any other dilatory motion till the vote is taken on suspen- 
sion. 

9. At any time after the expiration of the morning hour it shall be in 
order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole 
House on the state of the Union for the purpose of considering bills raising 
revenue, or general appropriation bills. 

Rule XVII. 

PREVIOUS QUESTION. 

1. There shall be a motion for the previous question, which, being ordered 
by a majority of members present, if a quorum, shall have the effect to cut 
off all debate and bring the House to a direct vote upon the immediate ques- 
tion or questions on which it has been asked and ordered. The previous 
question may be asked and ordered upon a single motion, a series of motions 
allowable under the rules, or an amendment or amendments, or may be made 
to embrace all authorized motions or amendments and include the bill to its 
engrossment and third reading, and then, on renewal and second of said mo- 
tion, to its passage or rejection. It shall be in order, pending the motion for 
or after the previous question shall have been ordered on its passage, for the 
Speaker to entertain and submit a motion to commit, with or without instruc- 
tions, to a standing or select committee; and a motion to lay upon the table 
shall be in order on the second and third reading of a bill. 

2. A call of the House shall not be in order after the previous question is 
ordered, unless it shall appear upon an actual count by the Speaker that a 
quorum is not present. 

3. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is made for the 
previous question and pending such motion, shall be decided, whether on 
appeal or otherwise, without debate. 

Rule XVIII. 

RECONSIDERATION. 

1. When a motion has been made and carried or lost, it shall be in order 
for any member of the majority, on the same or succeeding day, to move for 
the reconsideration thereof, and such motion shall take precedence of all 
other questions except the consideration of a conference report, a motion to 
fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, or to take a recess. 
and shall not be withdrawn after the said succeeding day without the consent 
of the House, and thereafter any member may call it up for consideration : 
Provided, That such motion, if made during the last six days of a session, 
shall be disposed of when made. 



112 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

2. No bill, petition, memorial, or resolution referred to a committee, or 
reported therefrom for printing and recommitment, shall be brought back 
into the House on a motion to reconsider; and all bills, petitions, memorials, 
or resolutions reported from a committee shall be accompanied by reports in 
writing, which shall be printed. 

Rule XIX. 

OF AMENDMENTS. 

When a motion or proposition is under consideration, a motion to amend 
and a motion to amend that amendment shall be in order, and it shall also be 
in order to offer a further amendment by way of substitute, to which one 
amendment may be offered, but which shall not be voted on until the original 
matter is perfected, but either may be withdrawn before amendment or decis- 
ion is had thereon. 

Rule XX. 

OF AMENDMENTS OF THE SENATE. 

Any amendment of the Senate to any House bill shall be subject to the 
point of order that it shall first be considered in the Committee of the Whole 
House on the state of the Union if, originating in the House, it would be 
subject to that point. 

Rule XXI. 



1. Bills and joint resolutions on their passage shall be read the first time 
by title and the second time in full, when, if the previous question is ordered, 
the Speaker shall state the question to be: Shall the bill be engrossed and 
read a third time? and if decided in the affirmative, it shall be read the third 
time by title, unless the reading in full is demanded by a member, and the 
question shall then be put upon its passage. 

2. No appropriation shall be reported in any general appropriation bill, or 
be in order as an amendment thereto, for any expenditure not previously au- 
thorized by law, unless in continuation of appropriations for such public 
works and objects as are already in progress. Nor shall any provision in any 
such bill or amendment thereto changing existing law be in order, except 
such as, being germane to the subject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expen- 
ditures by the reduction of the number and salary of the officers of the United 
States, by the reduction of the compensation of any person paid out of the 
Treasury of the United States, or by the reduction of amounts of money cov- 
ered by the bill: Provided, That it shall be in order further to amend such 
bill upon the report of the committee having jurisdiction of the subject- 
matter of such amendment, which amendment, being germane to the sub- 
ject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expenditures. 

3. All bills for improvements of rivers and harbors, and all bills of a pri- 
vate nature, shall be delivered to the Clerk, as in the case of memorials and 
petitions, for reference to appropriate committees. 

4. No bill for the payment or adjudication of any private claim against 
the government shall be referred, except by unanimous consent, to any other 
than the following-named committees, viz.: To the Committee on Invalid 
Pensions, to the Committee on Pensions, to the Committee on Claims, to the 
Committee on War Claims, to the Committee on Private Land Claims, and 
to the Committee on Accounts. 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 113 

Rule XXII. 

OP PETITIONS, MEMORIALS, BILLS, AND RESOLUTIONS. 

1. Members having petitions or memorials or bills of a private nature to 
present may deliver them to the Clerk, indorsing their names and the refer- 
ence or disposition to be made thereof; and said petitions and memorials and 
bills of a private nature, except such as, in the judgment of the Speaker, are 
of an obscene or insulting character, shall be entered on the journal with the 
names of the members presenting them, and the Clerk shall furnish a tran- 
script of such entry to the official reporters of debates for publication iu the 
Record. 

2. Any petition or memorial or private bill excluded under this ride shall 
be returned to the member from whom it was received ; and petitions and 
private bills which have been inappropriately referred may, by direction of 
the committee having possession of the same, be properly referred in the 
manner originally presented; and an erroneous reference of a petition or pri- 
vate bill under this clause shall not confer jurisdiction upon the committee to 
consider or report the same. 

3. All other bills, memorials, and resolutions, may in like manner be de- 
livered, indorsed with the names of members introducing them, to the 
Speaker, to be by him referred, and the titles and references thereof shall be 
entered on the journal and printed in the Record of the next day, and cor- 
rection in case of error of reference may be made by the House in accordance 
with Rule XI within three days immediately after the reading of the jour- 
nal, by unanimous consent, or on motion of a committee claiming jurisdic- 
tion, or on the report of the committee to which the bill has been erroneously 
referred. 

4. All resolutions of inquiry addressed to the heads of Executive Depart- 
ments shall be reported to the House within one week after presentation. 

Rule XXIII. 

OF COMMITTEES OF THE WHOLE HOUSE. 

1. In all cases,in forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker 
shall leave his chair after appointing a Chairman to preside, who shall, in 
case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or lobby, have power 
to cause the same to be cleared. 

2. Whenever a Committee of the Whole House finds itself without a quo- 
rum,, the Chairman shall cause the roll to be called, and thereupon the com- 
mittee shall rise, and the Chairman shall report the names of the absentees to 
the House, which shall be entered on the journal; but if on such call a quo- 
rum shall appear, the committee shall thereupon resume its sitting without 
further order of the House. 

3. All motions or propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people; 
all proceedings touching appropriations of money, or bills making appro- 
priations of money or property, or requiring such appropriation to be made, 
or authorizing payments out of appropriations already made, or releasing any 
liability to the United States for money or property, shall be first considered 
in a Committee of the Whole, and a point of order under this rule shall be 
good at any time before the consideration of a bill has commenced. 

4. In Committees of the Whole House, business on their calendars shall 
be taken up in regular order, except bills for raising revenue, general appro- 
priation bills, and bills for the improvement of rivers and harbors, which 
shall have precedence, and when objection is made to passing over any bill 
or proposition, the committee shall thereupon rise and report such objection 



]14 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

to the House, which shall decide, without debate, whether such bill or prop- 
osition shall be considered or laid aside for the present; whereupon the com- 
mittee shall resume its sitting without further order of the House. 

5. When general debate is closed by order of the House, any member 
shall be allowed five minutes to explain any amendment he may offer, after 
winch the member who shall first obtain the floor shall be allowed to speak 
five minutes in opposition to it, and there shall be no further debate thereon; 
but the same privilege of debate shall be allowed in favor of and against any 
amendment that maybe offered to an amendment; and neither an amend- 
ment nor an amendment to an amendment shall be withdrawn by the mover 
thereof unless by the unanimous consent of the committee. 

6. The House may, by the vote of the majority of the members present, 
at any time after the five minutes' debate has begun upon proposed amend- 
ments to any section or paragraph to a bill, close all debate upon such section 
or paragraph, or, at its election, upon the pending amendments only (which 
motion shall be decided without, debate); but this shall not preclude further 
amendment, to be decided without debate. 

7. A motion to strike out the enacting words of a bill shall have prece- 
dence of a motion to amend; and, if carried, shall be considered equivalent 
to its rejection. Whenever a bill is reported from a Committee of the Whole 
with an adverse recommendation, and such recommendation is disagreed to 
by the House, the bill shall stand recommitted to the said committee without 
further action by the House. But before the question of concurrence is sub- 
mitted, it is in order to entertain a motion to refer the bill to any committee, 
with or without instructions, and when the same is again reported to the 
House it shall be referred to the Committee of the Whole without debate. 

8. The rules of proceeding in the House shall be observed in Committees 
of the Whole House so far as they may be applicable. 

Rule XXIV. 

OKDER OF BUSINESS. 

1. After the journal is read and approved each day, the Speaker shall 
lay before the House, for reference, messages from the President, reports and 
communications from the heads of Departments, and other communications 
addressed to the House, and also such bills, resolutions, and other messages 
from the Senate as may have been received on previous days, but no such 
message, report, communication, bill, or resolution shall be printed except 
by order of the Speaker of the House; and House bills with Senate amend- 
ments which do not require consideration in Committee of the Whole may be 
at once disposed of as the House may determine. 

2. On all days other than the first and third Mondays in each mouth as 
soon as the business on the Speaker's table has been disposed of, there shall 
be a morning hour for reports from committees, which shall be appropriately 
referred and printed, and a copy thereof mailed by the Public Printer to each 
member and delegate, if requested in writing by the member or delegate; 
and the Speaker shall call upon each standing committee in regular order 
and then upon the select committees; and if the whole of the hour is not con- 
sumed by this call, then it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of 
other business as hereinafter provided; but if he shall not complete the call 
within the hour, he shall resume it in the succeeding morning hour where he 
left off. 

3. The morning hour for the call of committees shall not be dispensed 
with except by a vote of two-thirds of those present and voting thereon. 

4. After the morning hour shall have been devoted to reports from com- 
mittees (or the call completed), the Speaker shall again call the committees 






KULES, HOUSE OE REPRESENTATIVES. 115 

in regular order for one hour, upon which call each committee, on being 
named, shall have the right to call up for consideration any bill reported by 
it on a previous day, on either the House or Union Calendar. And whenever 
any committee shall have occupied the said hour for one day, it shall not be 
in order for such committee to designate any other proposition for considera- 
tion until all the other committees shall have been called in their turn; and 
when any proposition shall have occupied two hours on this call it shall there- 
after remain on the Calendar as unfinished business and be taken up in its 
order: Provided, That when the hour herein prescribed shall expire wbile the 
Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union is considering a bill, 
the said committee shall rise without motion therefor. 

5. After the hour under the preceding clause shall have been occupied, 
it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of the unfinished business 
in which the House may have been engaged at an adjournment, and at the 
same time each day thereafter, other than the first and third Mondays, until 
disposed of; and it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of all 
other unfinished business whenever the class of business to which it belongs 
shall be in order. 

6. Unfinished business, if any, having been disposed of, motions shall be 
in order as follows: 

First. That the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole 
House on the state of the Union to consider, first, bills raising revenue and 
general appropriation bills, and then other business on its Calendar. 

Second. To proceed to the consideration of business on the House 
Calendar. 

Third. On Friday of each week, after the morning hour, it shall be in 
order to entertain a motion that the House resolve itself into the Committee 
of the Whole House to consider business on the Private Calendar; and if this 
fail, then public business shall be in order as on other days. 

Rule XXV. 

PRIORITY OF BUSINESS. 

All questions relating to the priority of business shall be decided by a 
majority without debate. 

Rule XXVI. 

PRIVATE AND DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA BUSINESS. 

1. Friday in every week shall be set apart for the consideration of private 
business, unless otherwise determined by the House. 

2. The second and fourth Mondays in each month shall, when claimed 
by the Committee on the District of Columbia, be set apart for the consid< -ra- 
tion of such business as may be presented by said committee. 

3. Every Friday, unless otherwise ordered by the House, there shall be 
a session of the House, to begin at 8 o'clock p. m., and to terminate at hall- 
past 10 o'clock p. m., to consider and dispose of bills to remove political dis- 
abilities of individuals and private bills reported by the Committee on Pen- 
sions and the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 

Rule XXVII. 

UNFINISHED BUSINESS OF THE SESSION. 

After six days from the commencement of a second or a subsequent ses- 
sion of any Congress, all bills, resolutions, and reports which originated in the 
House, and remained undetermined at the close of the last preceding session, 



116 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

shall be in order for action, and all business before committees of the House 
at the end of one session shall be resumed at the commencement of the next 
session of the same Congress in the same manner as if no adjournment had 
taken place. 

Rule XXVIII. 

CHANGE OR SUSPENSION OF RULES. 

1. No standing rule or order of the House shall be rescinded or changed 
without one day's notice of the motion therefor, and no rule shall be sus- 
pended except by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, nor shall the 
Speaker entertain a motion to suspend the rules except on the first and third 
Mondays of each month, preference being given on the first Monday to indi- 
viduals and on the third Monday to committees, and during the last six days 
of a session. 

2. All motions to suspend the rules shall, before being submitted to the 
House, be seconded by a majority by tellers, if demanded. 

3. When a motion to suspend the rules has been seconded, it shall be in 
order, before the final vote is taken thereon, to debate the proposition to be 
voted upon for thirty minutes, one-half of such time to be given to debate in 
favor of, and one-half to debate in opposition to, such proposition, and the 
same right of debate shall be allowed whenever the previous question has 
been ordered on any proposition on which there has been no debate. 

Rule XXIX. 

CONFERENCE REPORTS. 

The presentation of reports of committees of conference shall always be 
in order, except when the journal is being read, while the roll is being called, 
or the House is dividing on any proposition. And there shall accompany 
every such report a detailed statement sufficiently explicit to inform the 
House what effect such amendments or propositions will have upon the 
measures to which they relate. 

Rule XXX. 

SECRET SESSION. 

Whenever confidential communications are received from the President of 
the United States, or whenever the Speaker or any member shall inform the 
House that he has communications which he believes ought to be kept secret 
for the present, the House shall be cleared of all persons except the members 
and officers thereof, and so continue during the reading of such communica- 
tions, the debates and proceedings thereon, unless otherwise ordered by the 
House. 

Rule XXXI. 

READING OF PAPERS. 

When the reading of a paper other than one upon which the House is 
called to give a final vote is demanded, and the same is objected to by any 
member, it shall be determined without debate by a vote of the House. 

Rule XXXII. 

DRAWING OF SEATS. 

1. At the commencement of each Congress, immediately after the mem- 
bers and delegates are sworn in, the Clerk shall place in a box, prepared for 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 11? 

that purpose, a number of small balls of marble or other material equal to 
the number of members and delegates, which balls shall be consecutively 
numbered and thoroughly intermingled, and at such hour as shall be fixed 
by the House for that purpose, by the hands of a page, draw said balls one 
by one from the box and announce the number as it is drawn, upon which 
announcement the member or delegate whose name on a numbered alphabet- 
ical list shall correspond with the number on the ball shall advance and 
choose his seat for the term for which he is elected. 

2. Before said drawing shall commence each seat shall be vacated and 
so remain until selected under this rule, and any seat having been selected 
shall be deemed forfeited if left unoccupied before the call of the roll is fin- 
ished, and whenever the seats of members and delegates shall have been 
drawn, no proposition for a second drawing shall be in order during that 
Congress. 

Rule XXXIII. 

HALL OF THE HOUSE. 

The hall of the House shall be used only for the legislative business of the 
House, and for the caucus meetings of its members, except upon occasions 
where the House by resolution agree to take part in any ceremonies to be ob- 
served therein ; and the Speaker shall not entertain a motion for the suspen- 
sion of this rule. 

Rule XXXIV. 

OP ADMISSION TO THE FLOOR. 

The persons hereinafter named, and none other, shall be admitted to the 
hall of the House or rooms leading thereto, viz: The President and Vice- 
President of the United States and their private secretaries, judges of the 
Supreme Court, members of Congress and members-elect, contestants in 
election cases during the pendency of their cases in the House, the Secretary 
and Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, heads of Departments, foreign ministers, 
governors of States, the Architect of the Capitol, the Librarian of Congress 
and his assistant in charge of the Law Library, such persons as have, by 
name, received the thanks of Congress, ex-members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives who are not interested in any claim or bill peuding before Con- 
gress, and clerks of committees, when business from their committee is under 
consideration ; and it shall not be in order for the Speaker to entertain a 
request for the suspension of this rule or to present from the Chair the request 
of any member for unanimous consent. 

Rule XXXV. 

OF ADMISSION TO THE GALLERIES. 

The Speaker shall set aside a portion of the west gallery for the use of the 
President of the United States, the members of his Cabinet, justices of the 
Supreme Court, foreign ministers and suites, and the members of their 
respective families, and shall also set aside another portion of the same gal- 
lery for the accommodation of persons to be admitted on the card of mem- 
bers. The southerly half of the east gallery shall be assigned exclusively 
for the use of the families of members of Congress, in which the Speaker 
shall control one bench, and on request of a member the Speaker shall issue 
a card of admission to his family, which shall include their visitors, and no 
other person shall be admitted to this section. 



118 EULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Rule XXXVI. 

OFFICIAL AND OTHER REPORTERS. 

1. The appointment and removal, for cause, of the official reporters of 
the House, including stenographers of committees, and the manner of the 
execution of their duties, shall be vested in the Speaker. 

2. Stenographers and reporters, other than the official reporters of the 
House, wishing to take down the debates and proceedings, may be admitted 
by the Speaker to the reporters' gallery over the Speaker's chair, under such 
regulations as he may, from time to time, prescribe; and he may assign seats 
on the floor to a representative of both the Associated and the United Press 
Associations, and may admit to the privileges of the floor an assistant to each 
of such representatives. 

Rule XXXVII. 

PAT OF "WITNESSES. 

The rule for paying witnesses subpoenaed to appear before the House, or 
any of its committees, shall be as follows : For each day a witness shall 
attend, the sum of two dollars; for each mile he shall travel in coming to or 
going from the place of examination, the sum of five cents each way; but 
nothing shall be paid for traveling when the witness has been summoned at 
the place of trial. 

Rule XXXVIII. 



1. The clerks of the several committees of the House shall, within three 
days after the final adjournment of a Congress, deliver to the clerk of the 
House all bills, joint resolutions, petitions, and other papers referred to the 
committee, together with all evidence taken by such committee under the 
order of the House during the said Congress, and not reported to the House; 
and in the event of the failure or neglect of any clerk of a committee to com- 
ply with this rule, the Clerk of the House shall, within three days thereafter, 
take into his keeping all such papers and testimony. 

Rule XXXIX. 

WITHDRAWAL OF PAPERS. 

No memorial or other paper presented to the House shall be withdrawn 
from its files without its leave, and if withdrawn therefrom, certified copies 
1 hereof shall be left in the office of the Clerk; but when an act may pass for 
the settlement of a claim, the Clerk is authorized to transmit to the officer 
charged with the settlement thereof the papers on file in his offiee relating to 
such claim, or may loan temporarily to any officer or Bureau of the Execu- 
tive Departments any papers on file in his office relating to any matter pend- 
ing before such officer or Bureau, taking proper receipt therefor. 

Rule XL. 



In all other cases of ballot than for committees, a majority of the votes 
given shall be necessary to an election, and where there shall not be such a 
majority on the first ballot, the ballots shall be repeated until a majority be 
obtained; and in all balloting blanks shall be rejected and not taken into the 
count in enumeration of votes or reported by the tellers. 



RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 119 

Rule XLI. 

MESSAGES. 

Messages received from the Senate and the President of the United States, 
giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be entered in the journal and 
published in the record of that day's proceedings. 

Rule XLII. 

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. 

Estimates of appropriations, and all other communications from the Ex- 
ecutive Departments, intended for the consideration of any committees of the 
House, shall be addressed to the Speaker and by him submitted to the House 
for reference. 

Rule XLIII. 

QUALIFICATIONS OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES. 

No person shall be an officer of the House, or continue in its employment, 
who shall be an agent for the prosecution of any claim against the govern- 
ment, or be interested in such claim otherwise than as an original claimant; 
and it shall be the duty of the Committee on Accounts to inquire into and 
leport to the House any violation of this rule. 

Rule XLIV. 

jefferson's manual. 

The rules of parliamentary practice comprised in Jefferson's Manual shall 
govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they 
are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the House and joint 
rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. 

Rule XLV. 

RULES OF THE HOUSE. 

These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the pres- 
ent and succeeding Congresses unless otherwise ordered. 

Rule XLVI. 

AS TO PRINTING BILLS. 

There shall be printed 500 copies of each bill of a public nature, of which 
25 shall be deposited in the office of the Clerk of the House, 100 copies shall 
be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be depos- 
ited in the document room of the House for the use of members; and there 
shall be printed 100 copies of each private bill and bills relating to rivers and 
harbors, of which 25 copies shall be delivered to the Senate document room, 
and the remainder shall be deposited in the document room of the House for 
the use of members. Motions to print additional numbers of any bill, report, 
resolution, or other public document, shall be referred to the Committee on 
Printing; and the report of the committee thereon shall be accompanied by 
an estimate of the probable cost thereof. Unless ordered by the House no 
bill, resolution, or other proposition reported by a committee shall be reprinted 
unless the same be placed upon the Calendar. 

Rule XLVII. 

PROPOSITIONS INTRODUCED "BY REQUEST." 

When a bill, resolution, or memorial is introduced "by request" these 
words shall be entered upon the journal. 



SUPREME COURT DECISION. 
AFFECTING THE RULES OF THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. 

{Handed down February 29, 1892.) 

Supreme Court of the United States. No. 1061. October term, 1891. 

The United States, appellant, vs. Ballin, Joseph & Co. Appeal from the 
circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York. 

In July, 1890, the appellees imported into New York certain goods, which 
they claimed to be dutiable as manufactures of worsted at the rate described 
in Schedule K of the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Statutes, 509). The collector 
assessed them at the rate prescribed in that schedule as manufactures of wool 
(22 Statutes, 508). This he did by reason of an act claimed to have been 
passed by Congress in 1890, as follows: 

"Chapter 200. — An act providing for the classification of worsted cloths as 

woolens. 

"Be it enacted, etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and' he hereby 
is, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloths all imports of worsted 
cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth or under the names 
of worsteds, or diagonals, or otherwise. 

" Approved May 9, 1890." (26 Statutes, 105.) 

The board of general appraisers found these facts: 

"1. That the goods in question are worsted, and not woolen goods. 

" 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury never examined or classified the 
goods in question. 

"3. That the journal of the House of Representatives shows the facts 
attending the passage of the act of May 9, 1890, thus: 

" The Speaker laid before the House the bill of the House (H. R. 9548) 
providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens, coming over 
from last night as unfinished business, with the previous question and the 
yeas and nays ordered. 

" The House having proceeded to the consideration and the question being 
put 

"Shall the bill pass? 

"There appeared 

"Yeas— 138. 

"Nays— 0. 

" Not voting— 189. 

' ' The said roll-call having been recapitulated, the Speaker announced, from 
a list noted and furnished by the Clerk, at the suggestion of the Speaker, the 
following-named members as present in the hall when their names were 
called, and not voting, viz. : " 

[Here follows an alphabetical list of the names of 74 members.] 

' ' The Speaker thereupon stated that the said members present and refus- 
ing to vote (74 in number), together with those recorded as voting (138 in 
number), showed a total of 212 members present, constituting a quorum 
present to do business; and that, the yeas being 138 and the nays none, the 
said bill was passed." 

On appeal, the circuit court of the United States for the southern district 
of New York sustained the claim of the importers and reversed the decision 
of the collector, from which judgment the United States appealed to this 
court. 

120 



SUPEEME COUET DECISION. 121 

[February 29, 1892.] 

Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court. 

Two questions only are presented: First, was the act of May 9, 1890, 
legally passed ? and second, what is its meaning ? The first is the important 
question. The enrolled bill is found in the proper office, that of the Secretary 
of State, authenticated and approved in the customary and legal form. There 
is nothing on the face of it to suggest any invalidity. Is there anything in 
the facts disclosed by the journal of the House, as found by the general ap- 
praisers, which vitiates it ? We are not unmindful of the general observa- 
tions found in Gardiner vs. The Collector (G Wall., 499,511), "that whenever 
a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time 
when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the judges 
who are called upon to decide it have a right to resort to any source of infor- 
mation which in its nature is capable of conveying to the judicial mind a 
clear and satisfactory answer to such question, always seeking first for that 
which in its nature is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a 
different rule." 

And we have at the present term, in the cases of Field et al. vs. The United 
States, had occasion to consider the subject of an appeal to the journal in a 
disputed matter of this nature. It is unnecessary to add anything here to 
that general discussion. The Constitution (Article I., section 5) provides that 
"each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings ; " and that "the yeas 
and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the de- 
sire of one-fifth of those present be entered on the journal." Assuming that 
by reason of this latter clause, reference may be had to the journal to see 
whether the yeas and nays were ordered, and if so, what was the vote dis- 
closed thereby; and assuming, though without deciding, that the facts which 
the Constitution requires to be placed on the journal may be appealed to on 
the question whether a law has been legally enacted, yet,'if reference may be 
had to such journal, it must be assumed to speak the truth. It can not be 
that we can. refer to the journal for the purpose of impeaching a statute 
properly authenticated and approved, and then supplement and strengthen 
this impeachment by parol evidence that the fcicts stated on the journal are 
not true, or that other facts existed which, if stated on the journal, would 
give force to the impeachment. 

If it be suggested that the Speaker might have made a mistake as to some 
one or more of these 74 members, or that the Clerk may have falsified the 
journal in entering therein a record of their presence, it is equally possible 
that in reference to a roll-call and the yeas and nays there should be a like 
mistake or falsification. The possibility of such inaccuracy or falsehood only 
suggests the unreliability of the evidence and the danger of appealing to it to 
overthrow that furnished by the bill enrolled and authenticated by the sig- 
natures of the presiding officers of the two Houses and the President of the 
United States. The facts, then, as appearing from this journal, are that at 
the time of the roll-call there were present 212 members of the House, more 
than a quorum; and that 138 voted in favor of the bill, which was a majority 
of those present. The Constitution, in the same section, provides that " each 
House may determine the rules of its proceedings." It appears that in pur- 
suance of this authority the House had, prior to this day, passed this as one 
of its rules: 

"3. On the demand of any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, 
the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the Hall of the House 
who do not vote shall be noted by the Clerk and recorded in the journal, and 
reported to the Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be 
counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do busi- 
ness." (House Journal, 230, February 14, 1890.) 

llB 



122 SUPREME COURT DECISION'. 

The action taken was in direct compliance with this rule. The question, 
therefore, is as to the validity of this rule, and not what methods the Speaker 
may of his own motion resort to for determining the presence of a quorum, 
nor what matters the Speaker or Clerk may of their own volition place upon 
the journal. Neither do the advantages or disadvantages, the wisdom or 
folly, of such a rule present any matters for judicial consideration. With 
the courts the question is only one of power. The Constitution empowers 
each House to determine rules of proceeding. It may not hy its rules ignore 
constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights, and there should be a 
reasonable relation between the mode or method of proceeding established 
by the rule and the result which is sought to be attained. But within these 
limitations all matters of method are open to the determination of the House, 
and it is no impeachment of the rule to say that some other way would be 
better, more accurate, or even more just. It is no objection to the validity 
of a rule that a different one has been prescribed and in force for a length of 
time. The power to make rules is not one which once exercised is exhausted. 
It is a continuous power, always subject to be exercised by the House, and, 
within the limitations suggested, absolute and beyond the challenge of any 
other body or tribunal. 

The Constitution provides that ' ' a majority of each [House] shall consti- 
tute a quorum to do business." In other words, when a majority are present 
the House is in a position to do business. Its capacity to transact business 
is then established, created by the mere presence of a majority, and does 
not depend upon the disposition or assent or action of any single member 
or fraction of the majority present. All that the Constitution requires is the 
presence of a majority, and when the majority are present the power of the 
House arises. 

But how shall the presence of a majority be determined ? The Constitu- 
tion has prescribed no method of making this determination, and it is there- 
fore within the competency of the House to prescribe any method which 
shall lie reasonably certain to ascertain the fact. It may prescribe answer 
to roll-call as the only method of determination ; or require the passage of mem- 
bers between tellers, and their count as the sole test; or the count of the 
Speaker or the Clerk, and an announcement from the desk of the names of 
those who are present. 

Any one of these methods, it must be conceded, is reasonably certain of 
ascertaining the fact, and as there is no constitutional method prescribed, 
and no constitutional inhibition of any of these, and no violation of funda- 
mental rights in either, it follows that the House may adopt either or all, 
or it may provide for a combination of any two of the methods. That was 
done by the rule in question; and all that that rule attempts to do is to pre- 
scribe a method for ascertaining the presence of a majority, and thus estab- 
lishing the fact that the House is in a condition to transact business. 

As appears from the journal, at the time the bill passed the House there 
was present a majority, a quorum, and the House was authorized to transact 
any and all business. It was in a condition to act on the bill if it desired; 
and the other branch of the question is whether, a quorum being present, 
the bill received a sufficient number of votes; and here the general rule of 
all parliamentary bodies is that when a quorum is present the act of a ma- 
jority of the quorum is the act of the body. This has been the rule for all 
time, except so far as in any given case the terms of the organic act under 
which the body is assembled have prescribed specific limitations, as, for 
instance, in those States where the Constitution provides that a majority of 
all the members elected to either House shall be necessary for the passage of 
any bill. No such limitation is found in the Federal Constitution, and there- 
fore the general law of such bodies obtains. 

It is true that most of the decisions touching this question have been in 






SUPREME COURT DECISION". 123 

respect to the actions of trustees and directors of a private corporation, or 
of the minor legislative bodies which represent and act for cities and other 
municipal corporations, but the principle is the same. Those are legislative 
bodies representing larger constituencies. Power is not vested in anyone 
individual, but in the aggregate of the members which compose the body, 
and its action is not the action of any separate member or number of mem- 
bers, but the action of the body as a whole, and the question which has over 
and over again been raised is, what is necessary to constitute the official 
action of this legislative and representative body ? In Rex vs. Monday (2 
Cowp., 530, 538) Lord Mansfield said: " I will take it for granted that a ma- 
jority of the mayor and aldermen for the time being was sufficient to consti- 
tute the corporate assembly; and the fact found by the special verdict is that 
the majority of those in being did meet. When the assembly are duly met I 
take it to be clear law that the corporate act may be done by the majority of 
those who have once regularly constituted the meeting. 

In 5th Dane's Abridgment, page 150, the rule is thus stated: "When a 
corporation is composed of a definite number, and an integral part of it is re- 
quired to vote in an election, a majority of such integral definite part must 
attend, aliter there is no elective assembly, but a majority of those present 
when legally met will bind the rest." In 1 Dillon's Municipal Corporations 
(fourth edition), section 283, the rule is thus stated: " And, as a general rule, 
it may be stated that not only where the corporate power resides in a select 
body, as a city council, but where it has been delegated to a committee or 
to agents, then, in the absence of special provisions otherwise, a minority of 
the select body, or of the committee or agents, are powerless to bind the ma- 
jority or do any valid act. If all the members of the select body or commit- 
tee, or if all the agents are assembled, or if all have been duly notified, and 
the minority refuse or neglect to meet with the others, a majority of those 
present may act, provided those present constitute a majority of the whole 
number. In other words, in such case a major part of the whole is necessary 
to constitute a quorum, and a majority of the quorum may act. If the maj< >r 
part withdraw, so as to leave no quorum, the power of the minority to act is 
in general considered to cease." 

"This declaration has been quoted approvingly by this court in the case of 
Brown vs. The District of Columbia (127 E. S. 579, 586). In 2 Kent's Com- 
mentaries, 293, the author draws a distinction between what is necessarily a 
meeting of a representative and a constituent body in these words: "There 
is a distinction taken between a corporate act to be done by a select and def- 
inite body, as by a board of directors, and one to be performed by the con- 
stituent members. In the latter case a majority of those who appear may 
act; but in the former, a majority of the definite body must be present, and 
then a majority of the quorum may decide." In Horr & Bemis's recent work 
on Municipal Police Ordinances, 42, the authors observe: "Those who are 
present and help to make up the quorum are expected to vote on every ques- 
tion, and their presence alone is enough to make the vote decisive and bind- 
ing, whether they actually vote or not. The objects of legislation can not 
be defeated by the refusal of any one to vote when present. If eighteen are 
present and nine vote, all in the affirmative, the measure is carried, the re- 
fusal of the other nine to vote being constnied as a vote in the affirmative, so 
far as any construction is necessary." See also Ex parte Willcocks (7 ( Jowen, 
402); Commonwealth vs. Green (4 Wharton, 531); State vs. Green (37 O. S., 
327); Launtz vs. The People (113 111., 137); Gas Company vs. Rushville (121 
Ind., 206); Gosling vs. Veley (7 A. & E., 406); S. C. (4 H. of L. Cases, 679). 

In State vs. Deliesseline (1 McCord, 52) it is said: 

"For, according to the principle of all the cases referred to, a quorum 
possesses all the powers of the whole body; a majority of which quorum 
must of course govern. * * * The constitutions of this State and the United 



124 SUPREME COURT DECISION. 

States declare that a majority shall he a quorum to do business: but a ma- 
jority of that quorum are sufficient to decide the most important question." 

In Wells vs. Railway Company (19 N. J. Eq., 402) we find this language: 

"A majority of the directors of a corporation, in the absence of any regu- 
lation in the charter, is a quorum, and the majority of such quorum when 
convened can do any act within the power of the directors." 

And in Attorney-General vs. Shepard (62 N. H., 383, 384) the question was 
whether an amendment to a city charter had been properly adopted by the 
board of aldermen. All the members of the board were present but one. 
The ordinance was duly read and put to a vote, and declared by the chair to 
be passed. The yeas and nays were then called; three voted in the affirma- 
tive, three refused to vote, and the chair declared the ordinance passed. 

The court held, Chief Justice Doe delivering the opinion, that the amend- 
ment to the charter was legally adopted by the board of aldermen. He said: 

" The exercise of lawmaking power is not stopped by the mere silence and 
inaction of some of the lawmakers who are present. An arbitrary, technical, 
and exclusive method of ascertaining whether a quorum is present, operat- 
ing to prevent the performance of official duty and obstruct the business of 
government, is no part of our common law. The statute requiring the pres- 
ence of four aldermen does not mean that in the presence of four a majority 
of the votes cast may not be enough. The journal properly shows how many 
members were there when the vote was taken by yeas and nays; there was 
no difficulty in ascertaining and recording the fact; and the requirement of a 
quorum at that time was not intended to furnish a means of suspending 
the legislative power and duty of a quorum. No illegality appears in the 
adoption of the amendment." 

Summing up this matter, this law is found in the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury's office, properly authenticated. If we appeal to the journal of the House, 
we find that a majority of its members were present when the bill passed, a 
majority creating by the Constitution a quorum, with authority to act upon 
any measure; that the presence of that quorum was determined in accord- 
ance with a reasonable and valid rule theretofore adopted by the House; and 
of that quorum a majority voted in favor of the bill. It therefore legally 
passed the House, and the law as found in the office of the Secretary of State 
is beyond challenge. 

With reference to the other question: The opinion of the circuit court 
seemed to be that the act cast upon the Secretary of the Treasury a special 
duty of classification in all cases of the import of worsted cloths, and that 
unless he so acted in any particular case the duty remained as it was prior to 
the passage of the act. We quote its language: 

" This act proceeds on an entirely novel theory. It provides expressly for 
a classification in direct nonconformity to the facts. It authorizes an officer 
of the government who may find an import to be in fact an article which 
under the tariff laws pays one rate of duty, to call it something else which it 
is not, in order to enable the revenue officers to levy upon it a rate of duty 
whicb that other article, which it is not, pays. * * * I do not mean by 
that to suggest for one moment that under the phraseology of this act it is 
the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to himself examine the packages 
of goods, to handle or see their contents; but having been informed and ad- 
vised as to the facts in the same way in which he is informed and advised 
upon any facts upon which he is required to pass, by the examination and 
report of such trustworthy subordinates as he may select, the final classifica- 
tion of the particular articles is one to be made by him. " 

We do not so construe the act. We understand it rather as a declaration 
by Congress as to the construction to be placed upon that portion of the act 
of 1883 which refers to imported woolen cloths. It was an act suggested by 
the contest then pending in the courts, and which was finally decided ad- 



SUPEEME COUET DECISION". 125 

yersely to the government, in the case of Seeberger vs. Cahn (137 U. S., 95), 
in which it was held by this court that " cloths popularly known as 'diagon- 
als,' and known in trade as ' worsteds,' and composed mainly of worsted, but 
with a small proportion of shoddy and of cotton, are subject to duty 'as a 
manufacture of worsted, and not as a manufacture of wool, under the act of 
March 3, 1883, c. 121." The form of expression used in the act may be novel, 
but the intent of Congress is quite clear. Recognizing the fact that the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is the head of the financial department of the govern- 
ment, that to him, as its chief administrative official, is given the supervision 
of the tariff and all the collections thereunder, it directs him to classify all 
worsted cloths as woolen cloths, and it gives to him no discretion. He may 
not classify some worsteds as woolens and others as not. 

There is given no choice or selection, but it is the imperative direction of 
Congress to him, as the chief administrative officer in the collection of duties, 
to place all worsted cloths, by whatever name properly known or known to 
the trade, within the category of woolen cloths, and, of course, if placed 
within that category, or, using the familiar language of the tariff, " classified 
as woolen cloths, " subject to the duty imposed on such cloths. If action were 
necessary by the Secretary of the Treasury to put this act into force, which 
we think is not, such action was taken by the circular letter of May 5, 1890, 
from the Treasury Department to all customs officers, publishing the act for 
the information and guidance of the public. 

Our conclusion, therefore, is that the act was legally passed; that by its 
own terms, and irrespective of any action by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
the duties on worsted cloths were to be such as placed by the act of 1883 on 
woolen cloths. 

The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed and the case remanded 
for further proceedings, in accordance with this opinion. 



STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE 

UNITED STATES ON THE 1st OF JANUARY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1791 

TO 1843, INCLUSIVE, AND ON THE 1st OF JULY OF EACH 

YEAR FROM 1843 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. 



Year. 



Jan. 1,1791. 
1792. 
1793. 
1794. 
1795. 
1796. 
1797. 
1798. 
1799. 
1800. 
1801. 
1802. 
1803. 
1804. 
1805. 
1806. 
1807. 
1808. 
1809. 
1810. 
1811. 
1812. 
1813. 
1814 
1815. 
1816. 
1817. 
1818. 
1819. 
1820. 
1821. 
1822. 
1823. 
1824. 
1825. 
1826. 
1827. 
1828. 
1829. 
1830. 
1831. 
1832. 
1833 
1834. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 
1838. 
1839. 
1840. 
1841. 



$75. 

80^ 
78, 
80. 
83, 
82, 
79, 
78. 
82. 
83. 
80. 

8o! 
82. 
75. 
69. 
65. 
57. 
53, 
48, 
45. 
55 
81. 
99. 

127. 

123. 

103. 
95, 
91, 
89, 
93, 
90. 
90. 
83, 
81. 
73. 
67. 
58. 
48, 
39, 
24, 
7. 
4. 



463,476.52 
227,924.66 

358,634.04 
427,404.77 
747,587.39 
762,172.07 
064,479.33 
22S.529.12 

408,669.77 
976,294.85 

038,050.80 
712,632.25 
054,686.40 

427.120.S8 
312,150.50 
723,270.66 
218,398.64 
196,317.97 
023,192.09 
173,217.52 
005,587.76 
209,737.90 
902,827.57 
487,846.24 
833,660.15 
334,933.74 
491,965.16 
466,6.33.83 
529,648.28 
015,566.15 
987,427.66 
546,676.98 
875,877.28 
269,777.77 
788,432.71 
054,059.99 
987,357.20 
475,043.87 
421,413.67 
565,406.50 
123,191.68 
322,235.18 
001,698.83 
760,082.08 
37,733.05 
37,513.05 
336,957.83 
,308,124.07 
,434,221.14 
,573,3 13.82 
,250,875.54 



Year. 



Jan. 1, 1842... 

1843... 
July 1,1843... 

1844... 

1845... 

1846... 

1847... 

1848 .. 

1849... 

1850... 

1851 . . . 

1852.. 

1&53... 

1854... 

1855... 

1856 . . 

1857... 

1858... 

1859. . 

1860... 

1861 . . . 

1862... 

1863... 

1864... 

1865... 

1866... 

1867 . . . 

1868... 

1869... 

1870... 

1871 . . . 

1872... 

1873... 

1874... 

1875... 

1876... 

1877... 

1878... 

1879... 

1880... 

1881... 

1882... 

1883... 

1884... 

1885... 

1886... 

1887... 

1888... 

1889... 

1890... 

1891 . . . 



$13,594 

20,201 
32,742 
23.461 
15,925 
15,550 
38,826 
47,044 
63,061 
63,452 
68,304 
66,199 
59,803 
42,242 
35,586, 
31,932 
38,699. 
44,911. 
58,496. 
64,842, 
90,580, 

524,176. 

.119,772. 

815,784. 

680,647. 

773,236. 

,07S,126. 

,611,687. 

588,452, 

4SO,072. 

353,211. 

253,251, 

234,482. 

251,690, 

832,284, 

180,395. 

2(15,301. 

256.205. 

349,567. 

120,415. 

069,013. 

918,312. 

884,171. 

830,528. 

,876.424. 

,756,445. 

,088,229. 

.705,992. 

, 640,673, 

,585,821. 

560,472. 



,480.73 
,226.27 
,922.00 
,652.50 
,303.01 
202.97 
,531.77 
862.23 
858.69 
773.55 
796.02 
,341.71 
,117.70 
,222.42 
,956.56 
,537.90 
,831.85 
,881.03 
,837.88 
,287.88 
,873.72 
,412.13 
,1:38.63 
370.57 
869.74 
173.69 
103.87 
851.19 
213.94 
427.81 
332.32 
328.78 
993.20 
468.43 
531.95 
067.15 
392.10 
892.53 
482.04 
370.63 
,569.58 
994.03 
728.(17 
923.57 
275.14 
,205.78 
,591 .63 
320.58 
,340.23 
,048.73 
784.61 



* In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are 
included the certificates of deposit outstanding on tin- 30th of June, issued under act 
of June 8, 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was on special deposit 
in the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balance in the Treasury. 
These certificates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, 
but, Ixmul: oll'sft bv notes held on deposit for their redemption, should properly be de- 
ducted from the principal of the public debt in making: comparison with former years. 

t Exclusive of gold, silver, currency certificates, and Treasury notes of 1890, held 
in the Treasury's cash, and including $64,623,512 bonds issued to the several Pacific 
railroads. 



126 












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i^.i ri^^; 7i a u|5o 


clue 
to< 

the 

froi 

side 

deb 



127 



RECEIPTS AND 



STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, 

30) FROM 



1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1820 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
ISIS 
1849 
1850 
1851 
185! 
1853 



Balance in 
the Treasury 
at commence- 
ment of year. 



$973,905.75 

783,444.51 

753,661.69 

1,151,914.17 

516,442.61 

888.995.42 

1,021.899.04 

617,451.43 

2,161,807.77 

2,623,311.99 

3,295,391 .00 

5,020,697.64 

4,825,811.60 

4,037,0)5.26 

3,999,388.99 

4,538,123.80 

9,643,850.07 

9,941,8011.96 

3,848,056.78 

2,670,276.57 

3,502,305.80 

3,862,217.41 

5,196,542.00 

1,727,484.63 

13,106,592.88 

22,033,519.19 

14,989,465.48 

1,478,526.74 

2,079,992.38 

1,198,461.21 

1,681,592.24 

4,237,427.55 

9,463.922.81 

1,946,597.13 

5,201,650.43 

6,358,686.18 

6,668,280.10 

5,972,432.81 

5,755,704.79 

6,014,539.75 

4,502,914.45 

2,011,777.55 

11,702,905.31 

8,892,858.42 

26,749,803.9(5 

46,708,436.00 

37,327,252.69 

36,891,196.94 

33,157,503.68 

29,963,163.46 

28,685,111.08 

30,521,979.44 

39,186,284.74 

36,742,829.62 

36,194,274.81 

38,261,050.65 

83,079,276.48 

20,116,612.1 

82,827,082.69 

35,871,753.31 

40,158,353.25 
43,3:38,860.02 



Customs. 



$4,399,473.09 
3,443,070.85 
4,255,306.56 
4,801,065.28 
5,588,561.26 
• 6,567,987.94 
7,549,649.65 
7,106,061.93 
6,610,449.31 
9,080,932.73 
10,750,778.93 
12,438,235.74 
10,479,417.61 
11,098,565.33 
12,936,487.04 
14,667,698.17 
15,845,521.61 
16,363,550.58 
7,256,506.62 
8,583,309.31 
13,313,222.73 
8,958,777.53 
13,824,623.25 
5,998,772.08 
7,282,942.22 
36,306,874.88 
26,283,348.19 
17,176,385.00 
20,283,608.76 
15,005,612.15 
13,004,447.15 
17,589,761.94 
19,088,433.44 
17,878,325.71 
20,098.713.45 
23,341,331.77 
19,712,283.20 
23,205,523.64 
22,681,965.91 
21,922,391.39 
24,224,441.77 
28,465,237.24 
29,032,508.01 
16,214,957.15 
19,391,310.59 
23,409,940.53 
11,169,200.39 
16,158,81X1.36 
23,137,924.81 
13,499,502.17 
14,187,216.74 
18,187,908.76 
7,04(5,843.91 
26,1&3,570.94 
27,528,112.70 
26,712,667.87 
23,747,864.66 
31,757,070.96 
28,346,738.82 
39,668,686.42 
49,017,567.92 
47,389,826.62 
58,931,865.52 



Internal 


Direct 


Public 


Miscel- 


revenue. 


tax. 


lands. 


laneous. 








$10,478.10 


$208,942.81 
337,705.70 

274,080.62 






9,918.65 






21,410.88 






53,277.97 


337,755.36 
475,280.00 






28,317.97 




$4,836.13 


1,169,415.08 


575,401.45 
644,357.95 
779,136.44 




83,540.60 
11,963.11 


399,139.29 




58,192.81 




86,187.56 


809,306.55 


$7:34,233.97 


443.75 


152,712.10 


1,048,033.43 


534,343.38 


167,726.06 


345,649.15 


621,898.80 


206,565.44 


188,628.02 


1,500,505.86 


215,179.69 


71,879.20 


165,675.60 


131,945.44 


50,941.29 


50,198.44 


487,526.79 


139,075.53 


21,747.15 


21,882.91 


540,103.80 


40,382.30 


20,101.45 


55,763.86 


765,245.73 


51,121.86 


13,051.40 


34,732.56 


466,163.27 


38,550.42 


8,190.23 


19,159.21 


647,939.0(3 


21,822.85 


4,034.29 


7,517.31 


442,252.33 


62,162.57 


7,430.63 


12,448.68 


696,548.82 


84,476.84 


2,295.95 


7,666.66 


1,040,237.53 


59,211.22 


4,903.06 


859.22 


710,427.78 


126,165.17 


4,755.04 


3,805.52 


835,655,14 


271,571.00 


1,662,984.82 


2,219,407.36 


1,135,971.09 


164,398.81 


4,678,059.07 


2,162,673.41 


1,287,959.28 


285,282.84 


5,124,708.31 


4,253,635.09 


1,717,085.03 


273,782.35 


2,678,100.77 


1,824,187.04 


1,991,226.06 


109,761.08 


955,270.20 


264,333.36 


2,606,564.77 


57,617.71 


229,593.63 


83,650.78 


3,274,422.78 


57,098.42 


106,200.53 


31,586.82 


1,6:35,871.61 


61,338.44 


69,027.63 


29,349.05 


1,212,9(56.46 


152,589.43 


67,625.71 


20,961.56 


1,803,581.54 


452,957.19 


34,242.17 


10,337.71 


916,523.10 


141,129.84 


34,663.37 


6,201.96 


984,418.15 


127,603.60 


25,771.35 


2,330.85 


1,216,090.56 


130,451.81 


21,589.93 


6,638.76 


1,393,785.09 


94,588.66 


19,885.68 


2,626.90 


1,495,845.26 


1,315,722.83 


17,451.54 


2,218.81 


1,018,308.75 


65,126.49 


14,502.74 


11,335.05 


1,517,175.13 


112,648.55 


12,160.62 


16,980.59 


2,829,356.14 


73,227.77 


6,933.51 


10,506.01 


3,210,815.48 


584,124.05 


11,630.65 


6,791.13 


2,623,381.03 


270,410.61 


2,759.00 


394.12 


3,967,682.55 


470,006.67 


4,196.09 


19.80 


4,857,600.(50 


480,812.32 


10,459.48 


4,263.33 


14,757,600.75 


759,972.1.3 


370.00 


728.79 


24,877,179.8(5 


2,245,902.23 


5,493.84 


1,687.70 


6,776,23(5.52 


7,001,444.59 


2,467.27 




3,730.945.66 


6,410,348.45 


2,553.32 


755.22 


7,361,576.40 


979,93!!. 8(5 


1,682.25 




3,411,818.63 


2,567,112.28 






1,365.627.42 


1,004,054.75 


495.00 




1,3:35,797.52 


451,905.07 






898,158.18 


285,805.02 






2,059,930.80 


1,075,419.70 


3,517.12 




2,077,022.30 


361,453.68 


2,897 26 




2,694,452.48 


289.950.13 


375.00 




2,498,355.20 


220,808.30 


375.00 




3,328,642.56 


612,610.69 






1,688,959.55 


685,379.13 






1,859.894.25 


2,064,308.21 






2,852,305.30 
2,043,239.58 


1,185,166.11 






464,240.10 






1,667,084.90 


988,081.17 



* For the half year from 



128 



EXPENDITURES, 1791-1891. 



TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843, AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED JUNE 
THAT TIME. 



1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
179' 
1798 
1799 
1800 
180: 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

181 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

182: 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

182' 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

ia32 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

183' 

ISM 

1S39 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

184. 



Dividends. 



$8,028.00 
38,500.00 
303,472.00 

160,000.00 
160,000.00 
80,960.00 
79,920.00 
71,040.00 
71,040.00 
88.80II.IH1 
39,960.00 



202,426.30 

525,000.00 

675,000.00 

1,000,000.00 

1 1 C.IK 10.00 

297,500.00 
350,000.00 
&50,000.00 
367,500.00 
402,500.00 
420,000.00 
455,000.00 
490,000.00 
490,000.00 
490,000.00 
490,000.00 
474,985.00 
234,349.50 
506,480.8" 
292,674.6' 



1846 

1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 



Net ordinary 
receipts. 



$4,409, 

3,669, 

4,652. 

5,431. 

6,114. 

8,377. 

8,688. 

7,900. 

7,546. 
10,848. 
12,935, 
14,995. 
11,064. 
11,826. 
13,560. 
15,559. 
16,398 
17,060 

7,773 

9,384 
14,422 

9,801 
14,340 
11,181 
15,696 
47,676 
33,099 
21,585 
24,603 
17,840 
14,573 
20,232 
20,540 
19.381 
21,840 
25,260 
22,966 
24,763 



'.151 



203 
001. 

534. 

529. 

780. 
195. 

813. 

no. 

,330. 
,793. 
,097, 
,307. 
,693, 
,931. 
,019, 
,661, 
,473 
,211 
,634 
,132 
,400 
.025 

,916 

,085 

,049 

.171 
,374 

.000 

379 
127 

,000 
.212 



434. 

.363. 
020, 



24,827,62 



24.8-14.116.51 
28,526,820.8; 
31,867.150.06, 
33,948,426.25 
21,791.935.55 



Interest. 



$4,800.00 
42,800.00 



78,675.00 



10,125.00 



300.00 

85.79 

11,541.74 

68,665.16 

267,819.14 

412.62 



35,430,087.10 

50,826,796.08 
24,954,153.04 
26.302,561 .74 
31,482,749.61 
19,480,115.33 
16,860,160 
19,976,197.25 
8,231,001.26 
29.320.707.78 
29,970,105.80 
29,699,967.74 
26,467,403.16 
35,698,699.21 
30,721,077.50 
43,592,888.88 
52,555,039.33 
49,846,815.60 
61,587,031.68 



Premiums. 



32,107.64 
686.09 



Receipts 

^re^sury^T--^^- 
notes. 



40,000.00 



71,700.83 
666.60 



.'8.36,5.91 

37,080.00 

487,065.48 

10,550.00 

4,264.92 



22.50 



$361,391.34 
5,102,498.45 
1,797,272.01 
4,007,950.78 
3,396,424.00 

320,000.00 
70,000.00 

200,000.00 
5,000,000.00 
1,565,229.24 



2,750,000.00 



12,837. 
26,184! 

23,377. 

35,220. 

9,425. 

466 

8. 

2 

3,000, 

5,000 



'.KHJ.OO 
135.00 

826.00 
671.40 
084.91 
723.45 
353.00 
291.00 
824.13 
324.00 



5,000,000.00 
5,000,000.00 



2,992,989.15 
12,716,820.86 

3,857,276.21 

5,589,547.51 
13,659,317.38 
14,808,735.64 
12,479,708.36 

1,877,181.35 



Unavail- 
able. 



28,872,399.45 

21,250,700.00 

28,588,750 

4,045,950.00 

203,400.00 

46,300.00 

16,350.00 



$4,771,342.53 

8,772,458.76 

6,450,195.15 

9,4439,855.65 

9,515,758.59 

8,740,329.65 

8,758,780.99 

8,179,170.80 
12,546,813.31 
12,413,978.34 
12,945,455.95 
14,995,793,95 
11,064,097.63 
11,826,307.38 
13,560,693.20 
15,559,931.07 
16,398.019.26 
17,060,661.93 

7,773,473.12 
12,134,214.28 
14,422,6:34.09 
22,639,032.76 
40,524,844.95 
34,559,536.95 
50,961,237.00 
57,171,421.82 
33,833,592.33 
21,598,986.66 
24,605,665.37 
20,881,493.68 
19,573,703.72 
20.2*2,427.94 
20,540,666.26 
24,381,212.79 
26,840,858.02 
25,260,434.21 
22,966,363.96 
24,763,629.23 
24,827,627.38 
24,844,116.51 
28,526,820.82 
31,867,450.66 
83,948,486.25 
21,791,935.55 
35,430,087.10 
50,826,796.08 
27,947,142.19 
39,019,382.60 
35,340,025.82 
25,069,662.84 
30,519,477.66 
34,784,962.89 

20,782,110.15 

31,198,555.73 

29,970,105.8) 

29,699,967.71 

55,368,168.52 

56,992,179.21 .... 

59,796,892.98 

47,649,388.88 

52,762,704.25 

49,893,115.60 

61,603,404.18 103,301,37 



§1,889.50 



63,288.35 

1,458,782.93 
37,469.25 



11,188.00 

28,251.90 

30,000.00 



January 1 to June 30, 1843. 



129 



STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED 



| Balance in 
C the Treasury 
? at commence- 
^h ment of year 



is:, i 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
(866 
186 



1S0S 

1869 
18T0 
1871 
1 872 
1878 
1871 
1875 
1876 
1871 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
issi 
1885 
1886 
188! 

1SSS 

(889 
1890 
1891 



$50,261,901.09 
18,591,073.41 

47,677,672.18 

49,108,229.80 
46,802,855.00 
85,113,884.22 
88,198,248.60 
82,979,580.78 
80,968,857.83 
46,965,804.8! 
86,588,046.18 

184,433,788.44 
33,933,657.89 

160,817,099.78 



198,076,437.09 
158,986,082.8' 
188,781,985.76 
177,604,116.51 
138,019,122.15 
134,666,001.85 
159,293,673.41 
178,833,889.54 
172,804,061.32 
149,909,877.21 
814,887,645.88 
286,591,453.88 
386,888,588.65 
831,940,064.44 
880,607,668.81 
875,450,903.53 
874,189,081.98 
484,941,408.07 
521,794,026.26 
526,848,755.46 
518,851,484.36 
659,449,099.94 
673,399,118.18 
691,587,408.76 



Customs. 



Internal 
revenue. 



$64,284,190.27 
53,085,794.21 .... 
1,863.50 



(54 

63 

11 

49. 

53. 

89, 

49. 

69, 

102, 

84, 

I79i 

176, 



1 >•.".'. 



1,620.96 
,824.88 
,511.87 



,125.64 
,897.68 
,642. lii 
152.99 
,260.60 
651.58 
810.88 



164,464 
l.si i.i 1 is 
194,538 
206,270 
816,371 
(88,089 
168,103 
157,167 
148,071 
130,956 
130.170 
187,850 
(86,522 
198,159 
220,410 
814,706 
195,067 
181,471 
198,905 
217,286 
819,091 
223,832 
229,668 
219,588 



,599.56 
,486.63 
374.44 
(08.05 
,286.77 
22.70 
,838.69 
,722.35 
,984.61 
.103.07 
,680.30 
.047.70 
,064.60 
676.02 
780.25 
196.93 
489.76 
939.34 
083.44 
803.13 
173.68 
741.69 
584.57 
805.83 



$87,640,787 
100.741.134 
809,464,815 
809,826,818 
266,027,531 



191, 081 
158,356 
184,899 
143,098 
130,648 
113,789 
108,409 
110,007 
110.70O 
118,630 
110,581 
113,561 

104.1)00 
135.201 
14(i,497 
144,720. 
121,586 
118,498 
116,805 

118.823 
124,896. 
130,881, 
148,606 
145,686, 



589.41 
460.86 

i"56.49 

1. vs. 63 
177.72 
314.14 
784.90 



,498.58 
782.03 
107.83 
624.7 1 
610.58 
373.92 
385.51 
595.45 
368.98 
072.51 
725.54 
936.48 
301.22 
S71.08 
513.02 
705.81 
249.44 



Direct 
tax. 



$1,795,331.73 
1,485,103.61 
(75,648.96 
1,800,573.03 
1,974,754.18 
4,800,233.70 



(,788,145.85 

705.085.01 

229,102.88 

580,355.37 

815,254.51 



Public 
lauds. 



98,798.80 



30 85 

1,516.89 

160,141.69 

108,156.60 

70,780.75 

108,289.94 

32.802.05 
1.505.82 



,7! IS. 30 
,049.07 
,644.93 
,486.64 
,715.87 
,687.30 
,557.71 
658.54 
203.77 
017.17 
333.20 
553.31 
031.03 
575.70 



Miscel- 
laneous, 



$1,105 

82i 

1,116 

1.250 
1,352 
1,454 
1,088 
1,023 
915 
3,741 

30,291, 

25,441. 

29,036. 

15,037. 



,352.74 

,731.10 

100.81 
020.88 
,020.13 
596.24 
,530.25 
,515. 31 
327.07 
704.38 

701.86 
556.00 

314.23 
522,15 



1 ,348,715.41 
4,080,344.34 
3,350,481.76 
2,388,646:68 
2.5:5.714.19 
8,888,312.38 
1,852,488.93 

1.113.010.17 
1,129,466.95 

970.25.-!. OS 
1,07 9,7 13. 37 

984,781.66 

1.010,500.00 
2.201.803.17 
(,753,140.37 
7,955,864.48 
9,810,705.01 
5,705.080.44 
5,630,999.34 
9.2.54.2S0.42 
11.202.017.23 
8,038,651.79 
6,358,272.51 
4,020,5.35.41 



17.745 
13,997 
18,942 
88,093 

15.100 

17.101 
32.575 
15.131 
84,070. 

30.437 
15.014. 
80,585. 
21.978 
25.1.54. 
31,703 
30.700. 
21.084. 
24.01 i. 
20.089. 
20.OO5. 
24.074. 
24.297, 
24,447. 
23,374. 



,403.59 
,338.65 
1 18.30 
541 .21 
,051.23 
.270.05 
,048.32 
.015.31 
,608.81 
487.43 
728.00 
007.49 
585.01 

850. OS 
042.52 
695.02 
881.89 

055.00 
527.80 
814.84 
440.10 
151.44 
419.74 
457.23 



6,751,086,880;39 4,111,760,797.61 28,131,990.32 280,505,041.52 690,871,802.70 



♦Amount heretofore credited to the Treasurer as 



130 



STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.-Continued. 



Dividends. 



1&54 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

I860 

1801 \ . 

1868 

1863 - 

1864 1 . 

186£ 

18(il 

186; 



1868 
1869 
1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

18 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

188(1 
1881 

1882 

1863 
1884 
1885 
1886 

1887 
1888 
188!) 

is: ii i 
1891 



.... 



Net ordinary 
receipts. 



$73,; 

71,1 
68,' 
40,i 



lni erest. Premiums. 



41 
51 
112 
2 (8 
322 
519 

46a 



,341. 
,574. 
,699. 
,812. 
,365. 
,107. 

.599. 
,299. 

,261. 
,945. 

971 . 
158. 

564. 

079. 



370,4*1,453.82 
357,188,256.09 
395,959,833.87 
374,431,104.94 

304,094,229.91 
322,177,673.78 

299.9ll.ll9ll.SI 

284,020,771.41 

2911.(100, 581. 7<» 

281,000,642.00 

257.110.770.1(1 
272,322,130.83 
333,526,500.98 
360,782,292.57 
403,525,250.28 
398,287,581.95 

31M.519.K09.92 

323,690,706.38 
336,439,727.06 

371,403,277.00 

379,200,074.70 
387,050,058.84 
4*13,080.082.03 
392,012.117.31 



$9,720,130.29 11,872,076,248.83 



$709,357.72 

10,008.00 

33,630.90 

68,400.00 

602,345.44 

21. 171. 101. ill 

11,683,446.89 

38,063,055.68 

27,787,330.35 



29,003,629.50 

13.755.101.12 

15 295,043.71 

8,892,839.9; 
9. II -J. 037. 05 

11,560,530.89 
5,037,665.22 

3. 070.279. 69 
4,029,280.58 

105,770.58 

317,102.30 
1,505,047.63 

110.00 



$485,224.45 204,259,220.83 



Receipts 
from loans and »-,_„, 

Treasury woss receipts 
notes. 



$2,001.07 

800.00 

200.00 

3,900.00 

23,717,300.00 

28,287,500.00 

20,776,800.00 

41,801,709.741 

529,092,400.50| 

776,652,361.57 

1,128,873,945.36 

1,472,224,740.85 

712,851,553.05 

040,420,910.29 



025,111 

23S.07S 

285.471 

208,708 

305,01 

214,931 

439,272 

387,971 

397,155 
348,871 
104.58] 
792,807 
211.814. 
113.750. 
120,945. 
555,942. 
200.877 
245,196 
116,314 

151.(10 
285,016, 
245,111. 
2 15. 203. 
373,208, 



,433.20 
,081.06 
,496.00 
,523. 17 

.051.00 
.017.00 
.535 16 
,556.00 

,808.00 
,749.00 
,201.00 
,043.00 
103.00 
,534.00 
724.00 

501.00 

,886.00 
,303.00 
,850.00 

900.00 

,650.00 
,750.00 
,650.00 

857.75 



$73,802,343.07 

05,351,374.08 

74,056,899.24 

68,969,212.57 

70,872,665.96 

81,773,965.64 

76,841,407.83 

83,371,640.13 

581,680,121.59 

889,379,652.; 

I,398,461,017.£ 

1,805,930.315.93 
1.270.881,173.11 
1,131,000,920.56 



Unavail- 
able. 



1.030.719 
609,621 

090,72!) 

652,092 
679,153 

548,009 
711.251 
075.971 
691 ,551 
630,278 
662,345 
1,060,034 
545,340 
474,532 
524,470 
954,230. 
555,397, 
568,887, 
452,754 
525,844 
00 1.28-.' 
632,161 
048.371 
705,821, 



.510.52 

.828.27 
,973.03 

168 30 
,921 .56 

.221.07 
.2:0.52 
,007.10 
,073.28 
,107.58 
,079.70 
,827.40 
,713.98 
,820.57 
,974.28 
,145.95 
,755.92 
,009.38 
,577.06 
,177.66 
,724.70 
,408.84 
032.03 
:V 15.00 



2,675,918.19 

' *2,070.73 

"*3,396.i8 

♦18,228.35 

*3,047.80 

12,091.40 



$15,408.34 



11,110.81 

6,000.01 
9,210.40 

0,095.11 
172,094.29 
721,827.93 



*1, 500.00 
47,097.65 



7, 997. (i I 

*73i'.ii 



13,259,392,970.59 25,336,213,670.70 2,714,7:30.71 



unavailable, and since recovered and charged to his account. 



131 



STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, 

JUNE 30, FROM 



Year. 


War. 


Navy. 


Indians. 


Pensions. 


Miscellaneous. 


1791 






$27,000.00 

13,648.85 


$175,813.88 
109,243.15 


$1,083,971.61 


1792 


1,100,702.09 




4,672,664.38 


1793 


1,130.249.0s 




27,282.83 


80,087.81 


511,451.01 


1794 


2,639,097.59 


$61,408.97 


13,042.46 


81,399.24 


750,350.74 


1795 


2. [80.910.13 


410,502.03 


23,475.68 


68,673.22 


1,378,920.00 


1796 


1,260,263.84 


274,784.04 


113,563.98 


100,843.71 


801,817.58 


1797 


1,039,402.46 


382,631.89 


62,396.58 


92,256.97 


1,259,422.62 


1798 


2,009.522.30 


1,381,347.76 


16,470.09 


104,845.33 


1,139,524.94 


1799 


2,466,946.98 


2,858,081.84 


20,302.19 


95,444.03 


1,039,391.68 


1800 


2,560,878.77 


3,448,716.03 


31.22 


64,130.73 


1, $37,613.22 


1801 


1,672,944.08 


2,111,424.00 


9,000.00 


73,533.37 


1,114,768.45 


1802 


1,179,148.25 


915,561.87 


94,000.00 


85,440.39 


1,462,929.40 


1803 


822,055.85 


1,215,230.53 


60,000.00 


62,902.10 


1,842,635.76 


1804 


875,423.93 


1,189,832.75 


116,500.00 


80,092.80 


2,191,009.43 


1805 


718,781.28 


1,597,500.00 


196.500.00 


81,854.59 


3,768,598.75 


1806 


1,224,355.38 


1,649,641.44 


234,200.00 


81,875.53 


2,890,137.01 


1807 


1,288,085.91 


1,722,064.47 


205,425.00 


70,500.00 


1,097,897.51 


1808 


2,900,834.40 


1,884,067.80 


213,575.00 


82,576.04 


1,423,285.61 


1809 


3,345,772.17 


2,427,758.80 


337.51 »3.84 


87,8*3.54 


1,215,803.79 


1810 


2,294,323.94 


1,654,244.20 


177,625.00 


83,744.16 


1,101,144.98 


1811 


2,032,828.19 


1,965,566.39 


151,875.00 


75,043.88 


1,367,291.40 


1812 


11,817,798.24 


3,959,365.15 


277,845.00 


91,402.10 


1,683,088.21 




19,652,013.02 


6.446.600.10 


167,358.28 


86,989.91 


1,729,435.61 


1814 


20,350,806.86 


7,311,290.60 


167,394.86 


90,164.36 


2.208,029.70 


1815 


14,794,294.22 


8,660,000.25 


530,75i i.i hi 


69,656.06 


2,898,870.47 


1816 


16,012,096.80 


3,908,278.30 


274,512.16 


188,804.15 


2,989,741.17 


1817 


8,004,236.53 


3,314,598.49 


319,463.71 


297,374. 13 


3,518,936.76 


1818 


5,662,715.10 


2,953,695.00 


505,704.27 


890,719.90 


3,835,839.51 


1819 


6,506,300.37 


3,847,640.42 


463,181.39 


2,415,939.85 


3,067,211.41 


1820 


2,630,392.31 


4,387,990.00 


315,750.01 


3,208,376.31 


2,592,021.94 


1821 


4,461,291.78 


3,319,243.06 


477,005.44 


242,817.25 


2,223,131.54 


1822 


3,111,981.48 


2,224,458.98 


575,007.41 


1,948,199.40 


1,967,996.24 


1823 


3,096,924.43 


2,503,765.83 


380,781.82 


1,780.588.52 


1,022,093.99 


1824 


3,340,939.85 


2,904,581.56 


429,987.90 


1,499,326.59 


7,155,308.81 


1825 


3,659,914.18 


3,049,083.86 


724,106.44 


1,308,810.57 


2,748,544.89 


1826 


3,943,194.37 


4,218,902.45 


743,447.83 


1,556,593.83 


2,600,177.79 


1827 


3,948,977.88 


4,203,877.45 


750,024.88 


976,138.86 


2.713,476.58 


1828 


4,145,544.56 


3,918,786.44 


705,084.24 


850,573.57 


3,676,052.64 


1829 


4,724,291.07 


3,308,745.47 


576,344.74 


949,594.47 


3,082,234.65 


1830 


4,767,128.88 


3,239,428.63 


622,262.47 


1,363,297.31 


3,237,416.04 


1831 


4,841,835.55 


3,856,183.07 


930,738.04 


1,170,665.14 


3,064,646.10 


1832 


5,446,0:34.88 


3,956,370.29 


1,352,419.75 


1,184,422.40 


4,577,141.45 


W33 


6,704,019.10 


3,901,356.75 


1,802.980.93 


4,589,152.40 


5,716,245.93 


ia34 


5,696,189.38 


3,956,260.42 


1,003,953.20 


3,364,285.30 


4,404,728.95 


1835 


5,759,156.89 


3,864,939.06 


1,706,444.48 


1,9.54.711.32 


4,229,698.53 


1836.. . . 


11,747,345.25 


5,807,718.23 


5,037,022.88 


2,882,797.% 


5,393,279.72 


1837 


13,682,730.80 


6,646,914.53 


4,348,036.19 


2.672,162.45 


9,8*3,370.27 


1838 


12,897,224.10 


6,131,580..% 


5,504,191.34 


2,156,057.29 


7,160,664.76 


1839 


8,916,995.80 


6,182,294.25 


2,528,917.28 


3,142,750.51 


5,725,990.89 


IS (II 


7,095,267.23 


6,113,89(1.89 


2,331,794.86 


2,603,562.17 


5,995,398.96 


1H4I .. .. 


8,801,610.24 


6,001,076.97 


2,514,837.12 


2,388.131.51 


6,490,881.45 


1842 


6,610,438.02 


8,397,242.99 


1,199,099.68 


1,378,931.33 


6,775,624.61 


1843* 


2,908,671.95 


3,727,711.53 


578.371.00 


839,041.12 


3,202,713.00 


1844 


5,218,183.66 


6, 198,199.11 


1,256.532.39 


2,032,008.99 


5,645,183.86 


1845 


5,746,291.28 


6. 297. 177.89 


[,539,351.35 


2,400,788.11 


5,911,760.98 


1846 


10,413,370.58 


6.455,013.92 


1,027,693.64 


1.811.097.56 


6,711,283.89 


1847 


35,840,030.33 


7,900,035.76 


1,430,411.30 


1,744,883.63 


6,885,608.35 


[848 - .. 


27.688.331.21 


9,408,476.02 




1,227,496.48 


5,650,851.25 


1849 


1 1. 558.473.26 


9,786,705.92 


1,374,161.55 


1,328,867.64 


12,885,334.24 


1850 


9,687,024 58 


7,901.724.66 


1,663,591.47 


1,866,886.02 


16,043,733.36 


1851 


12,161,965.11 


8,880,581.38 


2.829. 8i 11. 77 


2,293,377.22 


17,888,992.18 


[852 


8,521,506.19 


8,918,842.10 


3,013,576.04 


2,401,858.78 


17,504,171.45 


1853 


9,910,498.49 


11,067,789.53 


3,880,494.12 


1,756,306.20 


17,463,068.01 



* For the half year from 



132 



1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843 AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED 
THAT TIME. 



Net ordinary 
expenditures. 



,919,589.5s! 
""",258.47 
,749,070.73 
,545,299.00 
,362,541.72 
,551,303.15 
,836,110.52 
,651,710.42 
,480,166.72 
,411,369.97 
,981,669.90 
,737,079.91 
,002,824.24 
,452,858.91 
,357,234.62 
,080,209.36 
984,572.89 
504,338.85 
414.1)72.1 1 
311,082.28 
592,604.80 
829,498.70 
082,390.92 
127,686.38 
953,571.00 
373,432.58 
454,609.92 
808,673.78 
300,273.44 
134,530.57 
723,479.07 
827,643.51 
784,154.59 
330,144.71 
490,450.90 
062,316.27 
653,095.65 
296,041.45 
641,210.40 
229,533.33 
864,067.90 
516,386.77 
"13,755.11 
425,417.25 
514,950.28 
868,164.04 
243,214.24 
849,718.08 
496,948.73 
139,920.11 
196,840.29 
361,336.59 
256,508.60 
650,108.01 
895,369.61 
418,459.59 
801,569.37 
227,454.77 
933,542.61 
165,990.09 
054,717.66 
389,954.56 
078,156.35 



Premiums. 



$18,231.43 



82,865.81 



69,713.19 
170,063.42 

420,498.74 



Interest. 



$1,177,863.03 
2,373,611.28 
2,097,859.17 
2,752,523.04 
2,947,059.06 
3,239,347.68 
3,172,516.73 
2,955,875.90 
2,815,651.41 
3,402,601.04 
4,411,830.06 
4,239,172.16 
3,949,462.36 
4,185,043.74 
2,657,114.22 
3,368,968.26 
3,369,578.48 
2,557,074.23 
2,866,074.90 
3,163,671.09 
2,585,435.57 
2,451,272.57 
3,599,455.22 
4,593,239.04 
5,990,090.24 
7,822,923.34 
4,536,282.55 
6,209,954.03 
5,211,730.56 
5,151,004.32 
5,126,073.79 
5,172,788.79 
4,922,475.40 
4,943,557.93 
4,366,757.40 
3,975,542.95 
3,486,071.51 
3,098,800.60 
2,542,843.23 
1,912,574.93 
1,373,748.74 
772,561.50 
303,796.87 
202,152.98 
57,863.08 



14,996.48 

399,8.33.89 

174,598.08 

284,977.55 

773,549.85 

523,583.91 

1,833,452.13 

1,040,458.18 

842,723.27 

1,119,214.72 

2,390,765.88 

3,565,535.78 

3,782,393.03 

3,696,760.75 

4,000,297.80 

3,665,832.74 



Public debt. 



$699,984.23 

693,050.25 

2,633,048.07 

2,743,771.13 

2,841,639.37 

2,577,126.01 

2,617,2.50.12 

976,032.09 

1,706,578.84 

1,138,563.11 

2,879,876.98 

5,294,235.24 

3,306,697.07 

3,977,206.07 

4,563,960.63 

572,018.64 

2,938,141.62 

7,701,288.90 

3,586,479.21! 

4,835,241.12 

5,414,564.43 

1,998,349.88 

7,508,668.22 

3,307,304.90 

6,638,832.11 

17,048,139.59 

20,886,753.5 r 

15,086,247.59 

2,492,195.73 

3,477,489.90 

3,241,019.83 

8,676,160.33 

607,541 .01 

11,624,835.83 

7,728,587.38 

7,065,539.24 

6,517.590.88 

9,064,637.4' 

9,860,304.7' 

9,443,173.29 

14,800,629.48 

17,067,747.79 

1,239,746.51 

5,974,412.21 

328.20 



21,822.91 

5,590,723.70 

10,718,153.53 

3,912,015.62 

5,315,712.19 

7,801,990.09 

338,012.64 

11,158,450.71 

7,536,349.49 

371,100.01 

5,600,067.65 

13,086,922.64 

12,804,478.54 

3,656,335.14 

654,912.71 

2,152,293.05 

6,412,574.01 



Gross 
Expenditures. 



$3,791 
8,962 
6,479 
9,041 
10,151 
8,367 
8,625 
8,583 
11,002 
11,952 
12,273 
13,270 
11,258. 
12,615. 
13,598. 
15,021. 
11,292. 
16,762. 
13,867, 
13,309, 
13,592, 
22,279 
39,190 
38,028, 
39,582. 
48,244 
40,877 
35,104, 
24,004 
21,703 
19,090, 
17,070 
15,314 
31,808, 
23,585, 
24,103, 
22,050, 
25, 159 
25,044. 
24,585. 
30,038. 
34,356. 
21,257. 
21,001. 
17,573. 
80,868; 
37,205. 
39,455. 
37,614. 
28,226. 
31,797, 
32,930. 
12,118, 
33,642, 

30,190, 

60^520. 

60,6 

56,886, 

44,604 
48,476 
40,712 
54,577 



436.78 

920.00 
977.97 
,593.17 
,240.15 
770.84 
877.37 
,618.41 
,396.97 
534.12 
,376.94 
487.31 

983.07 
113.72 
309.47 
190.26 
292.99 
702.04 
220.30 
994.49 
004, SO 
121.15 
520.36 
230.32 
493.35 
195.51 
646.04 
875.40 
199 



,024.8." 
,572.69 
,592.03 
,171.00 
,538.4 
,804.72 
,398.46 
,704.04 
,479.52 
,358.40 
,281.55 
,440.12 
098.00 
298. (9 
982.44 
141.56 
164.04 
037.15 
438.35 
936.15 
533.81 
530.03 
870.53 
105.15 
010.85 
408.71 

282.90 
1.71 

148.19 

422.74 
718.20 
104.81 

008.83 

061.74 



Balance in 

Treasury at 

the end of 

the year. 



$973 

783 

753 

1,151 

516 

888 

1,021 

617 

2,161 

2,623 

3,295 

5,020 

4,825 

<037. 

3,999. 

4,538. 

9,043, 

9,941, 

3,848, 

2,672, 

3,502, 

3,862, 

5,196 

1,727, 

13,106, 

22,033 

14,989, 

1,478, 

2,079, 

1,198 

1,681. 

4,237 

9,463 

1,946 

5,201 

6,358 

6,668 

5,972 

5,755 

6,014 

4.502, 

2,011, 

11,702, 

8,892, 

20,749, 

40,708. 

37,327, 

36,891, 

33,157 

29,963 

28,685 

30,521 

39,186 

30.712 

30,191. 

38,261, 

33,079, 

29,416, 

32,827 

85,871 

40,158 

43,388 

50,261 



905.75 
,444.51 
,661.69 
924.17 
,442.61 
,905.42 
,899.04 
,451.43 
,867.77 
311.99 
391.00 
697.64 
,811.60 
005.26 
388.99 
123.80 
850.07 
809.96 
,056.78 
276.57 
305.80 
217.41 
542.00 
848.63 
592.88 
519.19 
465.48 
526.74 
992.38 
,401.21 
,592.24 
,427.55 
,922.81 
,597.13 
,650.43 
,686.18 
,286.10 
,435.81 
,704.79 
539.75 
914.45 
777.55 
905.31 
858.42 
803.96 
436.00 

252.0!) 
190.94 
503.0S 
103,10. 
111.08 
979.44 
2SI.71 
829.62 
874.81 

I.V.I. 05 
270.13 
012.15 
082.69 
753.31 
353.25 
800.02 
901.09 



January 1, to June 30, 1843. 



133 



STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED 



Year. 


War. 


Navy. 


Indians. 


Pensions. 


Miscellaneous. 


1854 


$11,722,282.87 


$10,790,096.32 


$1,550,339.55 


$1,232,665.00 


$26,672,144.68 


1855 


14,648,074.07 


13,327,095.11 


3,772,990.78 


1,477,612.33 


24,090,425.43 


1856 


16,963,160.51 


14,074,834.64 


3,644,203.97 


1,296,289.65 


31 , r 94,038.87 


1857 


19,159,150.87 


12,651,694.61 


4,354,418.87 


1,310,380.58 


28,565,498.77 


1858 


25,679,121.63 


14,053,264.64 


4,978,266.18 


1,219,768.30 


26,400,016.42 


1859 


23,154,720.53 


14,690,927.90 


3,490,534.53 


1,222,222.71 


23,797,544.40 


1860 


16,472,202.72 


11,514,649.83 


2,991,121.54 


1,100,802.32 


37,977,978.30 


1861 


23,001,530.67 


12,387,156.52 


2,865,481.17 


1,034,599.73 


33,337,387.69 


1862 


389,173,562.29 


42,640,353.09 


2,327,948.37 


852,170.47 


31,385,863.59 




603,314,411.82 


63,261,235.31 


3,152,032.70 


1,078,513.36 


23,198,382.37 


1864 


690,391,048.66 


85,704,963.74 


2,629,975.97 


4,985,473.90 


37,573,316.87 




1,030,690,400.06 


123,617,434.07 


5,059,360.71 


16,347,621.34 


43,989,383.10 


1866 


283,154,676.06 


43,285,668.00 


3,295,729.32 


15,605,549.88 


40,613,114.17 




3,568,638,312.28 


717,551,816.39 


103,369,211.43 


119,607,656.01 


643,604,554.33 




*3, 621 ,780.07 


*77,992.17 


*53,2S6.61 


*9,737.87 


*718,769.52 




3,572,260,092.35 


717,629,808.56 


103,422,498.03 


119,617,393.88 


644,323,323.85 


1867 


95,224,415.63 


31,034,011.04 


4,642,531.77 


20,936,551.71 


51,110,223.72 


1868 


123,246,648.62 


25,775,502.72 


4,100,682.32 


23,782,386.78 


53,009,867.67 


1869 


78,501,990.61 


20,000,757.97 


7,048,923.06 


28,476,631.78 


56,474,061.53 


1870 


57,655,675.40 


21,780,229.87 


3,407,938.15 


38,340,303.17 


53,837,461.56 


1871 


35,799,991.82 


19,431,027.21 


7,426,997.44 


34,443,894.88 


60,481,916.33 


1872 


35,372,157.20 


21,249,809.99 


7,061,728.82 


38,533,403.76 


60,984,757.43 


1873 


46,323,138.31 


23,536,256.79 


7,951,704.88 


39,359,436.86 


73,328,110.06 


1874 


42,313,927.22 


30,932,587.48 


6,692,402.09 


39,038,414.66 


85,141,593.61 


1875 


41,120,645.98 


21,497,626.37 


8,384,656.82 


39,456,316.33 


71,070,702.98 


1876 


38,070,888.64 


18,963,309.82 


5,966,558.17 


38,357,395.69 


73,599,661.04 


1877 


37,082,735.90 


14,959,935.36 


5,277,007.22 


37,963,753.87 


58,926,532.53 


1878 


32,151,147.85 


17,365,301.37 


4,629,280.28 


37,137,019.08 


58,177,703.57 


1879 


40,425,660.73 


15,125,126.84 


5,206,109.08 


35,131,483.39 


65,741,555.49 


1880 


38,116,916.22 


13,536,984.74 


5,945,457.09 


56,777,174.44 


54,713,529.76 


1881 


40,466,460.55 


15,686,671.66 


6,514,161.09 


50,059,379.63 


64,416,384.71 


1882 


43,570,494.19 


15,032,046.26 


9,736,747.40 


61,345,193.95 


57,219,750.98 


1883 


48,911,382.93 


15,283,437.17 


7,362,590.34 


66,013,573.6-1 


68,678,022.21 


1884 


39,429,603.36 


17,393,601.44 


6,475,999.29 


55,439,338.06 


70,920,433.70 


1885 


42,670,578.47 


16,031,079.67 


6,552,494.63 


56,102,267.49 


87,494,258.38 


1886 


34,324,152.74 


13,907,887.74 


6,099,158.17 


63,404,864.03 


74,166,929.85 


1887 


38,561,085.85 


15,141,126.80 


6,194,522.69 


75,029,101.79 


85,264,825.59 


1888 


38,522,436.11 


16,936,437.65 


6,249,307.87 


80,288,508.77 


72,952,260.80 


1889 


44,435,270.85 


21,378,809.31 


6,892,207.78 


87,624,779.11 


80,664,0(>4.20 


1890 


44,582,838.08 


33,006,306.34 


6,708,046.67 


106,936,855.07 


81,403,256.49 


1891 


48,720,065.01 


36,113,896.46 


8,527,469.01 


124,415,951.40 


110,048,167.49 


Total.. 


4,777,863,340.62 


1,307,598,476.37 


264,471,840.16 


1,373,889,938.50 


2,368,549,295.48 



♦Outstanding 

Note.— This statement is made from warrants paid by the Treasurer up to 

warrants issued 



134 



STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.— Continued. 



1854 

1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1800 



1807 
1868 

1809 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1870 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 

1881 

1882 
1883 

1884 
1885 
1886 

1887 

1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 



Net ordinary 
expenditures. 



$51,907,528.42 

56,310,197.72 

66,772,527.64 

66,041,143.70 

72,330,437.17 

66,355,950.0' 

60,056,754.7: 

62,616,055.78 

456,379,890.81 

694,004,575.56 

811,288,676.14 

1,217,704,199.28 

385,954,731.43 



5,152,771,550.43 
*4,481 ,566.24 



5,157,253 
202,947 
229,915 
190,496 
164,421 
157,583 
153,201 
180,488 
194,118 
171,529 
164,857 
144,209 
134,463. 
161,619 
169,090. 
177,142. 
180,904. 
806,248, 
189,517. 
208,840. 
191,902. 
220,190, 
214,938, 
240,995, 
261,637, 
317,825, 



,116.6' 
,733.87 

,088.11 

,354.95 

,507.15 

,827.58 

,856.19 

,030.90 
,985.0(1 
,848.27 
,813.30 
,903.28 
,452.15 
,934.53 
,002.25 
897.03 
232.78 
,000.29 
805.85 
078.04 
992 53 
002.72 
951 .20 
131.31 
202.55 
549.37 



Premiums. 



.',877, 
872, 
385. 
363. 
574. 



818.09 
047.39 
372.90 
572.39 
4-13.08 



Interest. 



1,717 
58, 



900.11 
470.51 



7,611,003.50 



7,611,003.50 
10,813,1349.38 
7,001,151.04 
1,674,680.05 
15,990,555.60 
9,016,794.84 
6,958,266.76 
5,105,919.99 
1,395,073.55 



2,795,320.42 
1,061,248.78 



8,270,842.46 

17,292,302.05 
20,304,224.06 

10,401,220.01 



$3,070,926.69 

2,314,404.99 

1,953,822.37 

1,593,205.23 

1,652,055.07 

1,637,649.70 

3,144,120.94 

4,034,157.30 

13,190,344.84 

24,729,700.62 

53,685.412.09 

77,395,090.30 

133,007,624.91 



Public debt. 



502,089,519.27 
*2,888.48 



502,692,407.75 
143,781,591.91 
140,424,045.71 
130,694,242.80 
129,2:55,498.00 
125,576,505.93 
117,357,839.72 
104,750,088.41 
107,119,815.21 
103,093,544.57 
100,243,271.23 
97,124,511.57 
102,500,874.65 
105,327.949.00 
95,757,575.11 
82,508,741.18 
71,077,200.79 
59,160,131.25 
54,578,378.48 
51,380,250.47 
50,580,145.97 
47,741,577.25 
44,715,007.47 
41,001,484.29 
86,099,284.06 
37,547,135.37 



$17,556,896.95 

6,662,005.80 

3,614,618.66 

3,270,000.05 

7,505,250.82 

14,085,043.15 

13,854,250.00 

18,737,100.00 

90,097,322.09 

181,081,0.35.07 

430,572,014.03 

609,616,141.68 

620,203,249.10 



2,374,677,103.12 
* 100.31 



Gross 
Expenditures. 



2,374,677,203.43 
735,536,980.11 
692,549,685.88 
261,912,718.31 
393,254,282.13 
399,503,670.65 
405,007,307.54 
233,099,352.58 
422,065,000.23 
407,377,492.48 
449 345 272 
323J965,'424!05 
353,070,944.90 
699,445,809.16 
432,590,280.41 
165,152,335.05 
271,646,299.55 
590,083,829.90 
260.520,690.50 
211,700,353.43 
205,216,709.36 
271,901,321.15 
249,760,258.05 
318,922,412.35 
312,200,307.50 
365,352,470.87 



9,992,372,291.13 125,098,013.65 2,682,075,770.18 11,807,130,532.43 24,007,276,007.39 



$75,473,170.75 

66,164,775.96 

72,726,341.57 

71,274,587.37 

82,062,186.74 

83,678,642.92 

77,055,125.65 

85,387,313.08 

565,667,503.74 

899,815,911.25 

295,541,114.86 

1,906,433,331.3' 

1,139,344,081.95 



Balance in 

Treasury at 

the end of 

the year. 



8,037,749,176.38 
*4,484,555.03 



8,042,233,731.41 
1,093,079,055.27 
1,009,889,970.74 
584,777,996.11 
702,907,842.88 
691,080,858.90 
682,525,270.21 
524,044,597.91 
724,698,933.99 
682,000,885.32 
714,440,357.39 
565,299,898.01 
590,641, 271 .70 
966,393,092.119 
700,233,238.19 
425,805,222.04 
529,027,739.12 
855,491,967.50 
504,646,934.83 
471,987,288.54 
447,699,847.86 
539,833,501.12 
517,685,059.18 
618,211,390.60 
6:30,247,078.16 
731,126,376.22 



$48,591,073.41 
47,777,672.18 
49,108,229.80 
46,802,855.00 
35,113,334.22 
33,193,248.60 
32,979,530.78 
30,903,857.83 
40,965.304.87 
30,523,040.13 

134,433,738.44 
33,933,057.89 

165,301,654.76 



*4,484,555.03 



100,817 
198,070 
158,936 

183,781 

177,604 

138,019 

134,606 

159,293 

178.833 

172,804 

149,909 

214.887 

280,591 

380.S32 

231,940 

280,007 

275,450 

374,189 

424,941 

521,794 

520,848 

512.851 

059,449. 

073,399. 

691,52' 

726,222, 



,099.73 
,537.09 
,082.87 
,985.76 
116.51 
,122.15 
,001.85 
,073.41 
,339.54 
,001.32 
,377.21 
,645.88 
,453.88 
,588.05 
,004.44 
,668.37 
,903.53 
,081.98 
,403.07 
,026.26 
.755. 10 
,434.30 
,099.94 

,118.18 
,403.70 
,332.60 



warrants. 

June 30, 1866. The outstanding 
from that date. 



warrants are then added, and the statement is by 



135 



APPROPRIATIONS SANCTIONED BY CONGRESS, 1882-1892. 





1882. 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


1886. 


1887. 




$5,110,862 

17,797,398 

22,011,223 

26,687,800 

14,566,038 

4,587,867 

11,451,300 

575,000 

322,435 

2,152,258 

68,282,307 

1,191,435 

a35,500 

3,379,571 

1,128,006 


$9,853,869 

20,322,908 
25,425,479 

27,032.09!) 

14,903,559 

5,219,604 

18,988.875 

375,000 

335,557 

1,902,178 

116,000,000 

1,256,655 

427,280 

3,496,060 

5,888,994 


$2,832,680 

20,763,843 

23,713,404 

24,681,250 

15,954,247 

5,388,656 

None 

670,000 

318,657 

Indefinite. 

86,575,000 

1,296,255 

405,640 

3,505,495 

1,806,439 


$4,385,836 

21,556,902 

22,340,750 

24,454,450 

8,931,856 

5,903,151 

14,948,300 

700,000 

314,563 

Indefinite. 

20,810,000 

1,225,140 

480,190 

3,594,256 

7,800,004 


$3,332,717 

21,495,661 

25,961,904 

24,014,052 

21,280,767 

5,773,329 

None. 

725,000 

309,902 

Indefinite. 

60,000,000 

1,242,925 

580,790 

3,622,683 

2,268,383 


$13,572,883 


Legislative, Executive 


20,809,781 




22,656,658 


Support of the Army. 


23,753,057 
10,489,557 


Indian Service 

Rivers and Harbors. . . 
Forts & Fortifications 

Military Academy 

Post-Office Dept 


5,561,263 
14,464,900 

59,877 
297,805 
Indefinite. 

76,075.21 HI 


Consular & Diplomatic 

Agricultural Dept* 

District of Columbiat 


1,364,065 
654,715 

3,721,051 
10,194,571 






Totals 


$179,579,000 


$251,428,117 


$187,911,566 


$137,451,398 


$170,608,114 


$209,659,383 



Deficiencies 

Legislative, Executive 

and Judicial 

Sundry Civil 

Support of the Army. 

Naval Service 

Indian Service 

Rivers and Harbors. . . 
Forts & Fortifications. 

Military Academy 

Post-OiHce Dept 

Pensions 

Consular & Diplomatic 

Agricultural Dept* 

District of Columbiat 
Miscellaneous 



$137,000 

20,772,721 

22,369,841 

23,721,710 

25,786,848 

5,234,398 

None. 

None. 

419,937 

Indefinite. 

83,152,500 

1,429,942 

1,0'JS.730 

4,284,592 

1.094,035 



1889. 



$21,190,990 

20,924,492 

26.316,530 

241474,711 

19,938,281 

5,401,331 

22,397,616 

3,972,000 

315,044 

Indefinite. 

81,758,700 

1,428,465 

1,715,826 

5,056,679 

10,129,505 



Totals $193,035,861 $245,020,173 $218,115.440 $287,722.488 $323,783,079 



1890. 



$14,239,180 

20,865,220 

25,527,642 

24,310,016 

21,675,375 

8,077,453 

None. 

1,233,594 

902,767 

Indefinite. 

81,758,700 

1,980,025 

1,669,770 

5,682,410 

10,186,689 



1891. 



$34,137,737 

21,073,137 

29,760,054 

24,206,471 

23,136,035 

7,256,758 

25,136,295 

4,232,935 

435,296 

Indefinite. 

98,457,461 

1,710,725 

1.796,502 

5,762,236 

10,620,840 



$38,516,227 

22,027,674 
35,459,163 

24,613.529 

31,541,645 

16,278,492 

2,951 ,200 

3,774,803 

402,070 

Indefinite. 

135,214,785 

1,656,925 

3,028,153 

5,597,125 

2,721,283 



* Previous to 1881 appropriations for the Agricultural Department were included in the 
Legislative, Executive and Judicial appropriations. tPrevious to 1881 appropriations for the 
District of Columbia were included in the Sundry Civil expenses appropriations. 



136 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 
(FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS.) 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 

Fiscal year 1891. 

The revenues of the government from all sources for the fiscal year ended 
June 30, 1891, were: 

From customs ." $219,522,205.23 

From internal revenue 145,(586,249.44 

From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays 7,701,991.82 

From sales of public lands 4,029,535.41 

From fees — consular, letters-patent, and land 3,019,781.84 

From sinking-fund for Pacific railways 2,326,359.37 

From tax on national banks 1,236,042.60 

From customs fees, fines, penalties, and forfeitures 966,121.82 

From repayment of interest by Pacific railways 823,904.04 

From sales of Indian lands 602,545.38 

From Soldiers' Home, permanent fund 308,648.34 

From tax on seal-skins 269,673. 88 

From immigrant fund 292,271.00 

From sales of government property 259,379.05 

From deposits for surveying public lands . . .' 131,422.80 

From Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad Company 500,000.00 

From sales of ordnance material 122,61)8.(11 

From sales of condemned naval vessels 78,037.30 

From depredations on public lands 55,905.83 

From the District of Columbia 2,853,897.74 

From miscellaneous sources 1 ,825,806.35 

From postal service 65,931,785.72 

Total receipts $458,544,233.03 

The expenditures for the same period were: 

For the civil establishment, including foreign intercourse, public build- 
ings, collecting the revenues, deficiency in postal revenues, rebate of 
tax on tobacco, refund of direct taxes, French spoliation claims, Dis- 

trict of Columbia, and other miscellaneous expenses $110,048,10! .49 

For the military establishment, including rivers and harbors, forts, ar 

senals, and sea-coast defenses 48,720,065.01 

For the naval establishment, including construction of new vessels, ma- 

chinery, armament, equipment, and improvement at navy-yards 20,1 13, s. 10. 16 

For Indian service °,527 , "".UU 

For pensions ^'Sw'SSw 

For interest on the public debt 3. ,.> 1, •}.'[''"?■', 

For postal service • 65,981,785.7 2 

Total expenditures ■ $421, 304. 170. 10 

Leaving a surplus of $37,239,762.5, 

137 
12b 



138 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 



To this sum was added $54,207,975.75, deposited in the Treasury under 
the act of July 14, 1890, for the redemption of national hank notes; $9,363,- 
715 deposited during the year on the same account; $3,810 received for 
four per cent, bonds issued for interest accrued on refunding certificates con- 
verted during the year, and $34,132,372.16 taken from the cash balance in the 
Treasury, making a total of $134,947,635.48, which was applied to the pay- 
ment of the public debt, as follows: 

Redemption of 

Bonds, fractional currency, and notes for the sinking-fund, includ- 
ing $3,800,086.28 premium paid on bonds $47,866,107.65 

Loan of 1847 300.00 

Loan of July and August, 1861 21,100.00 

Loan of 1863 100.00 

Loan of 1863, continued 300.00 

Five-twenties of 1862 150.00 

Five-twenties of June, 1864 10,650.00 

Consols of 1865 15,850.00 

Consols of 1867 35,460.00 

Consols of 1868 20,050.00 

Ten-forties of 1864 11,500.00 

Funded loan of 1881 5,000.00 

Funded loan of 1881, continued 7,800.00 

Loan of 1882 60,200.00 

Bounty land scrip 100.00 

Old demand, compound interest, and other notes 5,055.00 

National bank notes 23,553,298.50 

Purchase of — 

Funded loan of 1891 30,286,150.00 

Funded loan of 1907 '. 26,507,250.00 

Premium on funded loan of 1891 135.99 

Premium on funded loan of 1907 6,540,998.34 

Total $134,947,635.48 

As compared with the fiscal year 1890, the receipts for 1891 have fallen off 
$5,418,847.52, as follows: 



Source. 



Postal service 

Internal revenue 

Nashville & Chattanooga R. R. Co 

Sinking-fund for Pacific railways 

Sales of Indian lands 

Repayment of interest by Pacific railways 

Consular fees 

Sales of ordnance material 

Sales of condemned naval vessels 

Sales of government property 

Immigrant fund ' 

Revenues of the District of Columbia 

Depredations on public lands 

Deposits for survey i ni, r public lands 

Tax on seal-skins 

Miscellaneous ii cms 

Customs 

Profits on coinage, assays, He 

Sales of public lauds. . .' 

Registers and Receivers 1 fees 

Custom-house fees 

Customs emolument fees 

Tax on nal ional banks 

Fees on letters-patent 

Customs fines, penall irs, Hr 



Increase. 



Decrease. Net decrease 



85,049,687.80 

3,079,543.63 

500,000.00 

483,704.85 

230,257.23 

118,212.52 

112,185 47 

82,301.71 

77,096.89 

67,255.06 

50,807.00 

44,766.81 

20,063.46 

19,108.01 

7,173.88 

266,859.60 



$10,146,379.34 

2,515,252.43 
2,328,737.10 
196,730.03 
179,885.43 
129,118.85 
65,283.98 
42,365.92 
21,108.42 



Total I $10.2(10.103.98 $15,627,951.50 



".,118,817 52 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 



139 



There was an increase of $57, 636,198.14 in the ordinary expenditures. 



follows: 



Source. 



CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT. 

Legislative — 

Salaries and expenses 

Department of State- 
Salaries and expenses 

Foreign intercourse 

Treasury Department — 

Salaries and contingent expenses 

Independent Treasury 

Mints and assay offices 

Territorial governments " " 

Salaries and expenses, internal revenue 

Rebate of tax on tobacco 

Refund of direct taxes ' 

Repayment to importers excess of deposits 
Debentures or drawbacks, customs .... 

Miscellaneous items, customs 

Lighthouse establishment 
Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing 

Court-houses, custom-houses, etc 
Sinking fund, Pacific railroads 
Expenses of Treasury notes of 1890 
World's Columbian Exposition 
French spoliation claims. . . 
Miscellaneous items 
Navy Department- 
Salaries and expenses 

Interior Department- 
Salaries and expenses 

Public lands service 

Expenses of Eleventh Census 

t> 9?! l £ 8es J ^ a ?riculfre and mechanic arts 
Post-Office Department- 
Salaries and expenses. . . 
Department of Agriculture- 
Salaries and expenses. . 
Department of Labor- 
Salaries and expenses. . . 
Department of Justice- 
Salaries and expenses 

Fees of supervisors of elections 
Special deputy marshals at elections' 

Judgments, U. S. Courts 

Salaries and expenses, TJ. S. Courts 
Executive Proper- 
Salaries and expenses 

District of Columbia— 

Salaries and expenses 

W ar Department— 

Salaries and Expenses . . . 
Post -Office Department- 
Postal Service 



Increase. 



$436,874.00 

16,542.00 
380,439.00 

92,556.00 

35,052.00 

45,711.00 

139,948.00 

332,045.00 

770,082.00 

11,521,497.00 

3,039,703.00 

1,983,830.00 

44,611.00 

102,546.00 

30,052.00 

87,688.00 

433,872.00 

476,433.00 

218,303.00 

169,378.00 

1,085,240.00 

305,780.00 

21,796.00 

357,559.00 

462,401.00 

4,938,333.00 

1,081,000.00 

25,445.00 

184,351.00 

5,757.00 

39,220.00 

371,358.00, 

34,785.00 1 

60,091.00 

1,398,298.00 



Decrease. 



Net increase 



Total Civil Establishment . 



MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. 

Pay of the Army 

Pay and bounty claims 
Subsistence of the Army 
Transportation of the Army 
Regular supplies, incidentals, etc 

Ordnance service 

Forts and fortifications! ! '. 

Rivers and harbors 

Signal Service 

Artificial limbs and appli m; s 

Official records of the rebellion 

Homes for disabled volunteer soldiers 
damages by improvement of rivers 
Kef muling to States war expenses 
Supplies taken by the Army (Bowman aci 

Miscellaneous items 

Medical department 

Military posts 

Rslitf of sufferers from Hood 

Total Military Establishment 



$30,729,306.00 



$378,725.00 
531,651.00 
203,484.00 
613,169.00 
17'8,940.00 
195,634.00 
208,680.00 
513,189.00 
177,327.00 
327,117.00 
98,794.00 
548,569.00 
158,294.00 
210,236.00 
75,482.00 
93,475.93 



SI 1,648.00 

41,909.00 

6,465.00 

2,024,373.00 



S2.084.395.0i l 



$4,512,766.93 



S2S.fi lUU 1.00 



$32,660.00 

207.8S0.IM I 
135,000.00 



$375,540.00 



$4.137.220. 93 



140 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 



Increase in Ordinary Expenditures.— Continued. 



Source. 



NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. 



Naval Academy 

Increase of the Navy 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 

Bureau of Equipment 

Bureau of Construction and Repairs . 

Bureau of Ordnance 

Bureau of Steam Engineering 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

General account of advances 

Mileage (Graham decision) 

Contingencies of the Navy 

Miscellaneous, reliefs, etc 

Marine^Corps 

Navy-yards and stations 

Bureau of Navigation 

Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. . 

Pay of the Navy 

Total Naval Establishment. . 



Indian service 

Pensions 

Interest on the public debt . 

Total net increase.. 



Increase. 



$60,478.00 
3,777,394.00 

76,297.00 
648,992.00 
279.043.00 

91,960.00 
8,792.00 

27,327.00 
100,619.00 

72,060.00 

47,774.00 
165,270.22 



$5,356,006.82 



$28,679.00 
381,202.00 
34,102.00 
339,577.00 
464,756.00 



$1,248,310.00 



Net increase 



$4,107,690.22 



1,819,422.34 

17,479,096.33 

1,447,851.32 



$57,036,198.14 



Fiscal year 1892. 



For the present fiscal year the revenues are estimated as follows: 

From customs $185,000,1 k Hi. 00 

From internal revenue 1 ^St I'!"!'!''!!' 

From miscellaneous sources <«, ' K| o, ' ■ ' 

From postal service _ < 1,000,000.00 

Total estimated revenues $433,000,000.00 

The expenditures for the same period are estimated as follows: 

For the civil establishment * 1 92'2^'2!5 , !5 

For the military establishment o!',,, ',,',, 

For the naval establishment 32, 000, 000.00 

For the Indian service U ' ' 

For pensions % -J ■ ■ " 

For interest on the public debt ~t ( , 

For postal service ; '}. . ,KI0 - (l(, " m 

Total estimated expenditures $409,1 KHi,inm.00 

Leaving an estimated surplus for the year of $24,000,000.00 

The following is a statement of the probable condition of the Treasury at 
the close of the present fiscal year, June 30, 1892: 

Cash in the Treasury July 1, 1891, including gold reserve * 1 52'mn , nm m 

Surplus for year, as above -V II ' II m 

Deposits during the year for redemption of national bank notes _. 3,000,(mkuhj 

Total amount available $180,893,808.83 

Redemption of national bank notes during the year. . $10,000,000.00 
Redemption of bonds, interest notes, and fractional „,,,.,„ 

rumu.v to November 1, 1891 20,91 1,163.00 

Redempt i< >n of same items during remainder of year. 4,2j4,.*X>.00 m 

Cash balance available June 30, 1892 $139,728,145.83 



KECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 141 

Fiscal year 1893. 

It is estimated that the revenues of the government for the fiscal year 1893 

will be: 

From customs $195,000,000.00 

From internal revenue 158,000,000.00 

From miscellaneous sources 22,000,00< U k i 

From postal service 80,336,350.44 

Total estimated revenues $455,336,350.44 

The estimates of appropriations required for the same period, as submitted 
by the several Executive Departments and offices, are as follows: 

Legislative establishment $3,492,089.95 

Executive establishment — 

Executive proper $143,850.00 

State Department 166,510.00 

Treasury Department 9,108,1586.10 

War Department 2,347,178.00 

Navy Department 416,920.00 

Interior Department 5,202,924.00 

Post-Offlce Department 923,360.00 

Department of Agriculture 3,360,995.50 

Department of Justice 184,750.00 

Department of Labor 175,470.00 

v $21,930,343.60 

Judicial establishment. . . . . 692,000.00 

Foreign intercourse 2,138,460.14 

Military establishment 20,299,170.77 

Naval establishment 20,305.054.75 

Indian affairs 8,003,907. ,0 

Pensions 147,004,550.00 

Public Works — 

Legislative $1,041,885.00 

Treasury Department 3,125,479.95 

War Department 13,208,393.00 

Navy Department 828,985.05 

Interior Department 290.665.00 

Department of Justice 5,800.00 

$18,501,208.00 

Miscellaneous — 

Legislative $3,076,141.86 

State Department 3,000.00 

Treasury Department 9,779,084.90 

War Department 5,501,861.60 

Interior Department 3,928,821.00 

Department of Justice 4,765,787.60 

District of Columbia 5.602,125.17 

$32,656,822.13 

Postal service 80,323,400.51 

Permanent annual appropriations — 

Interest on the public debt $20,000,000.00 

Refunding— customs, internal revenue, etc 17,431,200.00 

Collecting revenue from customs 5,500,000.00 

Miscellaneous 24,300,680.00 

$73,231,880.00 

Total estimated appropriations, exclusive of sinking-fund.. . $441.300.09 3.61 
Or an estimated surplus of $14,030,250.83 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT 

SHOWING THE ITEMS OP RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE IN THE FEDERAL 
OFFICES, ETC., FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. 

{From the report of Hie First Auditor.) 

RECEIPTS. 
Accounts adjusted. 

Duties on merchandise and tonnage $198,599,088.43 

Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 138,169.05 

Marine hospital money collected 5,970.69 

Immigration fees 875,021 .95 

Money received on account of deceased passengers 860.00 

Money received from sale of old material, public documents, etc 158,617. 48 

Miscellaneous receipts 750,432.98 

Treasurer of the United States for moneys received 66G,965,3N4.93 

Mint and assay offices 113,154,195.88 

Accounts of the collector of taxes for the District of Columbia for taxes 

collected by him and deposited 4,950,971 .95 

Fees for copyrights 24,7K8.K6 

Quarantine stations 109.00 

Total 8985,017.611.19 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Legislative. 

united states senate. 

Compensation of President of the Senate $8,000.00 

Salaries and mileage of Senators 464,120.24 

Salaries, officers and employees 436,967.38 

Contingent expenses: 

Stationery and newspapers 17,799.97 

Horses and wagons 8,685.26 

Fuel for heating apparatus 13,162.15 

Furniture and repairs 14.524.50 

Folding documents 12,884.94 

Materials for folding 9,992.90 

Packing-boxes 1 ,494.99 

Expenses of Special and Select Committees 19,128.74 

Miscellaneous items 62,924.90 

Salaries of Capitol police 36,599.96 

Reporting proceedings and debates 25,000.00 

Compiling Congressional Directory 1,200.00 

Postage 380.00 

One month's extra pay to officers and employees 41,102.15 

Furniture, cleaning 535.86 

Cleaning and sewing carpets 243.27 

Payment to Hons. W. F. Sanders and Thomas C. Power 2,453 00 

Paymenl to heirs of Hon. James B. Beck 5,000.00 

I 'ayment to W. B. Clarke, Senate 280.00 

Payment to Martin Maginnis and William A. Clark 10,000.00 

Payment to Ex-Senator George E. Spencer 6,543.38 

Paymenl to Ex-Senator F. A. Sawyer 6.513.3H 

Pa'vment to widow of Hon. E. K. Wilson 5,000.00 

Payment to Charles H. Evans 500.00 

Reimbursement to official reporter 5,000.00 

142 






AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 143 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Salaries and mileage of members and delegates $1,964,915.74 

Salaries, officers and employees 903,365.37 

Contingent expenses: 

Stationery and newspapers 61,279.43 

Fuel for heating apparatus 11,407.06 

Furniture and repairs 13,872.00 

Material for folding 16,657.58 

Miscellaneous items 90,622.92 

Packing boxes 3,587.00 

Postage 225.00 

Payment to widow of Hon. James N. Burnes 6,000.00 

Payment to widow of Hon. W. D. Kelley 6,225.06 

Payment to Hon. George A. Matthews 6,697.70 

Payment to widow of Hon. Samuel J. Randall 4,501.70 

Payment to widow of Hon. R. W. Townsend 10,691.46 

Payment to widow of Hon. S. S. Cox 7,596.17 

Payment to estate of Hon. James Laird 604.00 

Payment to widow of Hon. E. J. Gay 9,904.37 

Payment to widow of Hon. David Wilbur 4,974.99 

Payment to widow of Hon. James P. Walker 3,593.76 

Payment to Henry H. Smith 1,000.00 

Payment to John H. Rogers .mhi.oo 

Payment to George W. Rae 180.00 

Payment to William W. Kelser 300.00 

Reimbursement to official reporters to committees 1,500.00 

Salaries, officers and employees — reporters 33,083.00 

Rent of stables and carpenter shop 840.00 

Miscellaneous 8,716.02 

Compiling testimony in contested-election cases 2,500.00 

Compiling tariff changes 2,000.00 

Office of Public Printer. 

Public printing and binding 2,768,227.03 

Public Printer— Miscellaneous. 

Relief of G. B. Kane & Co 517.60 

Library of Congress. 

Salaries 78,505.55 

Increase of library 5,815.02 

Contingent expenses 1,244.35 

Catalogue of library 2,068.10 

One month's extra pay in law department 327.20 

Botanic Garden. 

Salaries 15,089.45 

Improving Botanic Garden 4,34 1 .99 

Improving buildings 3,054.44 

Court of Claims. 

Salaries, judges, etc 32,240.00 

Reporting decisions 2,000.00 

Contingent expenses 2,704.87 

Payment of judgments 381,717.77 

Legislative — Miscellaneous. 

Expenses of investigation concerning immigration 12,192.73 

Expenses of contesting seat in Congress 84,7 19.30 

Conveying votes of Presidential electors 622.75 

Statement of appropriations 2,400.00 

Executive. 

office of the president. 

Salaries executive office 33,615.32 

Contingent expenses 9,'236.04 

Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 36,680.88 



144 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 



Civil Service Commission. 

Salaries 

Traveling expenses 

Contingent 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries, office of— 

Secretary 

Supervising Architect 

First Comptroller 

Second Comptroller 

Second Comptroller, accounts of Soldiers' Home 

Commissioner of Customs 

First Auditor 

Second Auditor 

Second Auditor, repairing rolls, bounty pay of Indians, soldiers, etc. 

Second Auditor, accounts of Soldiers' Home 

Third Auditor 

Fourth Auditor 

Fifth Auditor 

Sixth Auditor 

Treasurer of the United States 

Treasurer (national currency, reimbursable, permanent) 

Register 

Comptroller of the Currency 

Examination of national banks' and bank plates 

Salaries: Office of — 

Comptroller of Currency, national currency, reimbursable, permanent 

Life-Saving Service 

Lighthouse Board 

Salaries: Bureau of— 

Navigation, Treasury Department 

Statistics 

Collecting statistics relating to commerce 

Salaries: 

Secret Service Division 

Office of Supervising Surgeon-General, Marine-Hospital Service 

Office of Supervising Inspector-General, Steamboat Inspection Ser- 
vice 

Office of Standard Weights and Measures 

Contingent expenses, Office Standard Weights and Measures 

Salaries Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) 

Contingent expenses Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) 

Salaries and expenses of special inspectors, foreign steam vessels 
(permanent) 



$33,819.95 
4,962.11 
3,521.20 



585,524.11 
11,150.00 
88,039.94 
91,535.43 
2,698.57 
49,137.32 
88,323.37 

240,566.59 
21,483.23 
6,113.53 

188,528.13 
68,831.95 
47,288.65 

531,822.48 

269,299.54 
63,716.00 

173,583.43 

102,237.67 
369.92 

16,317.30 
46,602.84 
35,150.79 

31,689.70 

45,129.19 

5,895.68 

12,701.36 
31,747.40 

12,671.77 

2,320.45 

605.43 

218,765.33 

42,536.21 

13,989.14 



Treasury — Miscellaneous. 

Contingent expenses, Treasury Department: 

Stationery 80,072.12 

Binding newspapers, etc 1,924.91 

Investigation of accounts and traveling expenses 852.99 

Freight, telegrams, etc 1,521 .13 

Rent 5,459.99 

Horses, wagons, etc 3,983.80 

Ice 2,550.03 

File holders and cases 2,169.09 

Fuel, etc 8,090.95 

Gas, etc 13,683.90 

Carpets and repairs 2,823.82 

Furniture, etc 9,859.63 

Miscellaneous items 8,965.54 

Contingent expenses, national currency, Treasurer's Office, reimbursable 

(permanent) 21,799.14 

Sealing and separating United States securil ies, 1890-'91 1,678.67 

Distinctive paper for United States securities 23,108.31 

Transportation of silver coin 48,580.57 

Pay of assistant custodians and janitors 218,701.69 

Fuel, lights' and water for public buildings 783,511.51 

Furniture and repairs of same, public buildings 297,297.83 

Inspector of furnit ore, etc 3,972.28 

Heating apparatus for public buildings 86,291.19 

Vaults, sales, and ]<><-ks for public buildings 32,210.88 

Plans lor public buildings 4,454.40 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 145 

Treasury — Miscellaneous. — Continued. 

Lands and other properties of the United States $33.50 

Suppressing 1 counterfeiting and other crimes 58,580.03 

Expenses Treasury notes 209,267.00 

Interstate Commerce Commission 178,554.31 

Decorating public buildings, New York City 0.00 

Postage to postal-union countries 1,500.00 

To promote the education of the blind (permanent ) 15,000.00 

Outstanding liabilities (permanent) 33,93-'!. 1 3 

Sinking fund, Pacific railroads (permanent) 5,419,003. 7S 

Settled for appropriation 452.93 

Miscellaneous accounts 0.00 

Payment to E. F. Gobel 1,096.68 

Damages to fishing schooner Lucy Ann 25.00 

Repayment to importers, excess of deposit 71.45 

Relief of Frank A. Lee 100.00 

Payment for portrait of J. C. Spencer 500.00 

Expenses World's Columbian Exposition 124,052.97 

Quarantine Service 61,522.47 

Disposal of useless papers, Treasury and War Departments 1,193.76 

Canceling United States securities and cutting distinctive paper 646.55 

Payment to legal representatives of Samuel Hein 1,000.18 

Additional compensation for services in connection with the issue of 3 

per cent, bonds 80.33 

Protecting salmon fisheries of Alaska 498.57 

Lease fur-seal islands ^^'^ 

Statistics fur-seal islands 1 ,760.00 

Refund to national banks 317.0 1 

Payment of French spoliation claims 1,062,092.4-3 

Relief to Thos. J. Parker 40.89 

Relief of Charles N. Felton 9,930.00 

Credit in accounts of Treasurer United States at San Francisco for loss, 

etc 10,000.00 

Customs. 

Expenses of collecting the revenue from customs 7,142,530.53 

Detection and prevention of frauds upon the customs revenue 18,428.73 

Excess of deposits 0,456,226.2.'". 

Debentures and drawbacks 4,950,334.80 

Official emoluments 248,863.77 

Expenses of immigration 166,150.04 

Duties, etc., refunded 2,949,893.46 

Additional pay to inspectors of customs 15,465.80 

Miscellaneous accounts 10,286.28 

Salaries of shipping service 59,734.16 

Services to "American vessels 24,811.91 

Compensation in lieu of moieties 28,617.11 

Expenses of local appraisers (quarterly meeting) 2,524.34 

Prevention of obstructions, New York Harbor 67,480.16 

Marine Hospital Service 791 ,657. lit 

Enforcement of alien contract labor law 50,912.68 

Enforcement of Chinese exclusion acts 42,733.09 

Salaries and traveling expenses of agents at the seal fisheries 10,953.35 

Public debt {permanent). 

Interest * 

Consols of 1907 20,948,513.00 

Funded loan of 1891 4,381,574.82 

Pacific Railroad bonds 5,407,851.12 

Coin coupons 4,424,601.12 

Navy pension fund 420,000.00 

Funded loan of 1881 470.48 

Funded loan, continued 319.08 

Funded loan, final dividend 58.83 

Three per cent, loan, 1882 537.36 

Loan of July and August, 1861, continued 8.75 

Sixes of 1881, final payment 15.00 

Miscellaneous securities: 

Spanish indemnity fund 28,500.00 

Spanish indemnity unclaimed interest 98.15 



146 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 



Public debt (permanent).— Continued. 

Interest on District of Columbia securities: 

Three-sixty-five bonds $513,499.28 

Three-sixty -five bonds, judgment cases 25,286.12 

Water stock bonds 38,535.00 

Old funded debt 461,993.25 

Redemption of bonds retired : 

Funded loan of 1891 31,475,419.26 

Funded loan of 1881 6,484.66 

Funded loan of 1881, continued 12,857.10 

Three per cent, loan, 1882 60,929.14 

Ten-forties of 1864 11,956.47 

Ten-forties of 1861 1,136.00 

Five-twenties of 1862 967.72 

Five-twenties of 1864 10,993.26 

Loan of 1863 103.00 

Loan of 1863, continued 302.73 

Consols of 1865 4,663.44 

Consols of 1867 41,278.73 

Consols of 1868 20,059.88 

Bounty land scrip 108.71 

Loan of 1847 300.00 

Redemption sinking fund: 

Funded loan of 1891 26,472,760.36 

Three per cent, loan of 1882 6,344.76 

Loan of 1863 103.00 

Loan of July and August, 1861 978.50 

Bonds purchased, circular: 

Funded loan of 1891 1,352,111.69 

Consols, 1807 34,324,986.15 

Bonds purchased, sinking fund : 

Funded loan of 1891 2,613,998.65 

Consols, 1907 19,978,450.93 

Redemption of bonds of District of Columbia: 

Old funded debt, sinking fund 45,853.37 

Water stock bonds, sinking fund 28,357.50 

Three-sixty-five bonds, sinking fund 243,916.91 

Louisville and Portland Canal 1,330.00 

Miscellaneous securities: 

Refunding certificates 15,904.80 

Gold certificates, March 3, 1863 9,060.00 

Gold certificates, Julv 12, 1882 38,025,000.00 

Certificates of deposit, June 8, 1872 25,495,000.00 

One-year notes 493.50 

Two-year notes 275.00 

Six per cent, compound interest not es 3,211 .00 

Seven-thirties, 1864-65 1,258.53 

Circulating securities destroyed: 

Legal-tender notes 59,692,000.00 

Fractional currency : 3,818.65 

Gold certificates 23,067,460.00 

Silver certificates 58,745,249.00 

Treasury notes 1,124,000.00 

Old demand notes 410.00 



Engraving and Printing. 

Salaries, Bureau of Engraving and Printing 21,525.23 

Compensation of employees 420,103. 00 

Materials and miscellaneous expenses 246,234. 40 

Plate printing 679,442.18 

Custody of dies, rolls, and plates 7,734.15 

Special witness of destruction of United States securities 1,950.00 

Portrait of the late James N. Burnes 291.00 

Portrait of the late Win. D. Kelly 825.00 

Portrait of the late S. S. Cox 868.30 

Portrait of the late Samuel J. Randall 818.00 

Portrait of the late James B. Beck 821.00 

Port rait of the late Richard W. Townshend 685.00 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 



147 



Coast and Geodetic Surrey. 

Salaries $248,150-81 

Party expenses 150,572.86 

Repairs of vessels 15,849.17 

Publishing observations 1,071.07 

General expenses 51,744.66 

Alaska boundary survey 1,685.34 

Revenue-Cutter Service. 

Expenses, Revenue-Cutter Service 951,798.04 

Revenue vessels for South Atlantic coast 123,618.00 

Revenue steamer for southern coast 7,607.81 

Refuge station, Point Barrow, Alaska 2,507.89 

Three months' extra pay, Mexican War, Revenue Marine 96.00 

Revenue Marine storehouse, Woods Holl, Mass 

Life-Saving Service. 

Life-Saving Service 859,777.92 

Establishing life-saving stations 844.99 

Ligh thouse Establishment. 

Salaries, keepers of lighthouses 797,263.74 

Supplies of lighthouses 4fl9,311.93 

Repairs of lighthouses 377,244.47 

Expenses of light-vessels 346,491.54 

Expenses of buoyage 485,341 .57 

Expenses of fog signals ^'^5o"i» 

Inspecting lights 2,148.77 

Lighting Sf rivers 292,690.97 

Construction of light-stations, ships, and tenders 997,612.52 

Miscellaneous lighthouse accounts 15,783.04 

Public buildings. 

Treasury Building, Washington, D . C, repairs 18,665.89 

Construction of court-houses and post-offices 3,058,426.91 

Construction of custom-houses, etc 476,980.57 

Construction of appraisers' stores 586,94s. 84 

Construction of marine hospitals 26,999.94 

Construction of mints 470.00 

Construction of United States jail 292.35 

Construction of building for Bureau of Engraving and Printing 345.13 

Construction of Government building for World's Columbian Exposition. 1,359.73 

Construction of vaults for storage of silver 25,256.00 

Construction and repairs of buildings in Alaska 937.05 

Construction of Cape Charles quarantine station 12,623.46 

Construction of Delaware Breakwater quarantine station 34,021 .94 

Construction of Key West quarantine station 3,039.03 

Construction of Port Townsend quarantine station 30.00 

Construction of San Diego quarantine station 595.60 

Construction of South Atlantic quarantine station 19,511.05 

Construction of San Francisco quarantine station 102,308.87 

Removal of quarantine station from Ship Island 13,640.87 

Improving Ellis Island, New York Harbor, for immigration purposes 66,954.15 

Repairs and preservation of public buildings 155,673.31 

Purchase of property southwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue 

southeast... ... 275,000.00 

Purchase of property northwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue 

northwest 138,000.00 

Miscellaneous 1,422.55 

Fish Commission. 

Propagation of food fishes 310,757.95 

Fish hatcheries 34,431.04 

Smithsonian Institution. 

North American Ethnology 32,157.85 

Purchase of the Capron collection of Japanese works of art 10,000.00 

Expenses of the Smithsonian Institution 42. 1 so. on 

Payment to the daughters of Joseph Henry 10,000.00 

Perkins collection prehistoric copper implements 7,000.00 

Duties on articles imported for National Museum 1,650.00 



148 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 



Independent treasury. 

Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — 

Baltimore, Md $21,510.30 

Boston, Mass 37,910.00 

Chicago, 111 25,827.90 

Cincinnati, Ohio 16,560.00 

New Orleans, La 18,087.22 

New York, N. Y 180,956.83 

Philadelphia, Pa 36,346.24 

Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — 

St. Louis, Mo 17,860.00 

San Francisco, Cal 27,120.00 

Salaries of special agents, independent treasury 5,828.43 

Contingent expenses, independent treasury. . . .' 64,509.36 

Treasurer's general account of expenditures 649,350,442.09 

Paper for checks and drafts, independent treasury 11,260.27 

Mint and assay offices. 

Salaries, office of Director of the Mint 28,083.90 

Contingent expenses, office of Director of Mint 8,649.81 

Freight on bullion and coin 10,221.99 

Salaries, wages, and contingent expenses of United States mints and as- 
say offices 1,115,534.66 

Gold and silver bullion 104,174,770.66 

Coinage of the standard silver dollar 137,780.83 

Transportation of silver coins 48,580.57 

Recoinage gold and silver coins 19,769.35 

Recoinage of uncurrent fractional silver coins 16,034.66 

Coinage of silver bullion 188,905.20 

Parting and refining bullion 228,937.92 

Manufacture of medals 1,678.25 

Government in the Territories. 

Salaries of governors, etc., Territory of — 

Alaska 21,813.14 

Arizona 13,550.85 

Dakota 345.62 

Idaho 7,560.66 

Mont ana 519.23 

New Mexico 28,747.97 

Oklahoma 18,192.87 

Utah 16,166.60 

Wyoming 5,325.37 

Legislative expenses 58,888.64 

Contingent expenses 6,018.74 

Compensation Utah Commission 25,000.00 

Contingent expenses, Utah Commission 9,158.30 

Compensation and expenses, officers of election, Utah 26,743.48 

Expenses constitutional conventions, Territories 25,933.72 

Public schools, Territory of Oklahoma 29,221 .25 

Repairs of old adobe palace, Santa Fe 2,954.44 

Expenses first legislative assembly, Territory of Oklahoma 37,770.39 

Relief destitute citizens, Territory of Oklahoma 37,540.68 

District of Columbia. 

Salaries, offices 113,366.69 

Salaries, contingent expenses, offices 42,003.81 

Improvements and repairs 933,152.72 

Streets 409,425.66 

Bridges 16,455.25 

Public schools 615,512.63 

Buildings and grounds, public schools 190,140., so 

Metropolitan Police 412,177.47 

Fire department 166,641 .30 

Telegraph and telephone service 19,040.3 1 

Health department 48,445.93 

Courts... 16,984.38 

Washington Asylum 58, ^« 

Miscellaneous expenses 13,952.65 

Contingent and miscellaneous expenses 18,050.35 

Construction of county roads 49,601.31 

Permitwork 190,615.17 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 



149 



District of Columbia. — Continued. 

Sewers $161,665.66 

Completion of sewerage system .•'>'- 

Examination of sewerage system 5,903.35 

II. .spit al for the Insane 86,875.01 

Transportation of paupers and prisoners 2,029.86 

Relief of the poor, District of Columbia 35,1 87.60 

Building, Washington Asylum 8,421.74 

Building, Metropolitan Police 1 1,890.95 

Building, fire department 7,362.18 

Expenses of assessing real propert y 486.50 

Militia 39,431 .25 

Emergency fund 372.84 

Compilation of the laws of the District of Columbia 933.54 

Writs of lunacy 1,976 13 

Judgments 60,563.19 

Payment of referees, Court of Claims, District of Columbia 2,060.00 

Zoological Park 140,557.89 

Industrial Home School 227.00 

Board to consider the location of electric wires 4,466.94 

Building for Central Dispensary and Emergency Hospital 100.62 

Payment to "William Forsythe for surveying 350.00 

Support and medical treatment of the infirm poor .47 

Employment for the poor, District of Columbia, filling up grounds 14.23 

General expenses, District of Columbia, 1879 316.06 

Water department 60,639.17 

The District of Columbia, for increasing the water supply of Washington 71,628.69 

Refunding taxes 16,308.48 

Refunding water rent and taxes 1,121.84 

Washington redemption fund 4,796.02 

Washington special tax fund 1,6(>7.94 

Redemption of'tax lien certificates 2,081-87 

Redemption of assessment certificates 214.70 

Water supply 114,218.85 

Guaranty fund 53,448.44 

Deficiency in sale of bonds retained from contractors 3,078.65 

Fireman's relief fund 1,891.42 

Police relief fund 12,140.68 

Redemption of Pennsylvania Avenue paving certificates 3.18 

National Zoological Park 47,425.85 

Rock Creek Park 9,432.98 

Building, Reform School 1,489.19 

Reform School 50,949.13 

National Temperance Home 3,259.50 

Children's Hospital 7,376.06 

Columbia Hospital for Women, etc 25,498.32 

Washington Hospital for Foundlings 9,205.20 

National Homeopathic Hospital 15. IS'.i.r.i; 

Women's Christian Association 5,071.76 

Association for Works of Mercy 8,752.50 

St. Ann's Infant Asylum 8,702.37 

Industrial Home School 14,917.12 

Building, House of the Good Shepherd 15,000.00 

House of the Good Shepherd 2,2 16.3 1 

Nat ional Association for Colored Women and Children 13,826.1 1 

Building, St. Rose Industrial School 5,000.00 

St. John's Church Orphanage 576.68 

Building, German Orphanage Asylum Association 10,000.00 

Education of feeble-minded children 1,9 13.25 

Bridge across Eastern Branch Potomac River 14,693.35 

Washington Aqueduct 16,093.20 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries, office of — 

Secretary 104,684.9 1 

Record and Pension Division 674,828. t 11 

Adjutant-General 345,187.54 

Inspector-General 5,396.68 

Judge- Advocate-General 14,225.12 

Salaries, Signal Office 152,876.86 



150 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 

War Department.— Continued. 
Salaries, office of— 

Quartermaster-General * ii ii i ?n 

Commissary-General 41, 1 14.50 

Surgeon-General 26, ,146.28 

Paymaster-General 42,646.08 

Chief of Ordnance 44,094.15 

Chief of Engineers 22,983. 30 

Publication of Records of the Rebellion 28,621.17 

Stationery 35,827.54 

Rent of building J'SSm 

Contingent expenses, War Department 62,634.2.1 

Salaries of employees, public buildings and grounds, under Chief of 

Engineers 58,51 5.59 

Postage to Postal Union countries 1,430.00 

Public buildings and grounds. 

Buildings and grounds, Signal Office ■. . . . 419.50 

Improvement and care of public grounds 60,221 .83 

Repairs, fuel, etc., Executive Mansion 14,464.75 

Lighting, etc., Executive Mansion 32,493.04 

Repairs to water pipes and fire plugs 2,768.1 1 

Telegraph to connect the Capitol, Departments, and Government Print- 
ing Office 1,172.42 

Contingent expenses 442.59 

War, civil, miscellaneous. 

Salaries, office of superintendent State, War, and Navy Department 

building 117,925.02 

Fuel, lights, etc., State, War, and Navy Department building 43,199.32 

Building for State, War, and Navy Department 7,758.42 

Completion of the Washington Monument '. . 1,015.61 

Care and maintenance of the Washington Monument 10,925.70 

Monument at Washington's headquarters, Newburg, N. Y 31 ,888. 13 

Support and medical treatment of destitute patients 17,510.76 

Maintenance of Garfield Hospital 18,112.12 

Statue to the memory of General LaFayette and compatriots 38,586.64 

Construction of building for Library of Congress 622,469.31 

NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries: 

Office of Secretary 4< ,134.49 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 10,359/; 2 

Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting 9,070.98 

Bureau of Navigation 22,0411. 16 

Office of Naval Records of the Rebellion 13,806.14 

Nautical Almanac Office 23,638.44 

Hydrographic Office 45,801.44 

Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Nautical Almanac Office 900.00 

Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Hydrographic Office 44,649.75 

Salaries, Naval Observatory n'tjoneo 

Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Naval Observatory 9,589.51. 

Salaries: -moooao 

Bureau of— Ordnance io'noT'r- 

Construction and Repair 13,930.55 

Steam Engineering 10,512.72 

Provisions and Clothing 37,099.09 

Medicine and Surgery 10,086.72 

Salaries, office of Judge- Ad vocate-General, U.S. Navy 10,642.30 

Library, Navy Department ^-™ 

Contingent Expenses, Navy Department 13,649.00 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

Salaries, office of the Secretary 218 ''r* •;';"'. 

Publishing the Biennial Register L 68 ■ ' » 

Stationery 825,099.10 

Library, Department of" the Interior- SS o2 

Rent o'f buildings o'o/K'nn 

Postage to Postal Union countries ,-T~! , 

Contingenl expenses, Department of the Interior n'SSooZ 

Expenses of special land inspectors, Department of the Interior -„/~'^\ 

Salaries, General Land Office 534,622 "" 



AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 151 

Department of the Interior. — Continued. 

Expenses of Inspectors, General Land Office $4,188.62 

Library, General Land Office 592.25 

Maps of the United States 13,297.76 

Transportation of reports and maps to foreign countries 144.35 

Salaries: 

Indian Office 96,977.30 

Pension Office ■ 890,182.55 

Investigation of pension cases, Pension Office 309,799.60 

Salaries special examiners, Pension Office. . 204,807.70 

Investigation of pension cases, special examiners, Pension Office 173,793.46 

Salaries: 

Patent Office 659,498.50 

Bureau of Education 46,446.20 

Library, Bureau of Education 431.74 

Distributing documents. Bureau of Education 2,731.18 

Collecting statistics, Bureau of Education 1,028.90 

Salaries, office of Commissioner of Railroads 10,815.00 

Traveling expenses, office of Commissioner of Railroads 2,249.60 

Salaries, office of — 

Architect of Capitol 14,403.00 

Geological Survey 34,644.60 

Contingent expenses, Land Office 5,883.29 

Public buildings and grounds. 

Repairs of building. Department of the Interior 6,430.43 

Annual repairs of the Capitol 27,286.58 

Improving the Capitol Grounds 16,355.37 

Lighting the Capitol Grounds 27,403.64 

Capitol terraces 44,030. 92 

Fireproof building for Pension Office 1,705.38 

"Ventilation, Senate wing, Capitol 34.47 

Ventilation, House of Representatives 187.40 

Ventilation, Supreme Court Room, Capitol 533.39 

Electric-light plant, Senate 2,916.73 

Elevator, House of Representatives 265.54 

Steam boilers, Senate and House of Representatives 793.87 

West elevator, Senate 3,452.00 

Repairs Government Hospital for the Insane 10,443.40 

Construction of Penitentiaries 37,029.85 

Sundry Public Buildings 3,993.19 

Reservoirs for drinking water, Capitol 1 10.50 

Monument to commemorate Revolutionary Battle of Bennington 14,000.00 

Beneficiaries. 
Current expenses: 

Government Hospital for the Insane 331,817.61 

Government Hospital for the Insane, Buildings and Grounds 46,929.52 

Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 67,660.59 

Howard University 28,943.58 

Howard University Buildings 3,400.10 

Support of Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum 88,893.11 

Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind 6,575.00 

Industrial Home, Utah 10,313.49 

Interior— Miscellaneous. 

Distribution of Report s of the Supreme Court 2,280.00 

Education of children in Alaska 41,605.16 

Colleges for Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 1,129,000.00 

Relief of Alice E. Robertson 2,800.00 

Salaries and expenses Supreme Court Reporter 8,400.00 

Public land Service. 

Depredations on public timber 78,077.15 

Protecting public lands 86,840.71 

Settlement of claims for swamp lands, etc 12,514.48 

Reproducing plats of surveys, General Land Office 2,080.72 

Transcripts of records and plats 12,129.75 

Preservation of abandoned military reserval ions 525.01 

Appraisement and sale of abandoned military reservat ions 1,115.00 



152 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 

Surveying public lands. 

Surveying the public lands $15,329.59 

Geological Survey 582,221 .42 

Geological maps of the United States 27,658.30 

Protection and improvement of Hot Springs, Ark 18,703.66 

Water and ground rents, Hot Springs. Ark 18,703.65 

Revenues, Yellowstone National Park 1,397.10 

Department of Labor. 

Salaries 48,878.55 

Library 728.50 

Stationery 296.28 

Postage to Postal Union countries 300.00 

Rent 4,889.73 

Miscellaneous expenses 27,197.57 

Contingent expenses 1,155.37 

Investigation of Industrial and Technical school systems of the United 

States and Foreign countries 383.50 

POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries 731,852.27 

Deficiency in the postal revenues 4,741,727.08 

Post-office— Miscellaneous. 

Relief of F. A. Kendig 3,538.59 

Payment to M. M. Lynch 101.65 

Payment to C. K. Lounsberry 380.55 

Relief of J. H. Smith 407.82 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Salaries 220,668.20 

Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry 285,834.30 

Quarantine stations for neat cattle 12,574.13 

Collecting agricultural statistics 77,468.53 

Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds 109,122.84 

Experimental garden 25,370.57 

Laboratory 19,200.04 

Museum 1 .539.07 

Library 2,890.81 

Experiments in the manufacture of sugar 20,902.32 

Botanical investigation and experiments 52,496.53 

Pomological information 3,473.43 

Materials, document and folding room 1,060.30 

Vegetable pathological investigations and experiments 11,121.86 

Illustrations and engravings 1,304.93 

Location for artesian wells 17,426.22 

Irrigation investigations 15,669.43 

Investigating the adulteration of food 1 ,007.63 

Investigations in ornithology and mammalogy 9,337.05 

Agricultural experiment stations 14,438.37 

Agricultural experiment stations in the various states 826,000.06 

Furniture, etc 12,476.54 

Investigating history, etc., of insects 23,155.32 

Report on forestry 7,160.49 

Silk culture 16.646.75 

Postage 5,218.00 

Contingent expenses 18,529.58 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Salaries 182,944.14 

('mil ingent expenses: 

Furniture and repairs 1,094.98 

Books for Depart ment library 1,764.64 

Books for office of Solicitor 612.36 

Stationery 1,677.16 

Miscellaneous items 7,243.95 

Transportation 1,5*3.15 

Building 18-10 



AN - INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 153 

Miscellaneous. 

Salary, warden of jail. District of Columbia $1,692.36 

Expenses of Territorial courts in Utah 100,538.10 

Salaries of employees court-house, Washington, D. C 12,274.-10 

Defense in French spoliation claims 3,56(3.99 

Defending suits in claims against the United States 19,1 10.85 

Punishing violations of intercourse acts and frauds 4,851.96 

Prosecution of crimes 87,869.83 

Expenses settling title to Greer Co., claimed by Texas 21(1.35 

Defending suits in claims against the District of Columbia 205.25 

Payment for legal services rendered to U. S. Government 7,785.00 

Oil portraits of Chief Justices Rutledge, Ellsworth, and Waite 1,500.00 

Traveling expenses, Territory of Alaska 190.00 

Digest of opinions, Attorney-General 1,500.00 

Rent and incidental expenses, office of marshal of Alaska 1,133.60 

Repayment of excess of deposits 496.00 

Payments of judgments United States courts 51,367.09 

Judicial. 

Salaries: 

Justices, etc., Supreme Court 105,524.27 

Circuit judges 59,399.97 

District judges 288,567.90 

Judge United States court, Indian Territory 288.50 

Retired judges 39,687.25 

Salaries and expenses, Circuit Court of Appeals 817.31 

District attorneys : 19,610.08 

Regular assistant district attorneys 103,802.21 

District marshals 13,386.20 

Justices and judges supreme court, District of Columbia 24,500.00 

United States Courts. 

Fees and expenses of marshals 1,362,104.61 

Fees of district attorneys 417,374.74 

Special compensation of district attorneys United States courts 19,240.70 

Pay of assistant attorneys 64,219.63 

Fees of — 

Clerks 305,598.98 

Commissioners 197,534.49 

Jurors 747,897.44 

Witnesses 1,264,599.10 

Support of prisoners 522,135.80 

Rent of court-rooms 89,291.54 

Miscellaneous expenses 263,710.35 

Fees of supervisors of elections 502,283.26 

Fines and f orfeitures - 18,812.99 

Judicial emoluments 1,088,099.87 

Fines, etc., district court, Alaska 85,7 15.60 

Pay of bailiffs 222,072.81 

Total disbursements $1,201,513,909.85 

Grand total, receipts and disbursements $2,186,531,521.04 

PUBLIC DEBT DIVISION. 

[Audits all Accounts for Payment of Interest on the Public Debt, both Registered 
Stock and Coupon Bonds, Interest on District of Columbia Bonds, Pacific Railroad 
Bonds, Louisville and Portland Canal Bonds, Navy Pension Fund, Redemption of 
United States and District of Columbia Bonds, Redemption of Coin and Currency 
Certificates, Old Notes and Bounty Scrip, and Accounts lor Notes and Fractional 
Currency destroyed.] 

Interest on United States securities $35,583,955.56 

Miscellaneous securities 88,598.15 

Interest on District of Columbia securil ies 1,039,313.65 

Redemption of U.S. bonds— retired 31,643,560.10 

Redemption of U. S. bonds— sinking fund 86,480,186.62 

U. S. bonds purchased — circular 35,677,1 197.8 1 

U. S. bonds purchased — sinking fund 88,598, 1 19.58 

Redemption of bonds. District of Columbia 819, (57.78 

Miscellaneous securities of the United States 63,550,203.78 

U. S. circulating securities destroyed 148,638,937.65 

Total $359,547,760.65 

13b 



POPULATION, NET REVENUE, AND NET EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERN- 
MENT FROM 1837 TO JUNE 30, 1891, AND PER CAPITA OF THE REV- 
ENUES AND PER CAPITA OF EXPENDITURES. 



Year. 



1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 (6 months). 

1844 

1845 

1840 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 

1855 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1861 

186a 

1863 

1864 

1865 



1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 



Population, 



1890. 
1891. 



15,655,000 
16,112,000 
16,584,000 
17,069,453 
17,591,000 
18,132,000 
18,694,000 
19,276,000 
19,878,000 
20,500,000 
21,143,000 
21,805,000 
22,489,000 
23,191,876 
23,995,000 
24,802,050 
25,615,000 
26,433,000 
27,256,000 
28,083,000 
28,916,000 
29,753,000 
30,596,000 
31,443,321 
32,064,000 
32,704,000 
33,365,000 
34,046,000 
34,748,000 
35,469,000 
36,211,000 
36,973,000 
37,756,000 
38,558,371 
:«>. .V,:,,niM> 
40,596,000 
41,677,000 
42,796,000 
43,951,000 
45,137,000 
46,353,000 
47,598,000 
48,866,000 
50,155,783 
51,316,000 
52,495,000 
53,693,000 
54,911,000 
56,148,000 
57,404,000 
58,680,000 
59,91 l.ooo 
61,389,000 
62,622,250 
63,975,000 



Net revenue. 



Per capi- 
ta on rev- 
enue. 



$24,954,153.00 
26,302,562.00 
31,482,750.00 
19,480,115.00 
16,860,160.00 
19,976,197.00 
8,302,702.00 
29,321,374.00 
29,970,106.00 
29,699,968.00 
26,495,769.00 
35,735,779.00 
31,208,143.00 
43,603,439.00 
52,559,304.00 
49,846,816.00 
61,587,054.00 
73,800,341.00 
65,350,575.00 
74,056,699.00 
08,965,313.00 
46,655,366.00 
53,486,466.00 
56,064,608.00 
41,509,930.00 
51,987,455.00 
112,697,291.00 
264,626,772.00 
333,714,605.00 
558,032,620.00 
4! 10,634,010.00 
405,038,083.00 
370,943,747.00 
411,255,478.00 
38:1323,945.00 
374,106,868.00 
333,738,205.00 
304,978,755.00 
288,000,051.00 
294,095,865.00 
281,406,419.00 
257,763,879.00 
273,827,184.00 
333.526,611.00 
360,782.293.00 
403,525,250.00 
398,287,582.00 
348,519,870.00 
323,690,706.00 
336,439,727.00 
371,403,277.00 
379,266,075.00 

387,050,059.00 

103,080,982.00 
456,184,138.00 



$1.59 
1.63 
1.90 
1.14 

.96 
1.10 

.89 
1.62 
1.51 
1.45 
1.25 
1.64 
1.39 
1.88 
2.19 
2.01 
2.40 
2.79 
2.40 
2.64 
2.38 
1.57 
1.75 
1.78 
1.29 
1.59 
3.38 
7.77 
9.60 
15.73 
13.55 
10.97 
9.82 
10.67 
9.69 
9.22 
8.01 
7.13 
6.55 
6.52 
6.07 
5.42 
5.60 
6.65 
7.00 
7.68 
7.41 
6.36 
5.76 
5.86 
6.33 
6.32 
6.31 
6.43 
7.13 



Net expenses. 



Perc'p'ta 

on ex- 
pen't'res. 



$37,243,496.00 
33,865,059.00 
26,899,128.00 
24,317,579.00 
26,565,873.00 
25,205,761.00 
11,858,075.00 
22,337,571.00 
22,937,408.00 
27,766,925.00 
57,281,412.00 
45,377,225.00 
45,051,657.00 
39,543,492.00 
47,709,017.00 
44,194,919.00 
48,184,111.00 
58,044,862.00 
59,742,668.60 
69,571,026.00 
67,795,708.00 
74,185,270.00 
69,0?'0,977.00 
63,130,598.00 
66,546,645.00 
474,761,819.00 
714,740,725.00 
865,322,642.00 
1,297,555,224.00 
520,809,417.00 
357,542,675.00 
377,340,285.00 
322,865,278.00 
309,653,561.00 
292,177,188.00 
277,517,963.00 
290,345,245.00 
302,6*3,873.00 
274,623,393.00 
265,101,085.00 
241,3:34,475.00 
236,964,327.00 
266,947,884.00 
267,642,958.00 
260,712,888.00 
257,981,440.00 
265,408,138.00 
244.126,244.00 
260,226,935.00 
242,483,138.00 
267,932,179.00 
*267,924,801.00 
+299,288,978.00 
$318,040,710.00 
§305,774,681.00 



$2.38 
2.10 
1.62 
1.42 
1.51 
1.39 
1.27 
1.16 
1.15 
1.35 
2.71 
2.08 
2.00 
1.71 
1.99 
1.78 
1.88 
2.20 
2.19 
2.48 
2.34 
2.49 
2.26 
2.01 
2.08 
14.52 
21.42 
25.42 
37.34 
14.68 
9.87 
10.21 
8.55 
8.03 
7.39 
6.84 
6.97 
7.07 
6.25 
5.87 
5.21 
4.98 
5.16 
5.34 
5.08 
4.91 
4.94 
4.44 
4.63 
4.23 
4.56 
4.46 
4.88 

5.07 

5.71 



■This includes $8,270,842.46 <>f " premiums on purchase <>!' bonds." 
I This includes $17,292,303. 65 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." 
{This includes $20,304,224.06 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." 
§This includes $10,401,220.61 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." 

Note.— This statement has been revised and corrected according to the census 
report of 1890. 



154 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON 
ACCOUNT OF CUSTOMS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. 



States and Terri 
tories. 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Colum 

bia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kentucky , 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana and 

Idaho 

Nebraska 

New Hampshire.. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 



Receipts. 



$12,458.9x 

3,256. 11 

35,621.91 

8,032,422.0* 

110,514.43 

475,992.21 

30,400.00 

16,268.61 

80,766.39 

1,331,558.27 

75,780.11 

5,786,811.65 

156,279.77 

13,484.61 

275,035.83 

8,086,483.79 

607,025.73 

3,712,217.38 

18,200,051.70 

837,580.94 

337,432.30 

5,990.74 

1, 699,096.6* 

30,613.04 

99,838.42 

64,145.99 

18,999.37 

149,8l',2,184.6 r 

21,317.10 

1,477,941.32 

050,395.36 



Expendi- 
tures. 



$10,837.44 
13,293.80 
22,470.38 
399,153.06 
7,460.49 
36,187.96 
2,891.60 
7,240.38 

10,864.52 
115,531.99 

24,539.54 
137,124.29 

10,161.05 
1,061.46 

22,871.74 
218,373.1 
114,732.34 
276,691.15 
697,143.85 
133,930.47 

37,945.92 
5,863.11 

65,108.19 

3,936.41 

6,513.73 

5,985.39 

13,122.02 

3,085,897.20 

8,912.53 

101,182.12 

87,753.94 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

Amount paid by 
disbursing 
agent for sala 
ries, etc 

Contingent e x - 
penses and fees 
i n customs 
cases 

Transportation. . . 

M isce llaneous 
(rent, station- 
ery, etc.) 



Deduct excess of 
repayment at 
Sandusky, Ohio. 

Total receipts 
and total 
net expendi- 
tures 



Receipts. 



11 ,052,881 .52 

329,115.09 

33,897.27 

57,362.80 

679,854.99 

767,748.26 

22,710.04 

148,294.70 

148,094.71 

392,219.76 



219,522,205.23 



Expendi- 
tures. 



J505,874.27 
21,035.87 
18,994.26 

7,668.17 
161,303.19 
86,432.60 
30,426.08 

1,159.46 
55.2SS.S-J 
19,309.44 



295,730.15 



23,138.21 

508.17 



53,420.25 



6,965,070.18 



703.09 



0,964,367.09 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON 
ACCOUNT OF INTERNAL REVENUE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. 



States and Terri- 
tories. 


Receipts. 


Expendi" 
tures. 


States and Terri- 
tories. 


Receipts. 


Expendi- 
tures. 


Alabama 


$93,328.00 

97,456.83 

2,065,972.08 

295,622,13 

955,119.94 

485,789.83 

574,733.00 

38,345,572.92 

6,474,040.14 

432,431.60 

193,156.71 

15,830,485.26 

644,809.35 

3,060,113.80 

2,314,575.93 

2,807,558.90 

2,733,568.95 

525.00 

7,661,372.17 


$21,135.23 
88,865.27 

87,179.94 
20,004.74 
35,575.19 

15.S1S.92 

98,761.28 

813,288.97 

72,876.79 

29,912.71 
18,130.85 
599,792.65 
32,053.68 
97,979.49 
56,903.14 
39,306.24 
31,780.21 




$151,966.29 

3,230,163.64 

460,106. 66 

4,091,290.62 

36,491.65 

16,554,034.67 

2,478,434.24 

14,365,286.27 

384,257.24 

10,307,969.28 

69,732.21 

1,276,712.86 

223,609.58 

3,206,967.87 

S3l.7SI.33 

3,007,977.73 

231.90 


$21,069.99 
12.9S2.60 
17.093.30 
53,134.42 
11.100.15 

235 723 22 


Arkansas 




California 


New Hampshire.. 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 


Connecticut 

Florida 


Georgia 

Illinois 


North Carolina. .. 
Ohio 


311,601.96 

157,055. 71 

19,509.48 

275 IIS 98 




South Carolina.. . 

Tennessee 

Texas.. . 


Kansas 


27,009.10 

1 1 1 806 66 


Louisiana 


3l,lf,i;.M 
182,044 53 


Maryland 




Massachusetts.. . . 
Michigan 

Mississippi 


West Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Miscellaneous 

Total 


31,488.72 

50,547.92 

887,815.66 


92,965.55 


145,686,249.44 


1,003,185.05 





155 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS, 1891. 



The value of our foreign commerce — imports and exports of merchandise 
— during the last fiscal year was greater than for any previous year. It 
amounted to $1,729,397,006, as against $1,647,139,093 during the fiscal year 
1890, an increase of $82,257,913. 

The value of imports of merchandise also during the last fiscal year was 
the largest in the history of our commerce, amounting to $844,916,196, as 
against $789,310,409 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $55,605,787. 

The value of the exports of merchandise during the same period was 
$884,480,810, as against $857,828,684 for the previous fiscal year, 1890, an 
increase of $26,652,126. 

The exports exceeded the imports of merchandise $39,564,614. 

The value of the imports and exports of merchandise and specie during 
the last four years ending June 30, has been as follows : 

Merchandise. 





1888. 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 


Exports — 


$683,862,104 
12,092,403 


$730,282,609 
12,118,766 


$845,293,828 


«872.27<1.2fia 




12,534,856 12,210,527 




Total 


695,954,507 
723,957,114 


742,401,375 
745,131,652 


857,828,684 
789,310,409 


884,480,810 
844,916,196 














68,518,275 


39,564,614 




28,002,607 


2,730,277 











Specie. 





1888. 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 


Exports- 
Gold 

Silver 


$18,376,234 
28,037,949 


$59,952,285 
36,689,248 


$17,274,491 
34,873,929 


$86,362,654 
22,590,988 


Total 


16,114.183 


96,641,533 


52,148,420 


108,953,642 


Imports — 

Gold 


43,934,317 

15,403,669 


10,284,858 
18,678,215 


12,943.342 
21,032,984 


18,232,567 

18,026,880 




Total 


59,337,986 


28,963,073 
67,678,460 


33,976,326 
18,172,094 


72,699,447 




36,254,195 




12,923,803 











The above table does not include gold and silver contained in ores and 
t c pper matte, as follows ; 



Gold in ores and copper matte . . 
Silver in ores and copper matte . 



Exports. 



$100,226 
942,563 



Imports. 



$283,545 
8,252,036 



Excess of 
imports. 



$183,319 
7,309,473 



156 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



157 



The following table shows the distribution of our commerce by leading 
countries and grand divisions of the globe, during the year ending June 
30, 1891. ° 



Countries and grand 
divisions. 



COUNTRIES. 

Great Britain & Irel'd 

Germany 

France 

Belgium 

Italy 

Netherlands 

British North Ameri 

can possessions 

Mexico 

West Indies 

Brazil 

China 

British East Indies 

Japan 

All other countries 



Total 



GRAND DIVISIONS. 

Europe 



North America 

South America 

Asia and Oceanica. . 

Africa 

All other countries. . 



Total 



Exports. 



Domestic Foreign. Total 



Dollars. 
441,599,80' 
9i,6S4.9si 
59,826,739 
26,694,150 
15,927,274 
23,816,814 

37,345,515 
14,199,080 
33,416,178 
14,049,273 
8,700,308 
4,399,544 
i,siKi,(;:,o 
95,809,970 



872,270,283 



697,614,106 
92,388,252 
33,226,401 
43,813,519 

I, v:is, si; 
489,158 



872,270,283 



Dollars. 

3,814,219 
1,110,475 
866,451 
846,274 
119,651 
297,163 

2,098,240 

770,540 

1,043,273 

70,973 

700 

559 

7,043 

1,164,966 



12,210,527 



Imports. 



7,183,941 

4,160,877 

481,889 

361,590 

19,050 

3,180 



12,210,527 



Dollars. 
445,414,020 
92,795,456 
60,693,190 
27,540,424 
16,046,925 
24,113,977 

39,443,755 

14,969,620 
34,459,451 
14,120,246 
8,701,008 
4,400,103 
4,807,693 
96,974,936 



884,480,810 



'04,798,047 
96,549,129 
33,708,290 
44,175,109 

4,757,897 
492,338 



Dollars 

194,723,262 
97,316,383 
76,688,995 
10,945,672 
21,678,208 
12,422,174 

39,434,535 

27,295,992 
86,461,705 
83,2:30,595 
19,321,850 
23,356,989 
19,309,198 
132,730,6:38 



844,916,196 



459,305,372 
163,226,079 
118,736,668 
97,893,356 
4,207,146 
1,547,575 



884,480,810 844,916,196 



Total ex- 
ports and 
imports. 



Dollars. 
640,137,288 
190,111,839 
137,382,185 
38,486,096 
37,725,133 
36,536,151 

78,878,290 
42,265,612 
120,921,156 
97,350,841 

28,022,858 

27,757,092 

24,116,891 

229,705,574 



1,729,397,006 



1,164,103,419 

259,775,208 

152,444,958 

142,068,465 

8,965,043 

2,039,913 



1,729,397,006 



Excess of 
exports + 

or of 
imports — . 



Dollars. 
+250,690,764 

— 4,520,927 

— 15,995,805 
+ 16,594,752 

— 5,631,283 
+ 11,691,803 

+ 9,220 

— 12,326,372 

— 32,002,254 

— 69,110,349 

— 10,620,842 

— 18,956,886 

— 14,501,505 
35,755,702 



+ 39,564,614 



+245 

— 66 

— 85. 
53 

+ 

— 1. 



,492,675 
676,950 
,028,378 
,718,247 
550,751 
055,237 



+ 39,564,614 



It will be observed that the value of our total trade in merchandise with 
Great Britain and Ireland amounted to $640,137,288, of which the value of 
exports was $445,414,026, and the value of imports $194,723,262, showing 
an excess in the exports of $250,690,764. 

Our import and export trade with Great Britain and Ireland forms 37 per 
cent, of such trade with all nations, and about 55 per cent, of such trade 
with all Europe. Our trade with North America, including the West Indies, 
stands next in value, followed by that with South America, and that with 
Asia and Oceanica. Our trade with Germany showed an excess of imports 
of $4,520,927 ; with France, of $15,995,805. 

In our local trade with Europe the excess of exports over imports was 
$245,492,675. 

Our commerce in merchandise with North America, including Mexico, 
Central America, and West Indies, amounted to $259,775,208, of which the 
value of the imports was $163,226,079, and of the exports $96,549,129, an 
excess of imports of $66,676,950; but if our export trade by land carriage 
with Mexico and Canada had been correctly ascertained by means of an 
adequate law for that purpose, it is estimated that our imports with North 
America would appear upwards of $290,000,000, and leave an excess of im- 
ports of less than $36,000,000, instead of $66,000,000, as now appears. 

Our total trade with South America in merchandise amounted to $152,- 
444,958, of which the value of the imports was $118,736,668, and of the; ex- 
ports $33,708,290, an excess of imports of $85,028,378. 



158 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



VALUES OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE OF THE UNITED 
STATES CARRIED IN CARS AND OTHER LAND VEHICLES DURING 
EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1871 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. 



Year ending- June 30- 



1871. 
1872, 
1S73. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880, 
1881. 



Imports and 
exports In cars 

and other 
land vehicles. 



$22,985, 

27,650 
27.869. 
23,022 
20,388. 
18,473. 
17,4(54. 
20,477. 
19,423 
20,981 
25, 152 



Year ending June 30— 



1883. 

1SS4 
1885. 

inn; 
1.S87 

ISSN 

1889 
1890 

is; ii 



Imports and 
exports in cars 

and other 
land vehicles. 



$34. 
48. 
46, 
45 
43 
48 
54 
66 
73 
72 



'.173,317 
01)2.892 
714,068 
332,775 
700,350 
951,725 
,356,827 
,664,378 
571,263 
,856,194 



E.rports. 

The total value of exports of domestic merchandise was $872,270,283, an 
increase of $26,976,455 over the exports of the preceding fiscal year, 1890, 
and was greater than that of any year except 1881. 

The material increase or decrease in value of the principal articles of do- 
mestic exports was as follows : 

Increase in — 

Cotton, unmanufactured $39,744,106 

Sugar, refined 4,237,360 

Cotton manufactures 3,605,580 

Iron and steel, and manufactures of 3,367,406 

Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products 2,752,965 

Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore 2,265,205 

Coal 1,534,938 

Mineral oil, refined 1,491,428 

Paraffine and paraffine wax 1,305,940 

Hops 1,216,903 

Copper ore 1, 207, 657 

Decrease in — 

Breadstuffs $26,804,271 

Wood, and manufactures of 2,004,489 

Ore, gold, and silver bearing 1,939,434 

Fruits, including nuts 1,624,754 

Furs and fur skins 1,425,229 

Vegetable oils 1,369,505 

Fish 1,044,205 

There was an increase in the value of domestic exports to — 

France $10,813,735 

Germany 7, 369,766 

China. 5, 756, 518 

Brazil 2,146,777 

Spain 1,871,620 

British Australasia 1,723,598 

Mexico 1, 532,972 

Central American States 1,475,641 

Netherlands 1,329,226 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



150 



And a decrease to — 

Argentine Republic $5,604,552 

Great Britain and Ireland 2,859,202 

Russia in Europe 2,769,553 

British North American Possessions 1,198,939 

The values of the principal articles of domestic exports during the three 
years ending June 30, 1891, were as follows : 



Cotton, and manufactures of 

Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products... 

Breadstuffs 

Mineral oils 

Animals 

Iron and steel, and manufactures of, including ore 

Wood, and manufactures of 

Tobacco, and manufactures of 

Leather, and manufactures of 

Coal 

Oil cake and oil-cake meal 

Copper ore 

Sugar and molasses 

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines 

Fish 

Spirits of turpentine 

Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore. . . 
Vegetable oils 

Total 

Value of all domestic exports 

Per cent, of enumerated articles to total 



Dollars. 

247,987,914 

104,122,444 

123,876,661 

49,913,677 

18,374,805 

21,156,109 

26,910,672 

22,609,668 

10,747,710 

6,690,479 

6,927,912 

7,518,258 

2,117,533 

5,542,753 

5,969,235 

3,777,525 

2,348.954 

1,585,783 



668,178,092 



730,282,609 



91.50 



1890. 



Dollars. 
260,968,069 
136,364,506 
154,925,92! 

51.403.0S9 

33,638,128 

25,542,208 

28,274,529 

25,355.601 

12,438,847 

6,R56,088 

7,999,926 

6,053,236 

3,029,413 

6,224,504 

O.iUi ). S-Jii 

4,590,931 

2,349,392 

5,672,441 



r7,627,661 



845,293,828 



91.99 



1891. 



DoUa rs. 

304,317,755 

139,017,471 

.128,121,656 

.v,Mi-.v;:;i 

32,935,086 

28,909,614 

26,270,040 

25,220,472 

13.27S.S47 

8,391,026 

7,452,094 

7,200,K93 

7,099,788 

6,545,354 

4,996,621 

4,668,140 

4,614,597 

4,302,936 



805,429,124 



872,270,283 



92.34 



The value of the domestic exports during the two years ending June 30, 
1891, classified by groups according to character of production, was as 
follows : 





1890. 


1891. 




Values. 


Per cent. 


Values. 


Per cent. 


Products of agriculture 


$629,785,917 

151,131,297 

22,351,746 

29,473,084 

7,496,044 

5,055,740 


74.51 

17.88 

2.64 

3.48 

.89 

.60 


$642,751,344 
168,927,315 

22,0.54.970 
2S.715.713 
6,208,577 
3,612,364 


73.69 
19.37 


Products of mining (including mineral oils) 
Products of the forest 


2.53 

3.29 


Products of the fisheries 


.71 




.41 






Total 


845,293,828 


100.00 


872,270,283 


100.00 







Imports. 

During the last fiscal year, the value of imports of merchandise was 
$844,916,196, an increase of $55,605,787 over the imports of the fiscal year 
1890. 

The value of free merchandise imported was $366,241,352, and of dutiable 
was $478,674,844, an increase in the value of free merchandise of $100,572,- 
723, and a decrease in the value of dutiable goods of $44,966,931), caused 
mainly by the transfer of sugar and certain textiles from the dutiable to the 
free list by the new tariff. 

The material increase or decrease in value of the principal classes of free 



160 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 

and dutiable imports during the year ending June 30, 1891, as compared 
with 1890, was as follows : 

Increase in — 

Free of duty : 

Sugar and molasses, except from Hawaiian 

Islands (made free by new tariff) $45,333,773 

Coffee 17,856,345 

Textile grasses and fibrous vegetable substances 14,608,019 

Hides and skins other than furs 6,048,873 

Chemicals, drugs, and dyes 4,825,324 

Fruits, including nuts 3,555,144 

India rubber and gutta percha, crude 3,166,292 

Dutiable : 

Iron and steel and manufactures of 11,575,966 

Metals, metal compositions & manufactures of 2,988,588 

Wool, unmanufactured 2,967,289 

Vegetables 2,621,000 

Decrease in — 

Free of duty : 

Silk, unmanufactured $5,249,450 

Dutiable : 

Sugar and molasses (caused by transfer to free 

list) 36,942,172 

Wool and manufactures of 15,522,352 

Flax, hemp, jute, & other vegetable substances 13,863,081 

Flax, hemp, jute, etc., manufactures of 4,397,185 

Hats, bonnets, and hoods, materials for (caused 

by transfer in part to free list) 2,725,722 

There was an increase in the value of our imports in 1891 over 1890 
from — 

Brazil $23,911,839 

The West Indies 8,457,464 

Great Britain and Ireland 8,234,346 

Mexico 4,605,077 

China 3,061,379 

British East Indies 2,552,670 

British Australasia 1,961,345 

Central American States 1,746, 678 

Hawaiian Islands 1,581,689 

And a decrease from — 

Philippine Islands 6,425,417 

Netherlands 4,607,059 

Japan 1,794,126 

Germany 1,521,300 

Imports entered for consumption. 

The value of imported merchandise entered for consumption and the duty 
collected thereon, during the last five fiscal years, has been as follows : 



IMPOETS AND EXPORTS. 



161 



Year ending June 30— 


Value of merchandise. 


Ordinary 

duty 
collected. 


Average rate collected 
on — 


Free of 
duty. 


Dutiable. 


Dutiable. 


Free and 
dutiable. 


1885 


$192,912,234 
211,530,7:7.) 
233,093,659 
244,104,852 
256,574,630 
266,103,047 
388,064,404 


$386,667,820 
413,778,055 
450,325,322 
468,143,774 
484,856,70N 
507,571,764 
466,455,173 


$177,319,550 
188,379,397 
212,032,121 
213,509, W 
218,701,774 
225,317,076 
215,790,680 


Per cent. 
45.86 
54.55 
47.10 
45.13 
45.23 
44.41 
46.26 


Per cent. 


1886 




1887 


30.13 


1888 

1889 


29.99 


1890 




1891 









Trade with Central and South America. 

Our total imports of merchandise from Mexico, Central and South Ameri- 
can states, British Honduras, and the West Indies, during; the fiscal year 
1891, amounted to $242,512,577, or 28.70 per cent, of our total imports of 
merchandise. 

The value of our exports of merchandise to these same countries during 
the same period was $90,413,516, or 10.22 per cent, of the value of our total 
exports of merchandise. 

Our total imports and exports of merchandise from and to these countries 
during the same period, amounted to $332,926,093, or 19.26 per cent of our 
total imports and exports of merchandise. 

It will be seen that the excess of our imports of merchandise from these 
countries over our exports to them amounted to $152,099,061. In other 
words, our imports of merchandise were 72.84 percent, and exports 27.16 
of the total trade with these countries, and we imported merchandise to the 
value of $2.68 for every dollar in value exported to these countries. 

The excess of imports over exports of merchandise for the fiscal year 1890 
was $108,054,472. For the fiscal year 1889 this excess was $117,917,883. 

A comparison of our commerce with this entire group of countries for 
the years 1870, 1880, and 1891 shows a gradual increase of both imports and 
exports of merchandise. 

During the year 1870 the value of imports was $117,398,951 and of ex- 
ports $55,140,322, an excess of $62,258,629. 

During the year 1880 the value of imports was $178,985,906 and of ex- 
ports $61,546,474, an excess of $117,439,432. 

The per cent, of our commerce with these countries, as compared with 
our total commerce, in 1870, was 20.82 ; in 1880, 15.99 ; and in 1891, 19.26. 



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162 



OUR PENSIONERS. 

The annual report of the Commissioner of Pensions shows that on 
June 30, 1891, there were 676,160 pensioners borne on the rolls of the bureau, 
being 138,216 more than were carried on the rolls at the close of the last 
fiscal year. These include: Widows and daughters of revolutionary soldiers, 
23; army invalid pensioners, 413,597; army widows, minor children, etc., 
108,537; navy invalid pensioners, 5,449; navy widows, minor children, etc., 
2,568; survivors of the war of 1812, 7,590; survivors of the Mexican war, 
16,379; widows of soldiers of the Mexican war, 6,976. 

The number of pensions of the several classes granted under the act of 
June 27, 1890, is as follows: Army invalid pensioners, 97,136; army 
widows, minor children, etc., 12,209; navy invalid pensioners, 3,976; navy 
widows, minor children, etc., 1,436. During the last fiscal year first pay- 
ments were paid upon 131,160 original claims, requiring $31,391,538 for their 
payment. This is an increase in the number of original payments over the 
year 1890 of 64,532. The aggregate cost, however, was $1,087,302 less. 

There were 222,521 first payments of every description, requiring $38,552,- 
274, being $69,592 less than was required for the 130,514 first payments 
made during the last fiscal year. The average value of first payments made 
during the year was $239.33 and the average value of first payments on 
claims allowed under the act of June 27, 1890, was $71.28. The average 
value of first payments for the preceding year was $485.71, a reduction in 
the average first payments of $246.38. 

The aggregate annual value of the 676,150 pensions on the roll June 31, 
1891, was" $89,247,200 and the average annual value of each pension was 
$139.99 and the average annual value of each pension under the act of June 
27, 1890, was $121.51. 

At the end of June, 1891, there were 38,574 pensioners on the roll who 
remained unpaid for the want of time and who were entitled to receive 
$4,883,242, which will be paid out of the appropriation for the current fiscal 
year. There remained at the close of the fiscal year 1891 in the hands of the 
several pension agents the sum of $5,713,852.84 which has since been cov- 
ered into the treasury. This amount added to $3,607,133.22 of the pension 
amount not drawn from the treasury aggregates $9,320,986.06 of the appro- 
priation which was not expended. There will be a deficiency in the appro- 
priation for the payment of fees and expenses of examining surgeons of 
about $300,000. 

The total amount disbursed on account of pensions, expenses, etc., during 
the fiscal year was $118,548,959.71 as compared with $106,493,890.19 dis- 
bursed during the preceding fiscal year. So that it appears that 136,216 
pensions were added to the rolls during the fiscal year just closed, at an in- 
creased cost to the nation of $12,055,069 as compared with the expenditures 
for the previous fiscal year, and said expenditure includes $4,357,347 paid 
upon vouchers remaining unpaid at the close of the year. 

The largest number of certificates issued to any class was 4,693 to men 
who served thirty-six months. The age of the greatest number of pensioners 
under both the old and new law was forty-seven years. During the last 
year 20,525 pensioners were dropped from the rolls for various causes, and of 
this number 13,229 were dropped by reason of death. 

The loss to the pension rolls by the decease of widows and dependent 

Ki;: 



164 



OUR PENSIONERS. 



mothers and fathers was at the rate of thirty -five per 1,000 in 1891. It is 
estimated that of the soldiers who served the country during the late war, 
1,004,658 were killed in battle or died during and since the war. On June 
30 last 124,750 of these deceased soldiers were represented on the pension 
rolls by their widows or other dependents. 

There are about 1,208,707 soldiers of the Union now living, and of the 
survivors 520,158 are now on the pension rolls. There are, therefore, 688,549 
survivors who are not pensioned and 879,908 deceased soldiers not represent- 
ed on the pension rolls. The commissioner renews his recommendation of 
last year as to the readjustment of the pension ratings under the act of 
March 3, 1883, and March 4, 1890. 



DISBURSEMENTS, 1891. 

AMOUNT DISBURSED AT U. S. PENSION AGENCIES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 

JUNE 30, 1891. 



Agencies. 



Augusta 

Boston 

Buffalo 

Chicago 

Columbus 

Concord 

Des Moines 

Detroit 

Indianapolis . . 

Knoxville 

Louisville 

Milwaukee 

New York 

Philadelphia . . 

Pittsburg 

San Francisco. 

Topeka 

Washington . . . 

Total 



Army. 



Pensions. 



$2,810,833.53 
5,846,073.58 

0,-119,978.52 
8,967,990.34 

13,029,711.28 
2,927,053.30 
6,868,819.55 
6,135,874.81 

10,596,798.10 
5,464,404.86 
4,014,595.84 
5,946,833.14 
5,249,547.37 
5,688,048.18 
5,085,709.56 
1,517,075.60 

10,709,227.18 
7,369,01)2.52 



$114,637,786.25 



Total. 



$2,820. 
5,865. 
6,438. 
8,997. 

13,063. 
2,937. 
6,887. 
6,144. 

10,631. 
5,481, 
4,025. 
5,907, 
5,279, 
5,710, 
5,107, 
1,527 

10,732 
8,545 



$116,164,303.92 



Navy. 



Pensions. 



',543.70 



459,029.67 



368,156.13 
324,799.00 



51,600.34 

"437//88.32 



Total. 



3,543.70 



459,029.61 



308.150.13 
324,799.00 



51,600.34 
'471 ,528.31 



$2,221,917.10 $2,255,057.15 $12,229.54 



Arrears of 
Pensions. 



Army. 



,692.00 
502.07 
,990.8.'! 
212.13 
,0SS.S0 
135.00 



624.06 

939.00 
550.67 
1,272.61 

137.41 



722 

,498.20 



179.13 
24.6' 



Total. 



$092.66 
2,255.41 
1,990.83 

212.13 
1,688.80 

135.00 



624.06 
939.00 
550.67 
2,272.61 
137.44 



722.27 
1,498.20 



179.13 

24.6 



$13,922.88 



Grand 
total. 



$2,821,409.42 
6,447,082.34 
6,440,389.13 
9,457,982.89 

13,064,887.12 
2,937,927.97 
6,887,751.85 
6,145,508.01 

10,032,138.82 
5,482,190.82 
4,027,711.46 
5,968,319.64 
5,647,833.56 
6,036,480.20 
5,109,788.22 
1,578,935.39 

10,732,709.90 
9,016,768.74 



$118,435,827.48 






RECENT PENSION LAWS. 



Chap. 390, laws of 1889, enacts that the charge of desertion now standing 
on the rolls and records in the office of the Adjutant-General against any 
soldier who served in the late war in the volunteer service shall be removed 
in all cases where it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secre- 
tary of War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testi- 
mony, that such soldier served faithfully until the expiration of his term of 
enlistment, or until the 1st day of May, 1865, having previously served six 
months or more, and, by reason of his absence from his command at the time 
the same was mustered out, failed to be mustered out and to receive an honor- 
able discharge, or that such soldier absented himself from his command, or 
from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease received or 
contracted in the line of duty and was prevented from completing his term 
of enlistment by reason of such wounds, injuries, or disease. 

Sec. 2. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to remove the charge 
of desertion from the record of any regular or volunteer soldier in the late war 
upon proper application therefor, and satisfactory proof in the following cases: 

First. That such soldier, after such charge of desertion was made, and 
within a reasonable time thereafter, voluntarily returned to his command 
and served faithfully to the end of his term of service, or until discharged. 

Second. That such soldier absented himself from his command or from 
hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease, received or con- 
tracted in the line of duty, and upon recovery voluntarily returned to his 
command and served faithfully thereafter, or died from such wounds, injuries, 
or disease while so absent, and before the date of muster out of his command, 
or expiration of his term of service, or was prevented from so returning by 
reason of such wounds, injuries, or diseases before such muster out, or expira- 
tion of service. 

Third. That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the con- 
sent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such 
service by the order or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction on 
habeas corpus or other proper judicial proceedings; and in any such case, no 
pay, allowance, bounty, or pension shall be allowed or granted. 

Sec. 3. That the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and reci >r< Is 
in the office of the Adjutant- General against any regular or volunteer soldier 
who served in the late War of the Rebellion by reason of his having enlisted 
in any regiment, troop, or company, or in the United States Navy or Marine 
Corps, without having first received a discharge from the regiment, troop or 
company in which he had previously served, shall be removed in all cases 
wherein it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary >>i War, 
from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testimony, thai such re 
enlistment was not made tor the purpose of securing bounty or other gratuity 
that he would not have been entitled to had he remained under his original 
term of enlistment; that the absence from (lie service did not exceed four 
months, and that such soldier served faithfully under his reOnlistment. 

Sec. 4. That whenever it shall appear from the official records in the office 
of the Adjutant-General that any regular or volunteer soldier of the late war 

103 



166 RECENT PENSION LAWS. 

was formally restored to duty from desertion by the commander competent 
to order his trial for the offence, or, having deserted and being charged with 
desertion, was, on return to the service, suffered, without such formal restora- 
tion, to resume his place in the ranks of his command, serving faithfully 
thereafter until the expiration of his term, such soldier shall not be deemed 
to rest under any disability, because of such desertion, in the prosecution of 
any claim for pension on account of disease contracted, or wounds or injuries 
received in the line of his duty as a soldier. 

Sec. 5. That when the charge of desertion shall be removed under the 
provisions of this act from the record of any soldier, such soldier, or, in case 
of his death, the heirs or legal representatives of such soldier, shall receive 
the pay and bounty due to such soldier: Provided, however, That this act 
shall not be so construed as to give to any such soldier, or, in case of his 
death, t« the heirs or legal representatives of any such soldier, any pay, bounty 
or allowance for anytime during which such soldier was absent from his 
command without proper authority, nor shall it be so construed as to give 
any pay, bounty, or allowance to any soldier, his heirs or legal representa- 
tives, who served in the army for a period less than six months. 

Sec. 6. That the Secretary of War be and he hereby is authorized and 
directed to amend the military record of any soldier who enlisted for the war 
with Mexico, upon proper application, where the rolls and records of the 
Adjutant-General's office show the charge of desertion against him, when 
such rolls and records show the facts set out in the following cases : 

First. That said soldier served faithfully the full term of his enlistment, 
or having served faithfully for six months or more, and until the 4th day of 
July, 1848, left his command without having received a discharge. 

Second. That such soldier, after said charge of desertion was entered on 
the rolls, voluntarily returned to his command within a reasonable time and 
served faithfully until discharged. 

Sec. 7. That the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to 
relieve any soldier from the charge of desertion who left his command from 
disaffection or disloyalty to the government, or to evade the dangers and 
hardships of the service, or whilst in the presence of the enemy (not being 
sick or wounded), or while in arrest or under charges for breach of military 
duty, or, in case of a soldier of the Mexican War, who did not actually reach 
the seat of war. 

Sec. 8. That when such charge of desertion is removed under the pro- 
visions of this act, the soldier shall be restored to a status of honorable ser- 
vice, his military record shall be corrected as the facts may require, and an 
honorable discharge shall he issued in those cases where the soldier has 
received none: and he shall be restored to all his rights as to pension, pay or 
allowances as if the charge of desertion had never been made; and in case of 
the death of said soldier, his widow or other legal heir shall be entitled to the 
same rights as in case of other deceased honorably discharged soldiers: Pro- 
vided, That this act shall not be construed to give to any soldier, or his legal 
representatives or heir, any pay or allowance for any period of time he was 
absent without leave, and not in the performance of military duty. 

Sec. 9. That all applications for relief under this act shall be made to and 
filed with the Secretary of War within the period of three years from and 
after July 1, 1889, and all applications not. so made and tiled within said term 
of three years shall be forever barred, and shall not be received or considered. 
—(Approved March 2, 188!).) 

Chap. 132. — Provides that from and alter the passage of this act all persons 
who, in the military or naval service of the United Sates and in the line of 
duty, have lost both hands, shall be entitled to a pension of $100 a month. — 
(Approved February 12, 1889.) 



RECENT PENSION LAWS. 167 

PENSIONS TO THE TOTALLY HELPLESS. 

The act of 1890 provides that all soldiers, sailors and marines who have 
since the 16th day of June, 1880, or who may hereafter become so totally and 
permanently helpless from injuries received or disease contracted in the ser- 
vice and line of duty as to require the regular personal aid and attendance of 
another person, or who, if otherwise entitled, were excluded from the pro- 
visions of "An act to increase pensions of certain pensioned soldiers and 
sailors who are utterly helpless from injuries received or disease contracted 
while in the United States service," approved June 16, 1880, shall be entitled 
to receive a pension at the rate of $73 per month from the date of the passage 
of this act or of the certificate of the examining surgeon or board of surf-eons 
showing such degree of disability made subsequent to the passage of this act 
—(Approved March 4, 1890.) 



THE DEPENDENT PENSION ACT. 

Be it enacted, etc., That in considering the pension claims of dependent 
parents the fact of the soldier's death by reason of any wound, injury, casu- 
alty, or disease which under the conditions and limitations of existing laws 
would have entitled him to an invalid pension, and the fact that the soldier 
left no widow or minor children having been shown as required bv law it 
shall be necessary only to show by competent and sufficient evidence that 
such parent or parents are without other present means of support than their 
own manual labor or the contributions of others not legally bound for their 
support: Provided, That all pensions allowed to dependent parents under this 
act shall commence from the date of the filing of the application hereunder 
and shall continue no longer than the existence of the dependence. 

Sec. 2. That all persons who served ninety days or more in the military 
or naval service of the United States during the late war of the rebellion anil 
who have been honorably discharged therefrom, and who are now or who 
may hereafter be suffering from a mental or physical disability of a perma- 
nent character not the result of their own vicious habits, which incapacitates 
them from the performance of manual labor in such a degree as to render 
them unable to earn a support, shall, upon making due proof of the fact ac- 
cording to such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may 
provide, be placed upon the list of invalid pensioners of the United States, 
and be entitled to receive a pension not exceeding $12 per month, and not 
less than $6 per month, proportioned to the degree of inability to earn a sup- 
port, and such pension shall commence from the date of the filing of the ap- 
plication in the Pension Office, after the passage of this act, upon proof that 
the disability then existed, and shall continue during the existence of the 
same: Provided, That persons who are now receiving pensions under exist- 
ing laws, or whose claims are pending in the Pension Office, may by 
application to the Commissioner of Pensions, in such form as he may pre- 
scribe, showing themselves entitled thereto, receive the benefits of this act; 
and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent any pen- 
sioner thereunder from prosecuting his claim and receiving his pension under 
any other general or special act: Provided, however. That no person shall 
receive more than one pension for the same period: And provided, further, 
That rank iu the service shall not be considered in applications tiled under 
this act. 

Sec. 3. That if any officer or enlisted man who served ninety days or more 
in the army or navy of the United States during the late war of the rebellion, 



168 KECENT PENSION LAWS. 

and who was honorably discharged, has died or shall hereafter die, leaving a 
widow without other means of support than her daily labor, or minor chil- 
dren under the age of sixteen years, such widow shall, upon due proof of her 
husband's death, "without proving his death to be the result of his army ser- 
vice, be placed on the pension roll from the date of the application therefor 
under this act, at the rate of $8 per month during her widowhood, and shall 
also be paid $2 per month for each child of such officer or enlisted man 
under sixteen years of age, and in case of death or remarriage of the widow, 
leaving a child or children of such officer or enlisted man under the age of 
sixteen years, such pension shall be paid such child or children until the age 
of sixteen: Provided, That in case a minor child is insane, idiotic, or other- 
wise permanently helpless, the pension shall continue during the life of said 
child or during the period of such disability, and this proviso shall apply to 
all pensions heretofore granted, or hereafter to be granted under this or any 
former statute, and such pension shall commence from the date of applica- 
tion therefor after the passage of this act: And provided, further, That said 
widow shall have married said soldier prior to the passage of this act. 

Sec. 4. That no agent, attorney, or other person engaged in preparing, 
presenting, or prosecuting any claim under the provisions of this act, shall, 
directly or indirectly, contract for, demand, receive, or retain for such ser- 
vices in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting such claim a sum greater than 
$10, which sum shall be payable only upon the order of the Commissioner 
of Pensions, by the pension agent making payment of the pension allowed, 
and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, or who 
shall wrongfully withhold from a pensioner or claimant the whole or any 
part of a pension or claim allowed or due such pensioner or claimant under 
this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof 
shall, for each and every such offense, be fined not exceeding $500, or be im- 
prisoned at hard labor, not exceeding two years, or both, in the discretion of 
the court. 

MEXICAN SOLDIERS. 

The Act of March 2, 1891, amends Section 2 of the Act of March 2, 1889, 
to pension soldiers of the War with Mexico so as to read in Subdivision 3: 
' ' Third — That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the consent 
of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service 
by the order or decree of any State or U.S. court on habeas corpus or other 
judicial proceedings, and in such case such soldier shall not be entitled to any 
bounty or allowance, or pay for any time such soldier was not in the perform- 
ance of military duty." 

UNION SOLDIERS OP THE WAR OP THE REBELLION. 

Section 4,787, Revised Statutes, is amended to entitle those who have 
received artificial limbs from the War Department to a new ?<mb or apparatus 
at the expiration of every ' ' three " years (instead of "five : '). The Act of March 
3, 1891, provides that hereafter no pension shall be adowed or paid to any 
officer, non-commissioned officer, or private in the U. S. Army, or Marine 
Corps, either on the active or retired list; that no agent or attorney shall de- 
mand, receive or be allowed any compensation under existing law exceeding 
$2 in any claim for increase of pension on account of increase of disability, 
or for services in securing the passage of any special act of Congress in any 
case that has been presented at the Pension Office or is allowable under the 
general pension laws. Any agent instrumental in prosecuting any claim for 



RECENT PENSION LAWS. 169 

increase of pension on account of increase of disability, or who has render,, I 
services in procuring the passage of any such special act of Congress who 
shall directly or indirectly demand or retain any compensation for such ser 
vices except as hereinbefore provided, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
shall, for each offence, be fined not exceeding $500 or imprisoned for not ex 
ceeding two years, or both. The foregoing provisions in relation to fees of 
agents or attorneys do not apply to any case now pending where there is an 
existing lawful contract expressed or implied 



14b 



NUMBER OF PENSIONERS IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNITED 
STATES AND IN EACH FOREIGN COUNTRY ON THE ROLLS JUNE 30, 1891. 



United States. 



Number. 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona Territory 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico Territory. 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma Territory. . . 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Territory 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Total 



2,065 

14 

289 

5,994 

8,004 

3,381 

8,713 

1,764 

6,132 

1,343 

1,671 

537 

49,711 

55,704 

1,022 

28,430 

29,421 

21,441 

1,788 

17,610 

7,867 

25,953 

34,447 

10,873 

1,641 

&3,135 

792 

12,011 

166 

7,707 

13,375 

450 

60,325 

2,497 

977 

75,498 

1,387 

2,263 

63,986 

2,889 

814 

3,572 

12,214 

5,270 

544 

8,566 

5,256 

2,885 

9,787 

20,969 

364 

673,514 



Foreign country. 



Australia 

Austria Hungary 

Belgium 

Bermuda 

Brazil 

British Columbia 

Bulgaria 

Canada 

Central America 

Chile 

China 

Corea 

Comoro Isles 

Cuba 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Fiji Islands 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain 

Guatemala 

Hawaii 

Holland 

Honduras 

India 

Italy 

Japan 

Liberia 

Mauritius 

Manitoba 

Mexico 

Monaco 

Netherlands 

New Zealand 

Nicaragua 

Norway 

Peru 

Portugal 

Russia 

Samoa 

Spain 

South African Repub 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Uruguay 

West Indies 

Unknown 



Number. 



Total 

Grand total . 



21 
13 

8 
1 
3 

13 

1 

,315 

1 

5 

12 
1 
1 
5 

13 
1 
2 

36 

403 

495 

1 

8 

1 
1 



1 
1 

32 
1 
8 
3 
1 

12 
1 
3 
1 
1 
5 
4 

24 

Ml 
1 
7 

99 



2,646 
676,160 



170 



XI 4> 
cfl C7j 

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lii 



PENSION CLAIMS ADMITTED 



Comparative statement of pension claims settled by 
ACTS OF JULY 14, 





Claims ad- 
mitted and 
rejected. 


Army. 


Navy. 


Year. 


Invalid. 


Widows, etc. 


Invalid. 




Origi- 
nal. 


In- 
crease. 


Total. 


Origi- 
nal. 


In- 

riva.sr 


Total. 


Origi- 
nal. 


In- 
crease 


Total. 


1881.. 

1881.. 


Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 

Admitted .... 
Rejected 

Total 

Admit ted .... 
Rejected 

Total 

Admitted 

Rejected 

T<.t al 

Admitted 

Rejected 

Total 


21,143 
2,625 


12,353 

8,875 


33,496 
11,500 


3,717 
1,137 


200 
30 


3,917 
1,167 


251 
55 


154 
65 


405 
120 




23,768 


21,228 


44,996 


4,854 


230 


5,()S1 


306 


219 


525 


1882.. 
1882.. 


22,684 
4,030 


9,435 
15,199 


32,119 
19,229 


3,910 
1,512 


48 
26 


3,958 
1,538 


262 

128 


88 
149 


350 




26,714 


24,634 


51,348 


5,422 


74 


5,496 


390 


237 


627 


1883.. 
1883.. 


31,801 
16,901 


22,55 1 
19,978 


54,355 
36,879 


5,216 
4,512 


67 

28 


5,2,S3 
4,540 


213 
530 


112 
141 


325 

671 




48,702 


42,532 


91,834 


9,728 


95 


9,823 


743 


253 


996 


1884.. 
1884.-. 


27,173 
17,587 


22,190 

19,887 


49,363 
37,474 


6,260 
4,983 


56 
15 


6,316 

4,998 


241 
347 


270 
139 


511 

486 




44,760 


42,077 


86,387 


11,243 


71 


11,314 


588 


409 


997 


1885.. 
1885.. 


27.2*0 
9,028 


33,648 
19,281 


60,934 
28,309 


7,632 
3,058 


144 

28 


7.776 
3,086 


294 
189 


182 
89 


476 
278 




36,314 


52,929 


89,243 


10,090 


172 


10,862 


483 


271 


754 


1886*. 
1886.. 


31,619 
15,918 


33.00* 

41,956 


64,627 

57,874 


8,501 

3,728 


*65,313 
50 


73,814 
3,778 


318 

277 


271 
279 


589 
556 




47,537 


74,964 


122,501 


12,229 


65,363 


77,592 


595 


550 


1,145 


1887.. 
1887.. 


34,758 
7,657 


31,791 
32,024 


66,549 
39,681 


11,034 
3,481 


83 

70 


11,117 
3,551 


525 
321 


223 
247 


748 
568 




42,415 


63,815 


106,2:30 


14,515 


153 


14,668 


846 


470 


1,316 


1888.. 

1888.. 


35,089 
32,213 


44,785 
30,739 


79,874 
62,952 


10,611 
11,060 


341 
50 


10,952 
11,110 


754 

740 


449 
326 


1,203 
1,066 




67,302 


75,524 


142,826 


21,671 


391 


22,062 


1,494 


775 


2,269 


1889.. 

1889.. 


35,999 
11,122 


70,194 
37,049 


106,193 
48,171 


11,644 
5,689 


116 

41 


11,760 
5,730 


831 
1,160 


744 
442 


1,570 
1,602 




47,121 


107,213 


154,364 


17,333 


157 


17,490 


1,991 


1,186 


3,177 


1890.. 
1890.. 


19, 153 
8,120 


76,511 
99,013 


125.964 
107,133 


14,323 
5,791 


120 
50 


14,443 
5,841 


942 
392 


901 
977 


1,843 
969 




57,537 


175,524 


233,097 


20,114 


170 


20,284 


1,334 


1,878 


3,212 


1891.. 
1891 . . 


40,577 
12,998 


71,579 

188,981 


112,156 
201,979 


11,701 
9,899 


474 
237 


12,175 
10,136 


804 
290 


661 
816 


1,465 
1,106 




53,575 


260,560 


314,135 


21,600 


711 


22,311 


1,094 


1,477 


2,571 



♦Under act of March 19, 1886, there were 79,989 widows' pensions increased (included 
in the above) for which no applications were required. 

173 



AND REJECTED, 1881-1891, 



allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 
1862, AND MARCH 3, 1873. 



Navy. 


^ O 

>J<0 

S v 


a 

<i 

"3 

o 

H 


War of 1812. 


Mexican war 

(act of Jan. 

29,- 1887.) 


O to 
U.S 

S"3 

C e3 

"3'Sb 


13 


Widows, etc. 


Survivors. 


Widows. 


CQ 


J-3 


In- 
crease 


Total 


Origi- 
nal. 


In- 


Origi- 
nal. 


In. 

crease 


Surviv- 
ors 
original 


o.H 
•a 6o 


u 

bD 

60 


203 


10 


213 

83 


1,344 
20 


39,375 

12,890 


115 
391 




1 ,965 










41,455 
14,886 


S3 


1,605 




















286 


10 


296 


1,364 


52,265 


506 




3,570 










56,341 












N9 


11 


100 
59 


649 


37,176 
21,103 


26 
49 




693 
143 










37,895 


59 










21,295 












148 


11 


159 


649 


58,279 


75 




836 










59,190 












87 


13 


100 
346 


796 


60,859 
42,438 


23 

51 




822 
200 








38,192| 61,704 
22,540| 42,687 


346 
















433 


13 


446 


796 


103,295 


74 




1,022 








60,702| 104,391 










km; 
112 


1 
1 


113 


1,221 


57,518 
43,071 


24 
50 




388 
262 








23,341 


57,930 
43,383 












218 


2 


220 


1,221 


100,589 


74 




650 








57,533 


101,313 










111 


11 


122 
57 


1,835 


71,143 
31,730 


18 
38 




426 

167 








35.7117 
12,537 


71,587 


57 








31,935 












168 


11 


179 


1,835 


102,873 


56 




593 








48,304| 103,522 












109 


*1,280 
2 


1,389 

387 


2,229 


*142.648 
62,595 


5 
22 


3 


305 
113 


13,396 
2 






40,857 * 156. 357 


385 






20,443 


62,732 










494 


1,282 


1,776 


2,229 


205,343 


27 


3 


418 


13,398 






61,300 


219,089 










183 
91 


8 
1 


191 
92 


2,707 


81,312 
43,892 


8 
18 


2 


231 
59 




7,552 
251 


903 
14 


55,194 
11,892 


90,008 
44,234 


274 


9 


283 


2,707 


125,204 


26 


2 


290 




7,803 


917 


67,086 


134,242 


205 
235 


11 


216 
235 


2,028 


92,245 
75,363 


2 
11 




251 
50 




9,048 
2,062 


4,296 

588 


60,252 
46,965 


105,838 
78,080 


440 


11 


451 


2,028 


167,608 


13 




307 




11,110 


4,880 


107,227 


183,918 


280 
341 


11 


291 
341 


1,754 


119,819 
55,844 


8 
10 


8 


181 
268 


7 


1,772 
348 


1,206 
209 


51,921 
19,147 


123.001 
56,679 


621 


11 


632 


1,754 


175,663 


18 


8 


449 


7 


2,120 


1,415 


71,068 


179,680 


335 
126 


3 


342 
129 


1,896 


142,592 
114,072 


4 
5 


1 


108 
75 


1 


794 


678 
106 


66,337 
14,793 


114,179 
114,436 


461 


10 


471 


1,896 


256,664 


9 


3 


183 


1 


971 


784 


81,430 


258,615 


213 

97 


33 


246 

97 


1,812 


126,042 
213,318 


4 


3 


79 




336 

148 


3K.-) 
101 


54,099 
23,533 


126,849 

1213.567 
















310 33| 343 


1,812 


339,360 


4 


3 


79 




484 


486 


77,632| 340,416 



+This includes a large number of claims which have been found by actual count to 
have been thus disposed of. 

173 



Comparative statement of pension claims settled by 

ACT OF JUNE 





Claims admitted 
and rejected. 






Army. 






Year. 


Invalid. 


Widows, etc. 




Original. 


Additional. 


Total. 


Original. 


Additional. 


Total. 


1891 




85,047 
18,588 


13,152 
161 


98,199 
18,749 


12,337 

2,875 


5 


12,342 


1891 




2,875 




Total 








103,635 


13,313 


116,948 


15,212 


5 


15,217 









INCREASE IN PENSION 



ARMY INVALID CLAIMS UNDER THE GENERAL LAW ALLOWED EACH YEAR SINCE 

WHICH WERE FILED EACH YEAR AND ALLOWED IN THE REPORT 

AND THE PERCENTAGE OF THE NUMBER 



St 


The several years in which the claims were allowed and the number allowed each year. 


"3 


1862. 


1863. 


1864. 


1865. 


1866. 


1867. 


1868. 


1869. 


1870. 


1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


1878. 


1862.. 

1863 

1864.. 


305 


258 
3,657 


131 
9,331 
7,303 


27 
1,138 
3,459 
10,045 


19 
517 
844 

7,819 
12,724 


20 

395 

562 

1,863 

9,292 

3,586 


12 

235 

253 

685 

2,511 

3.020 

1,641 


11 

185 
166 
417 

1,150 
1,132 

1 .092 
2,238 


12 
143 
114 

223 
529 
525 
421 

2,208 
1,040 


20 
293 
239 
382 
732 
724 
502 
1,384 
3,094 
342 


6 
156 
139 
198 
440 
349 
218 
493 
1,639 
1,946 
434 


6 

110 

96 

132 

251 

356 

196 

300 

799 

1,055 

1,038 

1,322 


16 
129 
107 
100 
211 
149 
172 
182 
441 
438 
1,018 
1,702 
794 


4 

159 
101 

92 
185 
153 

89 
142 
273 
348 
371 
674 
1,869 
937 


5 

121 

84 

96 

145 

88 

56 

124 

167 

214 

278 

342 

606 

2,243 

624 


139 
126 
113 
187 
154 
62 
97 
197 
149 
276 
461 
593 
1,169 
2.595 


4 
147 
109 


1865 . . 






122 


1866.. 








202 


1867.. 










139 


1868.. 












59 


1869.. 














102 


1870.. 
















132 


1871 


















125 


1872 . . 




















9,U 


1873. 






















253 


1874 
























■'43 


1875 


























483 


1876 




























1,844 
































2,217 


































908 


























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Total 


305 


3,915 


16,765 


14,669 


21,923 


15,718 


8,903 


6,991 


5,215 


7,612 


6,018 


6,261 


5,519 


5,397 


5,193 


7,102 


7,303 



Note.— The total number (40,453) of claims allowed in 1891 excludes 124 old war 
174 



allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 
27, 1890. 



Navy. 


Aggre- 
gate of 
all claims. 




Invalid. 


Widows, etc. 


Remarks. 


Original. 


Additional. 


Total. 


Original. 


Additional. 


Total. 




3,564 
834 


405 


3,969 
834 


1,439 
132 




1,439 
132 


115,949 
22,590 


Those under the head of 
"■additional" consist of 








4,398 


405 


4,803 


1,571 




1,571 


138,539 


applicants who have 
also prior claims under 
old acts. 



CLAIMS ALLOWED, 1862-1 


891. 


















JULY 1, 1861, 


SHOWING 


IN EACH 


YEAR'S ALLOWANCE 


THE NUMBER OF THOSE 


YEARS, GIVING ALSO THE WHOLE 


NUMBER 


FILED EACH YEAR 




ALLOWED OUT OF THOSE FILED EACH YEAR. 


































3 O 




























•3 <* 

o3 Qj 


The several yeai 


s in which the claims were allowed and the number allowed each year. 


•fa 73 


























,8 3,7- 


C z> m 
























*«$ 
































— ~ h 


1879. 
5 


1880. 
24 


1881. 


1882. 


1883. 


1884. 


1885. 


1886. 


1887. 


1888. 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 


Total. 


fc Urt 


(£>». 


78 


38 


18 


9 


16 


15 


17 


9 


10 


7 


16 


1,125 


1,362 


82.6 


135 


281 


415 


392 


384 


263 


280 


269 


248 


230 


191 


195 


150 


19.688 


26,380 


74.6 


100 


228 


395 


328 


305 


240 


264 


220 


226 


194 


142 


138 


121 


16,603 


20,263 


81.8 


92 


172 


335 


234 


284 


189 


204 


168 


160 


no 


125 


121 


85 


24,566 


27,299 


90.0 


158 


257 


477 


308 


335 


255 


236 


219 


208 


177 


136 


130 


125 


31,640 


35,799 


88.4 


104 


190 


339 


281 


262 


202 


263 


187 


184 


131 


107 


97 


77 


13,105 


15,905 


84.3 


49 


109 


177 


99 


124 


93 


190 


80 


92 


61 


52 


51 


31 


6,316 


7,292 


86.6 


54 


143 


312 


267 


208 


180 


282 


141 


141 


115 


92 


90 


69 


9.201 


11,035 


84.0 


121 


220 


451 


379 


319 


243 


363 


233 


234 


164 


138 


115 


123 


10,885 


12,991 


83.8 


Kin 


228 


368 


293 


243 


218 


241 


211 


165 


125 


116 


116 


78 


7,119 


8.837 


80.6 


153 


251 


404 


328 


288 


231 


314 


226 


193 


141 


116 


110 


81 


7,068 


8,857 


79.8 


123 


257 


454 


330 


274 


209 


221 


197 


186 


161 


103 


136 


93 


7,558 


8,728 


86.6 


188 


328 


497 


384 


312 


213 


385 


254 


213 


169 


117 


128 


110 


7,408 


9,302 


79.6 


273 


455 


756 


559 


478 


349 


461 


323 


277 


239 


158 


176 


137 


9, 178 


1 1 ,920 


79.4 


(ids 


758 


1,219 


905 


773 


578 


630 


570 


565 


413 


316 


338 


267 


13.00.", 


17,030 


70.1 


1 ,46 ! 


1.063 


1,570 


1,050 


1,006 


709 


740 


698 


618 


444 


331 


340 


2S1 


13,311 


16,582 


80.5 


'.' 56S 


1.N06 


2,385 


1,400 


986 


888 


879 


816 


773 


559 


413 


475 


326 


15,188 


18,81 -J 


80.7 


Vis 


2,685 


7,767 


4,865 


4,116 


2,298 


2,045 


1,819 


1,618 


1,065 


836 


870 


605 


31,307 


36,835 


85.2 




263 


2,358 


9,825 


17,626 


12 277 


9,706 


9,529 


7,880 


5,613 


3,895 


4,159 


2,814 


85, 945 110,073 


77, t 






155 


157 


1,350 


1,651 


1,499 


1,555 


1,463 


1,109 


909 


1,030 


799 


11,677 


18,400 


63.3 








133 


1,485 


2,326 


2,245 


2,667 


2,526 


2,038 


1,512 


1,709 


1,228 


17,869 


29,004 


61.6 










582 


2,579 


2,517 


3.279 


3,188 


2,720 


2,090 


2,303 


1.095 


20,958 


35,039 


59.8 












917 


3,434 


3,092 


2,736 


2,363 


1 ,83 1 


1,929 


1,380 


16,685 


28,962 


.,, ,6 














810 


3,901 


3,44] 


2,696 


2,038 


2, IS'.' 


1,129 


16,499 




59.0 
















883 


5,842 
1,506 


5,423 
6,383 


3,849 
5,317 
9,499 


3,714 

i.iMi; 
9,240 


2,163 
2,826 
4,476 


21,871 33,»K 

20 999 30.2OI 
25,449 17, 319 


02.1 
















58.0 


















53.7 






















1 .557 


12,180 

2,107 


7,781 
10,375 

7 00 


21,521 
12,782 

706 


51,919 

71,318 
'.'0,199 


41.0 






















17.9 
























3.5 


",073 


9,718 


20,912 


22,615 


31,758 


27,117 


27,225 


31,552 


34,702 


35,089 


35,99! 


49,153 


40,453 


517.9:;:, 


807,468 





Invalids which are included in the number of army invalids as reported in Table 1. 

175 



PENSION" RATES. 

Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- 
sioned at each rule, of the Army ami Navy invalids, and of the Army and Navy 
h idows, minors, and dependents (war of 1801) on the rolls, under the general law, June 
30, 1891, anil a similar classification of those on the rolls at the same tlate under the 
act of June 27, 1890. 

GENERAL LAW, JUNE 30, 1891. 



Rate. 

$1.00 
2 00 


Invalids. 


Widows & others 


Rate. 

$16.50 
16.75 
17.00 
17.25 
17.50 
17.75 
18.00 
18.85 
18.50 
18.75 
19.00 
19.25 
19.50 
20.00 
20.50 
20.75 
21.00 
21 .25 
21.50 
22.00 
22.50 
23.00 
23.25 
23.50 
23.75 
24.00 
24.50 
25.00 
35. 35 
25.75 
26.25 
26.75 
27.00 
27.50 
28.00 
28.75 
29.50 
30.00 
30.75 
31.00 
31.25 
32.00 
32.50 
33.00 
33.50 
35.00 
S3.50 
36.00 
37.00 
37.50 
38.50 
40.00 
40.25 
45.00 
47.00 
48.00 
49.00 
50.00 
53.00 
55.00 
57.00 
60.00 
72.1X1 
75.00 

100.00 


Invalids. 


Widows & others 


Army 

19 

16,853 

2 

10 

1,013 

1 

13 

1 

14!) 

61,530 

212 

1 

773 

2 

11 
1 

4 
9 

52,071 

49 

3 

1 

1 

109 

477 

12 

82,196 

1 

11 

640 

1 

4 

550 

11 

13 

3 

34.825 

1 

6 

12 

1 

1 

1 

74 

232 

1 

25 

7 

45,588 

1 

13 

153 

378 

586 

8 

4 

24 

9 

16,737 

19 

4 

6 

1 

2,940 

3 

17,682 


N'vy 

1 

183 

29 

6 

788 

57 

1 

510 
3 

1 
9 
2 

1,103 
1 

1 

5 

6 

4 

433 

1 
10 

14 

4 
11 

4 

3 

509 

24 
1 
5 

1 

141 

3 

4 

102 

1 

3 

6 

183 

1 


Total 

20 

17,036 

2 

10 

1,042 

1 

12 

1 

155 

62,318 

212 

1 

830 

2 

12 

1 

4 

9 

52,581 

52 

3 

1 

1 

111 

1 

486 

14 

83,299 

1 

12 

640 

1 

5 

561 

11 

19 

35,258 

1 

7 

22 

1 

1 

15 

78 

243 

1 

29 

. 10 

46,097 

1 

13 

177 

379 

591 

15 

4 

31 

10 

16,878 

22 

8 

6 

1 

3,042 

1 

6 

6 

17,865 

8 


Army 


N'vy 


Total 


Armj 

fl 

12 
18,253 

15 

4 

2,823 

12 

117 

12 

9 

' '5,155 
1 

4 
3 
2 

3,138 
104 
1 
3 
1 
1 
19,963 
2 

2,896 
1 

4 

1 

956 

1 
1 

14,616 
58 

1 

2 
3,169 


N'vy 

4 

191 
2 

' 34 
5 
1 
3 
3 

4 

126 


1 

1 

72 
4 

283 

1 

86 

3 

2 

26 

1 

218 

2 

2 

3 
5 
2 
1 
3 
3 
41 
1 


Total 

13 

12 

18,444 



22 
4 

2,857 
5 
13 
120 
15 
9 
4 

5,281 
1 
4 
5 
3 
3 

3,210 
108 
1 
3 
1 
1 
20,246 
3 

2,982 
1 
3 
4 
3 
982 
7 
1 
1 
1 
14,834 
2 
2 
58 
3 
5 
3 
1 
5 
3 

3,210 
1 


Army 


N'vy 


Total 










2.25 








2,383 


6 


2,389 


2.66§ 
300 






















3.12| 














3.25 
3.1335 
3.75 








63 


1 


64 














4.00 














4.25 














4.50 














5.00 










5.25 








2,558 


156 


8,714 


5.331 

5.62 






















5.66§ 

5.75 






















6.00 














6.25 














6.37J 














6.66§ 














6.75 














7.00 














7.25 














7.50 








3 




3 


7.75 










8.00 
8.12J 


414 


18 


432 


701 


126 


827 


8.25 














8.50 














8.621 














8.75 






' 








9.00 














9.25 














9.50 














9.75 














10.00 
10.20 


2 


1 


3 


648 


201 


849 


10.25 














10.50 








1 






10.62 








1 


10.665 










10.75 














11.00 














11.25 








2 




3 


11.33J 










11.50 














11.75 








1 






12.00 


100,215 


1,872 


102,087 


1 


12 121 


55 

2,486 

77 

1 

2 

381 

1 

1 

1 

14 

3,074 

1 

33 


1 

1 

1 

22 

1 

87 
3 


1 

56 

1 

2,508 

77 
1 
2 
382 
1 
1 
1 

14 

3,161 

1 

36 




12.25 








15 


5 


20 


12.50 


1 




1 




12.75 


2 







13.00 . 










13.25 














13.33J 














13.50 








68 


64 


132 


13.75 










14.00 


2 




o 








14.25 








14.50 










1 


1 


14.75 










14.871 








5 
15 
6 
1 
3 


3 

1 


5 


15.00 
15.25 


1,450 


112 


1,562 


18 


15.50 








416.66§ 








1 


15.75 








3 


16 00 


1 


1 


2 










16.25 


Total. 


413,597 


5,449 


419,046 


108,560 


2,568 


111,128 



li i 



Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- 
sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, etc.— Continued. 

ACT OF JUNE 87, 1890. 





Invalids. 


Widows and others. 




Army. 


Navy. 


Total. 


Army. 


Navy. 


Total. 


$0.00 


15,726 

19,503 

4,684 

57,103 


004 

806 

185 

2,321 


16,390 

20,369 

4,869 

59,484 








8.00 


10,833 


1,400 


12,833 


10.00 


12.00 


1,376 


36 


1,412 




Total 


97,130 


3,976 


101,112 


12,209 


1,436 


13,645 






510,733 


9,425 


520,158 


120,769 


4,004 


124,773 





THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. 



The army of the United States, in 1890, consisted of the following forces, 
in officers and men : 

Officers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate. 

Ten cavalry regiments 432 6,050 6,482 

Five artillery regiments 282 3,675 3,957 

Twenty-five infantry regiments 877 12,125 13,002 

Engineer battalion, recruiting parties,ordnance 

department, hospital service, Indian scouts, 

West Point, signal detachment, and general 

service 579 3,370 3,949 

Total 2,170 25,220 27,390 



The United States are divided into eight military departments as follows: 

Department op the East. — New England States, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and the District of Columbia. 

Department op the Missouri. — Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, 
Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian and Oklahoma Territories. 

Department of California. — California (excepting that portion south 
of the 35th parallel) and Nevada. 

Department of Dakota. — Minnesota, South Dakota (excepting so 
much as lies south of the 44th parallel), North Dakota, Montana and the 
post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo. 

Department of Texas. — State of Texas. 

Department of the Platte. — Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming 
(excepting the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo.), Utah, so much of Idaho as 
lies east of a line formed by the extension of the western boundary of Utah 
to the northeastern boundary of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as lies 
south of the 44th parallel. 

Department of Arizona. — Arizona and New Mexico, and California 
south of the 35th parallel. 

Department of the Columbia. — Oregon, Washington, Idaho and 
Alaska, excelling so much of Idaho as is embraced in the Department of the 
Platte. 

177 



178 



THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



PAY OF OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. 



GRADE. 



Major-General 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major , 

Captain, mounted 

Captain, not mounted . . 
Regimental Adjutant.. 
Reg'tal Quartermaster. 
First Lieutenant, mounted 
First Lieutenant, not m't'd 
Second Lieut., mounted. 
Second Lieut., not mounted 
Chaplain 



Pay of 


grade. 




Monthly pay. 








After 


After 


After 


After 


Yearly. 


Monthly. 


5 years' 
service, 


10 years' 
service, 


15 years' 
service, 


20 years' 
service, 






10 p. c. 


20 p. c. 


30 p. c. 


40 p. c. 


$7,500.00 


$635.00 










5,500.00 
3,500.00 


458.33 










291.67 


$320.83 


$350.00 


$375.00 


$375.00 


3,000.00 


250.00 


275.00 


300.00 


335.00 


333.33 


2,500.00 


208.33 


229.17 


250.00 


270.83 


291.67 


2,000.00 


166.67 


183.33 


200.00 


216.67 


233.33 


1,800.00 


150.00 


165.00 


180.00 


195.00 


210.00 


1,800.00 


150.00 


165.00 


180.00 


195.00 


210.00 


1,800.00 


150.00 


165.00 


180.00 


195.00 


210.00 


1,600.00 


133.33 


146.67 


160.00 


173.33 


186.67 


1,500.00 


125.00 


137.50 


150.00 


162.50 


175.00 


1,500.00 


125.00 


137.50 


150.00 


162.50 


175.00 


1,400.00 


116.67 


128.33 


140.00 


151.67 


163.33 


1,500.00 


125.00 


137.50 


150.00 


162.50 


175.00 



PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS. 





Pay of 


grade. 




Month 


y pay. 




GRADE. 


Yearly. 


Monthly. 


After 
5 years' 
service. 


After 
10 years' 
service. 


After 
15 years' 
service. 


After 
20 years' 
service. 




$5,625.00 
4,125.00 
2,625.00 
2,250.00 
1,875.00 
1,500.00 
1,350.00 


$468.75 
343.75 
218.75 
187.50 
156.25 
125.00 
112.50 






















$240.62 
206.25 
171.87 
137.50 
123.75 


$262.50 
325.00 
187.50 
150.00 
135.00 


$281.25 
243.75 
203.12 
162.50 
146.25 


$281.25 
250.00 
218 75 


Lieutenant-Colonel 




175 00 


Captain, not mounted 


157.50 


Reg'tal Quartermaster:'.'.: 














First Lieutenant, mounted 
First Lieutenant, not m't'd 
Second Lieut., mounted. . . 
Second Lieut., not mounted 


1,200.00 
1,125.00 
L125.00 
1,050.00 
1,350.00 


100.00 
93.75 
93.75 
87.50 

112.50 


110.00 
103.12 
103.12 
96.25 
123.75 


120.00 
112.50 
112.50 
105.00 
135.00 


130.00 
121.87 
121.87 
113.75 
146.25 


140.00 
131.25 
131 .25 
122.50 
157.50 







NOTES. 

1. An Aide-de-Camp to a Major-General is allowed $300 per year in addition to the 
pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,361, 
Revised Statutes.) 

3. An Aide-de-Camp to a Brigadier-General is allowed $150 a year in addition to the 
pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,361, 
Revised Statutes.) 

3. An Acting Commissary of Subsistence is allowed $100 per year in addition to 
the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 
1,361, Revised Statutes.) 

4. Assistant Surgeons are entitled to the pay of Captain after five years' service, 
service to be reckoned from date of acceptance of appointment or commission. 

5. Retired officers receive 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of their rank. 

6. A retired Chaplain receives 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of his rank 
(Captain not mounted). 

7. The officer in charge of the public buildings and grounds (Washington) has, 
while so serving, the rank, pay and emoluments of a Colonel. 



THE UNITED STATES ARMY. i;g 

the 8 A r n 1 v r , a i8W ti0nal W " ffiOUnted ° fflcerS ' See P ars - 2 > 385 «*» 2,386, Regulations of 
9. The principal assistant in the Ordnance Bureau of thoWo,. r. 

ofoT d L a n c c e mpeusati0 "' includins ™ a » d 5S3^&2SS£ffiffifis! 

W?»dadS^ , 9 , 8^S?S%2^ by "" SeCreUry ° f War - •■««*" to the 
COST OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. 

(FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) 

Pay Department 

Pay Department, bounty and ' miscellaneous $1 ?' o?2'S~ C "' 8 

Commissary Department i,316,<94.< 1 

Quartermaster's Depart ment 1,685,577.84 

Medical Department 9,008,888.33 

Ordnance Department 807,406.49 

Armories and arsenals 8,833,741 .64 

Military Academy.. 635,876.36 

Improving rivers and harbors! '. , . 236,399.14 

Damages by improvement of Fox and WsconsmViVers::::::::::;;;;:;;; ^fig 

Construction of military posts, roads', etc '.'.'.'. K&l£t%l 

National cemeteries, roads, etc b °' i°«*-48 

Expenses of recruiting 231,718.17 

Contingencies of the Armv 104,841.48 

Signal Service * 16,580.57 

Expenses of military convicts'. ^'S^ 4,70 

Publication of official records of the war of" "the 'rebellion 1 m'S£« 

ISSSS' Home permanent fund and' interest account .' .' ^fmm'ot 

Support of military prison, Fort Leavenwort h, Kansas to iraH.* 

Yellowstone National Park <b,836.45 

Claims, reimbursements, relief's, etc'. '.'.'.'. p^'oS^n* 

Miscellaneous items b07,9, i .05 

23,025.99 

Total Military Establishment $48,730,065.01 

ARMY LEGISLATION. 

SOLDIERS' RESERVE PAY. 

Since July 1, 1890, $4 a month has heen retained from the pay of each en- 
listed man in the Army for the first year of his enlistment, to be 'paid him at 
discharge from the service, and forfeited unless he serves honestly and faith- 
fully to the date of discharge— this sum to be treated as a deposil and bear 
interest from the end of the year in which it shall have accrued Enlist- 
ments shall continue to be made for five years, but at the end of three years 
every soldier whose antecedent service has been faithful shall be entitled to a 
furlough for three months and at the end of such furlough, in time of peace 
snail be entitled to his discharge on application, but soldiers so discharged 
snail not be entitled to the allowances provided in Section 1,290 of the 
Revised Statutes. 

In time of peace the President may, in his discretion and under such 
rules and upon such conditions as he shall prescribe, permit any enlisted 
man to purchase his discharge from the Army. The purchase money to be 
paid under this section shall be paid to a paymaster of the Annv and' be <le 
posited in the Treasury to the credit of one or more of the current aimmpria 
tions for the support of the Army, to be indicated by the Secretary of War 
and be available for the payment of expenses incurred during the fiscal year 
in which the discharge is made. 



180 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



The Army ration, provided by law, has been increased by the addition 
thereto of one pound of vegetables, the proportion to be fixed by the Secre- 
tary of War. 

DETAIL OF OFFICERS TO COLLEGES. 

The act of Jan. 13, 1891, amends Section 1,235, Revised Statutes, con- 
cerning details of officers of Army and Navy to educational institutions, so 
as to permit the President to detail not to exceed 75 U. S. Army officers. 
The maximum number of Army and Navy officers to be detailed at any one 
time under the act passed Sept. 26, 1888, amending Section 1,225, Revised 
Statutes, is increased to 85. No officer shall be detailed to or maintained at 
any of the educational institutions mentioned where instruction and drill in 
military tactics is not given ; and nothing in the act shall be construed to 
prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors 
in scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved 
Feb. 26, 1879. 

CERTIFICATES OF MERIT TO ENLISTED MEN. 

The act of Feb. 9, 1891, amends Section 1,216, Revised Statutes, to read 
that when any enlisted man of the Army shall have distinguished himself in 
the service the President may, at the recommendation of his commanding 
officer, grant him a certificate of merit. It also amends Section 1,285, Re- 
vised Statutes, to read that a certificate of merit granted to an enlisted man 
for distinguished service shall entitle him to additional pay at the rate of 
$2 per month while he is in the military service. 

TRANSFER OF OFFICERS TO UNLIMITED LIST. 

The act of Feb. 16, 1891, provides that when officers placed on the retired 
list shall have attained the age of 64 they shall be transferred to unlimited 
list. The limited retired list hereafter is to consist of 350 instead of 400, as 
now fixed by law. Officers who have been placed on the retired list by 
special authority of Congress are not to form part of the limited retired list 
established by this act 







to 



i,\ '! 







- 


THE UNITED STATES NAVY, t 

NEW VESSELS. 


Vessels. 


Condit'n. 


Ma- 
terial 


Displac't, 
Tons. 


Speed, 
Knots. 


Horse- 
Power. 


Armament. 


ARMORED VESSELS. 


Built 
Building.. 

Built 

Building.. 

Built .... 

Building.. 
Built ...'.' 

Building.. 
Built .... 

Building.. 

Built*. . . 

Building.. 

Building.. 
Buill .... 
Building.. 

Built ...'.' 

Building.. 


Iron . 
Steel. 

Iron. 
Steel. 

Wood 

Steel. 


3,815 
8,150 

4,000 

10,298 

10,298 

6,300 

6,648 

6,060 

3,815 

3,815 

3,815 

3,130 

8,150 
2,100 
1,875 
2,100 
1,875 
1,875 
1,875 
2,100 
2,100 
1,875 
1,875 
1,875 
1,875 
2,100 
2,050 

4,500 

3,189 
3,189 
1,485 
4,083 
3,730 
4,600 
4,083 
4,324 
5,500 
3,185 
3,893 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 

7,400 

1,700 
1,700 
1,700 
890 
1,050 
1,050 

838 
725 

".3i 
116 


10.5 
20 

16 

16.2 

16.2 

17 

17 
13 
12 

12 
12 

17 

20 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

6 

6 
17 

14 

15.6 

15.6 

15.5 

18 

18 

19.5 

20.7 

19.6 

20 

19 

19 

17 

17 

17 

21 

16.6 

16 

16 

11.5 

14 

14 

13 

21.5 

is" 


1,600 
16,500 

5,400 

9,000 

9,000 

8,600 

9,000 

3,700 

1,600 

1,600 

1,600 

7,500 

16,500 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
340 
4,800 

5,084 

4,030 
4,030 
2,240 
8,500 
7,520 
10,064 
10,400 
8,815 
13,500 
10,000 
10,000 
5,400 
5,400 
5,400 

21,000 

3,660 

3,400 
3,400 
1,045 
1,600 
1,600 

1,300 
3,795 

359 

1 ,720 


i 10 in., 2 R F, 4 M G. 




1 6 8 in., 12 4 in. R F, 8 6 in. R F, 
1 4 1 pdr., 4 M G. 
j 2 12 in., 2 10 in., 6 6 pdrs., 4 3 pdrs., 
1 2 R F, 2 M G. 

j 4 13 in., 8 8 in., 4 6 in., 28 R Fand 
1 MG. 

j 4 13 in., 8 8 in., 4 6 in., 28 R F and 
1 MG. 

j 2 12 in., 46 tons B L R, 6 6 in., 8 
j R F, 4 millimetres. 
j 40 10 in., 26 tons B L R, 6 6 in., 8 
j R F, 17 millimetres. 
i 4 12 in., 25 tons B L R, 4 R F, 4 
1 millimetres. 

I 4 10 in., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 
1 millimetres. 

j 4 10 in., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 
j millimetres. 

j 4 10 in., 25 tons B L R, 2 R F, 4 
1 millimetres. 

J2 10 in., 1 6 in., 6 R F, 1 15 in., 
| Dynamite. 
6 8 in., 12 4 in. B L R, 16 R F G. 




Massachusetts 








Cruising Monitor 




2 15 in. SB. 




None. 




2 15 in. S B. 


Catskill 


2 15 in. S B. 




2 15 in. S B. 


Lehigh 


2 15 in. S B. 


Mahopac 


2 15 in. S B. 
2 15 in. S B. 




2 15 in. SB. 
2 15 in. S B. 




2 15 in. S B. 




2 15 in. SB. 




2 15 in. S B. 


Harbor Defense Ram . 

UNARMORED VESSELS. 

Chicago 


Not yet settled. 

j 4 8 in., 8 6 in., 2 5 in. B L R, 12 

2 8 in., 6 6 in. BLR, 12 R F. 
Same as Boston. 




1 6 in. B L R, 8 R F. 




12 6 in. BLR, 16 R F. 




2 8 in., 6 6 in. B L R, 4 R F, 4 M G. 




4 8 in., 6 6 in. B L R, 14 R F. 




12 6 in. BLR, 17 R F. 




Same as San Francisco. 




4 8 in., 10 5 in. B L R, 24 R F. 


" "7 


1 6 in., 10 4 in. B L R, 14 R F. 


Raleigh 

Mobile 


1 6 in., 10 4 in. B L R, 14 R F. 

2 6 in., 8 4 in. BLR, 10 R F. 




Same as Mobile. 




Same as Mobile. 


" " 12 


j 1 8 in., 2 6 in., 12 4 in. B L K, 28 
1 RF. 

6 6 in. BLR, 9 R F. 


GUNBOATS. 




6 6 in. B L R, 4 R F, 5 M G. 


Bennington 

Petrel 


6 6 in., 4 R F, 5 M G. 
4 (i in. B L R, 7 R F. 


No. 5 


8 4 in. BLR, 8 K F. 


" 6 


Same as No. 5. 


SPECIAL CLASS. 

Practice Cruiser 


4 4 in. B L R, 7 R F. 

3 15 in. Dynamite, 3 R F. 


Dynamite Cruiser 

No. 2 


Nol sell led. 

Not settled. 


Stiletto* 


Not settled. 

None. 




3 1 pdr. RF. 


No. 2* 


Not settled. 


* Torpedo boats. 

In addition to the 
tugs, school-ships, etc. 

t For revisit 


ft F, Rapii 

above, tl 
Of these 

>ns and ad 


I'll-.' 

ie Na\ 
, 30 ar 

dition 
A 


3un. BL 
THE OL 

ry possesst 
e in co mm 

-s to this lis 
ddenda, p 

1 


R, Bree 

D NAV 
;s 59 lr 
ssion. 

t, up t( 
recedin 

81 


ch-Load 

Y. 
hi and 

( he urn 
g Index. 


ing Rifle. M <i. Machine Gun. 

wooden sailing and .steam vessels, 
nii-iit of going to press, see 



PAY OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 



Rank. 



At sea. 



On shore 
duty. 



On leave 

or wait'g 

orders. 



Admiral 

Rear-Admirals 

Commodores 

Captains 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commanders — 

First four years after date of commission 

After f our'years from date of commission 

Lieutenants — 

First five years after date of commission , 

After five years from date of commission 

Lieutenants (Junior Grade) — 

First five years after date of commission 

After five years from date of commission 

Ensigns — 

First five years after date of commission 

After five years from date of commission 

Naval Cadets* 

TNI cites •-• • 

Medical and Pay Directors and Medical and Pay Inspec 

tors, and Chief Engineers, having the same rank, at 

sea 

Fleet-Surgeons, Fleet-Paymasters, and Fleet-Engineers 
Surgeons, Paymasters, and Chief Engineers- 
First five years after date of commission 

Second five years after date of commission 

Third five years after date of commission 

Fourth five years after date of commission 

After twenty years from date of commission 

Passed Assistant* Surgeons and Passed Assistant Pay- 
masters — 

First five years after date of appointment 

After five years from date of appointment 

Passed Assistant Engineers — 

First five years after date of appointment 

Second five years after date of appointment 

Third five years after date of appointment 

Fourth five years after date of appointment 

Assistant Surgeons, Assistant Paymasters and Assistant 

Engineers — 

First five years after date of appointment 

After five years from date of appointment 

Naval Constructors — 

First five years after date of appointment 

Second five years after date of appointment 

Third five years after date of appointment 

Fourth five years after date of appointment 

After twenty years from date of appointment 

Assistant Naval Constructors- 
First four years after date of appointment 

Second f oiir years after date of appointment 

After eight years from date of appointment 

Chaplains — 

First five years after date of commission 

After five* years from date of commission 

Professors of Mathematics and Civil Engineers— 

First five years after date of appointment 

Second five years after date of appointment 

Third five years after date of appointment 

After fifteen years from date of appointment 

Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters and Sailmakers— 

First three years after date of appoint ment 

Second three years after date of appointment 

Third three years after date of appointment 

Fourth three years after date of appointment 

After twelve years from date of appointment 



13,010 
6,000 
5,000 
4,500 
3,500 

2,800 
3,000 

2,400 

2,600 

1,800 
2,000 

1,200 

1,400 

500 

900 



4,400 
4,400 

2,800 
3,300 
3,500 
3,700 
4,200 



2,000 

2,200 

2,000 
2,200 
2,450 
2,700 



1,700 
1,900 



2,500 
2,800 

2,400 

2.700 
3,000 
3,500 

1,200 
1,300 
1,400 
1,600 

1,800 



,13,000 
5,000 
4,000 
3,500 
3,000 

2,400 
2,600 

2,000 
2,200 

1,500 
1,700 

1,000 

1,200 

500 

700 



2,400 
2,800 

3,200 
3,600 
4,000 



1,800 
2,000 

1,800 
2,000 
2,250 
2,350 



1,400 
1,600 

3,200 
3,400 
3,700 

4,000 
1,200 

2,000 
2,200 
2,600 

2,000 
2,300 

2,400 
2.700 
3,000 
3,500 

900 
1,000 
1,300 
1,300 
1,600 



♦After leaving Academy, at sea, in other than practice-ships, $950 per annum. 



183 






jsJ0.lm0 IJWto ""' 







THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 



183 



Rank. 

Secretaries — 

To Admiral and Vice- Admiral (on shore) 

To Naval Academy 

Clerks- 
First Clerk to Commandants of navy -yards 

Second Clerk to Commandants of navy-yards 

To Commandants at navy-yard, Mare Island 

To Commandants of Naval Stations 

Clerks to Paymasters — 

At navy -yard, Blare Island 

At navy -yards, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington 

At navy -yards, Kittery, Norfolk and Pensacola 

At other stations 

At receiving-ship, Boston, New York and Philadelphia 

At receiving-ship, Mare Island 

At other receiving-ships, on vessels of the first rate, at the Naval 
Academy, and at the Naval Asylum 

On vessels of the second rate and to fleet-paymasters 

On vessels of the third rate and supply vessels and store ships 

To Inspectors in charge of provisions and clothing at navy-yards, Boston, 
New York, Philadelphia and Washington 

At other inspections 



Pay per 
annum. 



$2,500 
1,800 

1,500 
1,200 
1,800 
1,500 

1,800 
1,000 
1,400 
1,300 
1,600 
1,800 

1,300 
1,100 
1,000 

1,600 
1,300 



Note. — From and after July 1, 1870, the spirit ration is totally abolished, and in lieu 
thereof the Navy ration, under the appropriation of provisions for the Navy, is 30 
cents per day. 

No officer on the retired list of the Navy shall be employed on active duty except 
in time of war. And those officers on the retired list, and those hereafter retired, who 
were, or who may be, retired after forty years' service, or on attaining the age of sixty- 
two, in conformity with section 1 of the act of December, 1861, and its amendments, 
dated June 25, 186*4, or those who were or may be retired from incapacity resulting 
from long and faithful service, from wounds or injuries received in the line of duty, 
from sickness or exposure therein, shall be entitled to seventy-five per centum of the 
present sea-pay of their grade or rank at time of retirement. The rear-admirals pro- 
vided for in the act of June 5, 1872, shall be considered as having been retired as rear- 
admirals. (Act 3d March, 1873.) 



UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. 



Students and Course. — The students of the U. S. Naval Academy at 
Annapolis, Md., are styled Naval Cadets. One cadet is allowed for every 
member or delegate of the House of Representatives, one for the District of 
Columbia, and ten at large. No more than ten appointed at large are allowed 
in the Academy at any one time. The course of study is six years, four years 
at the Academy and two at sea, at the end of which time the Cadet returns to 
the Academy for final graduation, and the district then becomes vacant. 

Nominations. — The Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 5 in each 
year as possible, notifies in writing each member and delegate of the House of 
Representatives of any vacancy in his district. The nomination of a candi- 
date to fill the vacancy is made on the recommendation of the member or 
delegate, if such recommendation is made by July 1 of that year : but if not 
the Secretary of the Navy fills the vacancy. The candidate allowed for UK- 
District of Columbia and all the candidates appointed at large; are selected by 
the President. Candidates allowed for Congressional districts, for Territories 
and for the District of Columbia must be actual residents of the districts or 
Territories from which they are nominated. And all candidates must, at the 
time of their examination for admission, be between the ages of fifteen and 
twenty, physically sound, well formed, and of robust constitution. 

Entrance Examination. — Candidates nominated in time to enable them 
to reach the Academy by May 15, receive permission to present themselves 



184 THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 

on that date to the Superintendent for examination for admission. Those not 
nominated m time to present themselves at the May examination are exam- 
ined on the first of September following. When either of the above dates 
falls on Sunday the candidates present themselves on the Monday follow- 
ing. Candidates are required to enter the Academy immediately after pass- 
ing the prescribed examinations. No leave of absence is granted to cadets of 
the fourth class. 

Graduate Appointments. — Appointments to fill all vacancies that may 
occur during a year in the lower grades of the Line and Engineer Corps of 
the Navy and of the Marine Corps are made from the Naval Cadets, gradu- 
ates of the year, at the conclusion of their six years' course, in the order of 
merit as determined by the Academic Board. At least fifteen appointments 
from such graduates will be made each year. To surplus graduates who do 
not receive such appointments will be given a certificate of graduation, an 
honorable discharge, and one year's sea pay, as provided for Naval Cadets. 



COST OF THE NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. 

(FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) 

Pay, etc., of the Navy $7,879,200.05 

Contingent, Navy 56,516.66 

Marine Corps 930,886.2* 

Naval Academy 274,544.76 

Navigation 217,476.73 

Ordnance 410,443.19 

Equipment 1,158,810.03 

Yards and Docks 1,208,500.88 

Medicine and Surgery 230,553.15 

Provisions and Clothing 1,461,192.47 

Construction and Repair 1 ,2*3,438.85 

Steam Engineering 670,260.57 

Increase of the Navy 10,609,197.15 

Mileage under Graham decision 72,060.45 

Commissions on new navy-yards 14,515.73 

Relief of sufferers by wreck of United States steamers 122,892.77 

Miscellaneous items and reliefs 182,315.43 

Total $26,782,805. 15 

INCREASE OF THE NAVY.* 

The Navy Appropriation Act, 1890, provided for the construction, by 
contract, of three sea-going coast-line battle-ships to carry the heaviest armor 
and most powerful ordnance upon a displacement of about 8,500 tons, with 
a coal endurance of about 5,000 knots on the total coal capacity at the most 
economical rate of speed, and to have the highest practicable speed for vessels 
of their class, to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may 
be paid for increased speed, not exceeding $4,000,000* each; one protected 
cruiser of about 7,300 tons displacement, at a cost, exclusive of armament, 
not to exceed $2,750,000, to have a maximum speed of not less than twenty- 
one knots; one swift torpedo cruiser of about 750 tons displacement, at a c< isl , 
exclusive of armament, not to exceed $350,000, to have a maximum speed of 
not less than twenty-three knots; and one torpedo boat, at a cost not to ex- 
ceed $125,000. The contracts to be made subject to the Act of August 3, 
1886. One of these vessels to be built on or near the Pacific Ocean or the 
waters connecting therewith, one of them on or near the Gulf of Mexico or 
the waters connecting therewith, and two of them on or near the Atlantic 

* For most recent legislation under this heading, up to the moment of going to 
press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 185 

Ocean or the waters connecting therewith, unless it be found as to the Pacific 
and the Gulf vessels that they cannot be contracted at a fair cost, and then 
they may be built elsewhere in the United States. And if the Secretary of 
the Navy shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices for the construction 
of any of said vessels, then he may build such vessel or vessels in such navy- 
yards as he may designate. 

Other appropriations were made: $2,500,000 for the armament and armor 
of domestic manufacture for vessels previously authorized ; $5,475,000 toward 
the construction and completion of the vessels heretofore and herein author- 
ized, and $145,000 for a gun plant at the Washington City Navy- Yard. Total 
for increase of the Navy, $8,120,000. 

The House being in Committee of the Whole, the provision for three 
coast-line battle-ships was struck out by a vote of 98 to 70. In the House 
this was not concurred in. Twenty-three Republicans, 1 " Wheeler" and 81 
Democrats voted to concur in this; and 103 Republicans and 28 Democrats 
voted to not concur in it. A motion to substitute one coast-line battle-ship 
instead of three was lost — yeas, 98 (Republicans 15, Democrats 83); nays, 129 
(Republicans 105, Democrats 24). In the Senate, on the same proposition for 
one instead of three, the yeas were 18 (Republicans 7, Democrats 11), nays-, 
33 (Republicans 24, Democrats 9). The Senate added the torpedo cruiser 
and torpedo boat, and the House agreed in adopting the report of the Com- 
mittee of Conference. 

The Navy Appropriation Act, 1891, provides that, ( for the purpose of increas- 
ing the U.S. Naval Establishment, the President is authorized tohave construct- 
ed by contract one protected cruiser of about 7,300 tons displacement, at a cost, 
exclusive of armament, not to exceed $2,750,000, to have a maximum speed 
of not less than 21 knots, and in the construction all of the provisions of the 
act of Aug. 3, 188G, entitled: " An act to increase the Naval Establishment" as 
to materials for the vessel, its engines, boilers and machinery, the contract 
under which it is built, the notice of any proposals for the same, the plans, 
drawings, specifications therefor, and the method of executing the contract, 
shall be observed and followed, and the vessel shall be built in compliance 
with the terms of that act, save that in all its parts it shall be of domestic 
manufacture. In the contract for construction, provisions for minimum speed 
and for premiums for increased speed and penalties for deficient speed, may 
be made subject to the terms of this bill, in the discretion of the Secretary of 
the Navy, and if the Secretary shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices 
for the construction, then he may build the same in such navy -yard as he 
may designate. So much of the act approved, March 2, 1889, as authorized 
the construction by contract of one armored steel cruising monitor of not less 
than 3,000 tons displacement, at a cost not exceeding $1,500,000, exclusive of 
armament and any premium for increased speed, is hereby repealed. 

Other minor appropriations were made for equipment, etc., making the 
total for increase of the Navy, $1(5,607,000. It was also enacted that no con- 
tract for the purchase of gun-steel or armor for the Navy shall hereafter be 
made until the subject matter of the same shall have been submitted to pub- 
lic competition by the Department by advertisement. 



15 B 



THE VETO POWER. 



According to the Constitution of the United States, the President has 
the power to veto bills passed by Congress, but such bills may be passed 
over the veto and become a law by a two-thirds vote of the members present 
of each branch of Congress. The first exercise of the veto power was by 
Washington, April 5, 1792. There had been but nine vetoes up to 1839; two 
by Washington ; none by Adams and Jefferson ; six by Madison and one by 
Monroe: Madison vetoed the bill to establish a United States Bank, Jan. 30, 
1815; the Internal Improvement bill, March 3, 1817, and the Cumberland 
Road bill, May 4, 1822. Jackson vetoed nine bills: Clay's Distribution Bill 
(after giving it a pocket veto at the preceding session), December 5, 1833. 
A New United States Bank bill, July 10, 1832; for fixing a day for the Meet- 
ing of Congress bill, June 10, 1836, and the other vetoes were put upon In- 
ternal Improvement bills. During Tyler's administration, he vetoed two 
United States Bank bills, August 16 and September 9, 1841; two tariff bills, 
June 29, and August 9, 1842; a bill for Harbor Improvements in Eastern 
States, June 11, 1844, and a bill for building two revenue cutters, Feb. 20, 
1845. Polk vetoed two bills: a River and Harbor bill, August 3, 1846, and 
a bill for the settlement of French Spoliation claims, Aug. 8, 1846. An In- 
ternal Improvement bill, passed March 3, 1847, which had been disposed of 
by a pocket veto, was formally vetoed at the following session, Dec. 15, 1847. 
Pierce vetoed nine bills: on a bill appropriating land for the insane poor, 
May 13, 1854; an Internal Improvement bill, August 4, 1854; a French 
Spoliation Claims bill, Feb. 17, 1855; and appropriation for the Collins 
Ocean Mail Steamers, March 3, 1855; two special Internal Improvement 
bills, May 19, 1856, another May 22, and two others, August 11 and August 
14. Buchanan vetoed a Homestead Bill, June 22, 1860 (caused by the very 
low figure of reduction of public lands to 25 cents per acre). Lincoln, a bill 
to allow the circulation of bank notes of less than $5 value in the District of 
Columbia, July 12, 1862. During 1866 there were vetoes of the first Freed - 
men's Bureau bill, Feb. 19; of the Civil Rights bill, March 27; of the Colo- 
rado bill, May 15, and of the second Freedmen's Bureau bill, July 16. On 
the adoption of the 14th amendment a message was sent to Congress, suggest- 
ing " grave doubts " as to the power of Congress to frame an amendment 
while eleven states were refused representation. In 1867 there were vetoes 
of the bill, Jan. 5, regulating suffrage in the District of Columbia; of the 
second Colorado bill, Jan. 29; of the Nebraska bill, Jan. 30; of the Tenure 
of Office bill, March 2; of the Reconstruction Bill, March 2, and of the sup 
plementary Reconstruction Bills, March 23, and July 19. In 1868 there 
were the vetoes of the bills regulating appeals on Habeas Corpus, March 
25; of the bills for the readmission of Arkansas, June 20; North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana, June 25; and of 
the joint resolution denying validity to the electoral votes of reconstructed 
States. Two bills that bad been "pocketed" by his predecessor and again 
passed, were signed by President Grant. Grant's two vetoes were those to 
increase the amount of "Greenbacks" to $400,000,000, and to authorize the 
issue of $46,000,000 in national bank notes, April 22, 1874; and the bill to re- 
peal the increase of the President's salary to $50,000, April 19, 1876. Presi- 
dent Hayes vetoed a number of bills and among them were: the bill to au- 
thorize the coinage of silver dollars, Feb. 23, 1878; the bill to restrict Chinese 
immigration, March 1, 1879; and the bill to fund $700,000,000 of the nation- 
al debt at 3 per cent., March 3, 1881. President Arthur vetoed a bill to re- 
strict Chinese immigration, also a River and Harbor bill of about $20,000,- 
000, during 1882. 

* For any further notes on this subject, up to the moment of going to press, see 
Addenda, preceding Index. 

186 



CIVIL SERVICE RULES. 



The headquarters of the Civil Service Commission is at the City Hall, 
Washington, D. C. The Commissioners are : President, Charles Lyman, of 
Connecticut; Theodore Roosevelt, of New York and Hugh S. Thompson, of 
South Carolina. Chief Examiner, William H. Webster; Secretary, John T. 
Doyle. 

The Civil Service Bill was drawn by Dorman B. Eaton, Esq., of New 
York (afterward one of the Commissioners) and was presented in the United 
States Senate by Senator Pendleton, of Ohio. It passed the Senate after 
considerable debate and after several amendments had been made to it; and 
the House, under a suspension of the rules without debate, January 16, 1883. 
It was approved by President Arthur, and went into effect July 16, 1883. 

THE PURPOSE OF THE BILL. 

As declared in the title of the bill, its purpose is "to regulate and im- 
prove the Civil Service of the United States." It makes it the duty of the 
Commission to aid the President as he may request, in preparing suitable 
rides for carrying the Act into effect; to make regulations for and control 
the examinations provided for, and supervise and control the records of the 
same ; and to make investigations and report upon all matters touching the 
enforcement and effect of the rules and regulations. 

THE CLASSIFIED SERVICE. 

There are about 32,000 places in the Classified Departmental Service, em- 
bracing all places in the Departments at Washington, excepting messengers, 
laborers, workmen and watchmen (not including any person designated as a 
skilled laborer or workman) and no person so employed can, without exam- 
ination under the rules, be assigned to clerical duty, and also excepting those 
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate. The Classified Customs Service embraces the customs districts where 
the officials are as many as fifty (50), including the places giving $900 a year, 
and all those giving a larger salary where the applicant is not subject to con- 
firmation by the Senate. The Classified Postal Service embraces the Post- 
office where the officials are as many as fifty (50), including all places above 
the grade of a laborer. The Postal Railway Service also comes within the 
Classified Service. 

SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 

Special examinations are held for places in the Classified Service, where 
technical additional qualifications are needed. In the Departmental Service 
they are held for the State Department, the Pension, Patent and Signal 
offices, Geological and Coast Surveys, and other offices. 

PERSONS EXCEPTED FROM EXAMINATIONS. 

Persons excepted from examination for appointment are: Confidential 
Clerks of heads of departments or offices; Cashiers of Collectors and Post- 
masters; Superintendents of Money Order Divisions in Post-offices; Custo- 
dians of Money, for whose fidelity another officer is under bond; Disbursing 
Officers who give bonds; persons in the Secret Service; Deputy Collectors 
and Superintendents and Chiefs of Divisions or Bureaus, and others. 

187 



188 CIVIL SERVICE RULES. 



APPLICATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS. 

Applicants for examinations must be citizens of the United States of the 
proper age. No person habitually using intoxicating liquors can be ap- 
pointed. No discrimination is made on account of sex, color, or political or 
religious opinions. The limitations of age are as follows: For the Depart- 
mental Service, not under twenty years; in the Customs Service, not under 
twenty-one years, except clerks or messengers, who must not be under 
twenty years; in the Postal Service, not under eighteen years, except mes- 
sengers, stampers, and other junior assistants, who must not be under sixteen 
or over forty-five years, and carriers, who must not be under twenty-one or 
over forty; and in the Railway Mail Service, not under eighteen or over 
thirty-five years. The age limitations do not apply to any person honorably 
discharged' from the Military or Naval Service of the United States, by rea- 
son of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of 
duty. Such persons are preferred under Section 1,754 R. S. Every one 
seeking an examination must first file an application blank. The Blank for 
the Departmental or Postal Railway Service should be requested directly from 
the Civil Service Commission, at Washington. The blank for the Customs 
or Postal Service must be requested in writing by the persons desiring exam- 
ination of the Customs or Postal Board of Examiners at the Office where 
service is sought. These papers should be returned to the offices from which 
they emanated. Persons passing an examination are graded and registered. 
The Commission give a certificate to the person stating whether he or she 
passed or failed to pass. The Clerk examination is used only in the Depart- 
mental and Customs Services for clerkships of $1,000 and upward, requiring 
no peculiar information or skill. It is limited to the following subjects: 
First, orthography, penmanship and copying; second, arithmetic — funda- 
mental rules, fractions and percentage; third, interest, discount and elements 
of bookkeeping and of accounts; fourth, elements of the English language, 
letter writing and the proper construction of sentences; fifth, elements of the 
geography, history and government of the United States. 

For places in which a lower degree of education suffices, as for employees 
in post-offices and those below the grade of clerks in custom houses and in 
the departments at Washington, the Commission limits the examination to 
less than these five subjects, omitting the third and parts of the fourth and 
fifth subjects; and this is known as the examination for copyists. 

REQUISITES FOR APPOINTMENT. 

No one is certified for appointment whose standing upon a just grading 
in the clerk or copyist examination is less than 70 per centum of complete 
proficiency, except that applicants claiming military or naval preference un- 
der Section 1,754 R. S. need obtain but 65. The law also prescribes compet- 
itive examinations to test the fitness of persons in tbe Service, for promotion 
therein. 

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. 

The purposes of Civil Service Reform are twofold: The removal of 
abuses in the public service — Federal, State and Municipal; and the develop- 
ment of such a public opinion, and adoption of such methods for doing the 
work of public administration, as will be effective for purity, efficiency and 
economy. In other words, the correction of such abuses as the Spoils Sys- 
tem, political assessments, removals, patronage, promotions, tenure of office, 
etc. The subject of Civil Service Reform has only thus far been treated in 
matters which pertain almost exclusively to the Executive Department of 
the government, the number of officers of which, filled by appointment, are 



CIVIL SERVICE RULES. 189 

about 100,000. "A complete Civil Service Reform would have to deal 
directly with abuses connected with our elections, our legislation and our 
elective and partisan judiciary. A thorough Civil Service Reform, by leaving 
few offices to be filled by favor or to be won as spoils, would effectively suppress 
bribery at elections through the promises of places and appointments. It 
would also leave but little opportunity -for Members of Congress or of Legis- 
latures to barter places for votes,, or to coerce executive appointments in 
their own interest. It would determine the bestowal of nearly all the official 
places which have been at once the capital of the partisan chieftain and the 
fuel of ins machine. Though penal and prohibitory laws are in their nature 
but imperfect and inadequate agencies of reform, yet with reasonable sup- 
port from public opinion, they may be made highly beneficial. Intrinsically, 
there is no reason why a wise law, in aid of a good administration, shall not 
be as effective as any of the numerous wise laws in aid of good morals." 

President Madison held that "the wilful removal of officials known to be 
worthy and the wilful appointment of those known to be unworthy, for mere 
personal or partisan reasons, would justly subject an officer to impeach- 
ment;" and President Cleveland declared that "public office was a public 
trust." Jackson declared in a message, that "Every citizen has an equal 
right to office;" but per contra Civil Service Reform proposes that he who is 
best qualified — who can and will serve the people most usefully — has the 
highest claim; and it is the duty of those having authority, to appoint or 
elect him rather than any other applicant. "Experience in official duties 
increases the capacity to perform them well; and, as a general rule, increases 
the probability that they will be best performed by the officer so long as his 
mental and physical abilities remain unimpaired. The right and interest of 
the people to have the public work well done are paramount to the claim of 
any citizen to an official place or of any party to have its favorites in office; 
and, therefore, any theory of short terms or rotation in office, which would 
turn out experienced and efficient public servants in order to make places for 
fresh claimants, is disastrous to the public interest. The man among the 
applicants having the highest claim to office can only be ascertained by his 
proper examination in comparison with others. To refuse that examination 
is to do injustice to the most meritorious." 



GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC* 



The Grand Army of the Republic was instituted and organized at the 
close of the Civil "War, and is composed of soldiers, sailors and marines, who 
had been honorably discharged when hostilities were practically ended by the 
surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomattox. It is a fraternal 
and charitable association, and has numerous Posts in all parts of the United 
States. There is a National Encampment, and State Departments. The 
widows and children of deceased comrades who are in adverse circumstances 
arc looked after and cared for by committees appointed by the respective 
Posts. The motto of the order is, "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty." As 
a social organization the Grand Army have their camp-fires, and frequently 
give musical and literary entertainments, at which the wives and daughters 
of the members take a prominent part, and which are much enjoyed by the 
general public. In the halls of the Posts are displayed memorials of the war, 
such as weapons, tattered flags, etc. The custom of strewing the graves of 
deceased comrades on each annual occurrence of May 30 was first suggested, 
as stated, by General John A. Logan. The day is always marked by a parade 
of the G. A. R. Posts, escorted at times by the regular U. S. Army troops. 
At the various cemeteries musical exercises are held, and orations, depicting 
the valorous and self-sacrificing deeds of the departed warriors, delivered. 
In some cities business is entirely suspended on Decoration or Memorial Day 
as a mark of respect to both the surviving and dead soldiers who partici- 
pated in what has been called "the little unpleasantness." The election of 
commanders and subordinates of departments is always entered into with 
much activity, interest and zeal. 

Commander-in-Chief John Palmer, Albany, N. Y. 

.S'. Vice-Corn . H. M. Duffield, Detroit, Mich. I Surgeon-Oen . B. F. Stevenson, Visalia, Ky. 
J. Vice-Corn. T. S. Clarkson, Omaha, Neb. | Chap.-in-Ch. S. B. Paine, St. Augustine, Fla. 

OFFICIAL STAFF. 

Adjutant-Gen. F.Phisterer, Albany, N.Y. I Inspector-Gen . ..J. F. Pratt, E. Orange, N. J. 

Quartermaster-Gen .J . Taylor, Phila.,Pa. | Judge Ad v. -Gen . .J . W '. O'Neall, Lebanon, O. 

The National Council of Administration has 44 members, each department 

being represented by one member. 

DEPARTMENT MEMBERSHIP. 



Alabama 334 

Arizona 293 

Arkansas 2,200 

California 5,812 

Colorado and Wyom'g 2,901 

Connecticut 6,807 

Delaware 1,280 

Florida 471 

Georgia ■ 455 

Idaho 439 

Illinois 33,329 

Indiana 24,72(i 

Iowa 20,174 

Kansas 17,716 

Kentucky 3,973 

La. and Mississippi... 1,093 



Maine 9,700 

Maryland 2,423 

Massachusetts 23,781 

Michigan 19,280 

Minnesota 7,947 

Missouri 20,822 

Montana 626 

Nebraska 4,144 

New Hampshire 5,211 

New Jersey 7,79B 

New Mexico 292 

New York 40,444 

North Dakota 535 

Ohio 45,522 

Oklahoma and I. T. . . 552 
Oregon 2,052 



Pennsylvania 43, If 18 

Potomac 3,312 

Rhode Island 2,856 

South Dakota 2,769 

Tennessee 3,719 

Texas 1,305 

Utah 184 

Vermont 5,487 

Virginia 1,422 

Wash, and Alaska 2,783 

West Virginia 2,633 

Wisconsin 13,710 



Total June 30, 1891 . .398,270 



The 
na- 



The first post of the Grand Army was organized at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. ' 
first department encampment was held at Springfield, 111., July 12, 1866. The first 
tional encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20, 1866. 

* For revisions and additions under this heading, up to the moment of going to 
press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 

190 



GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 191 



NATIONAL ENCAMPMENTS AND COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. 

1866 — Indianapolis Stephen A. Hurlbut, Illinois. 

1868 — Philadelphia John A. Logan, Illinois. 

1869 — Cincinnati John A.. Logan, Illinois. 

1870— Washington John A. Logan, Illinois. 

1871 — Boston • A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 

1872 — Cleveland A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island. 

1873 — New Haven Charles Devons, Jr., Massachusetts. 

1874— Harrisburg Charles Devons, Jr., Massachuset t s. 

1875 — Chicago John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 

1876 — Philadelphia John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. 

1877 — Providence J. C. Robinson, New York, 

1878— Springfield, Mass J. 0. Robinson, New York. 

1879— Albany William Earnshaw, Ohio. 

1880 — Dayton, O Louis Wagner, Pennsylvania. 

1881 — Indianapolis George S. Merrill, Massachusetts. 

1882— Baltimore Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska. 

1883— Denver Robert E. Beath, Pennsylvania. 

1884 — Minneapolis John S. Kuntz, Ohio. 

1885— Portland, Me S. S. Burdette, Washington. 

1886— San Francisco Lucius Fairchild, Wisconsin. 

1887 — St. Louis John P. Rae, Minnesota. 

1888 — Columbus, O William Warner, Missouri. 

1889— Milwaukee, Wis Russell A. Alger, Michigan. 

1890— Boston, Mass Wheelock G. Veazey, Vermont. 

1891— Detroit, Mich John Palmer, New York. 



COAST DEFENSES. 



Among the many valuable papers left by Hon. Samuel J. Tildeu at his 
death at Graystone, Westchester Co., N. Y., Aug. 4, 1886, was a letter that 
he had written to Hon. John G. Carlisle, Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, in regard to the urgent necessity of liberal appropriations for such 
a system of coast defenses as would place the United States in a position of 
comparative safety against naval attack. It was the last important public 
document he ever wrote, and it elicited wide-spread and favorable comment 
from the press in all parts of the country. It precipitated the subsequent 
favorable action of Congress during the administration of President Cleve- 
land, in making liberal appropriations for what is known as the " New Navy. " 
and of which Mr. Whitney will always have the honor, as the one who saw 
the first cruiser (of the new navy) under his official position as Secretary of 
the Navy, launched upon the waters of the deep. 

The coast defenses, however, that Mr. Tilden wanted, were land fortifica- 
tions with their proper armament. An act of Congress was approved March 
3, 1885, making provisions for fortifications and other works of defense, and 
for the armament thereof, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, and for 
other purposes, for the following ports recommended by the board appointed 
by the President: New York, San Francisco, Boston, the Lake ports, Hamp- 
ton Roads, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Portland 
(Me.), Rhode Island, ports in Narragansett Bay, Key West, Charleston 
(S. C), Mobile, New London. Savannah, Galveston, Portland (Ore.), Pensa- 
cola (Fla.), Wilmington (N. O), San Diego (Cal.), Portsmouth (N. H.), de- 
fenses of Cumberland Sound at Fort Clinch, defenses of ports of the Kan- 
nebec River at Fort Popham, New Bedford (Mass.), defenses of ports on the 
Penobscot River (Me.), at Fort Knox, and New Haven (Conn.). 

Under the provisions of the recommendation by the board and the Act of 
Congress (1885) Senator Dolph, on December 15, 1891, introduced bill 871, 
asking for an appropriation of $100,000,000 for fortifications and their arma- 
ment, to be made available as follows: For the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1892, $10,000,000; for each fiscal year thereafter, for the period of ten years, 
$9,000,000; all of said appropriation to be available until expended. 

Section 6 provides that the guns shall be fabricated at the army gun fac- 
tory, Watervliet Arsenal, New York, and at such other government gun 
factories as may be established under the authority of Congress. The ma- 
terial for guns and armor shall be purchased by contract, and for the purpose 
| of providing the same the Secretary of War is hereby authorized, from time 
to time, as the same shall be required, to make contracts with responsible 
steel manufacturers for the supply of rough-bored, rough-turned, oil tem- 
pered and annealed steel, in forms suitable for heavy ordnance adapted to 
modern warfare, and steel finished, for armor and other army purposes, in 
quantities not less than 10,000 gross tons, in quality and dimensions con- 
forming to specifications, subject to inspection and tests at each stage of 
manufacture, and including all the parts of each caliber specified. 

The bill was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses. 
It was again reported by Senator Dolph, with amendments, January 12,1892. 
An act to increase the "Naval Establishment," and providing for floating 
batteries, torpedo boats, etc., was approved August 3, 1886. 

In the Senate of the United States Mr. Squire, from the Committee on 

* For most recent legislation on this subject, up to the moment of going to press, 
see Addenda, preceding Index. 

192 



COAST DEFENSES. 193 

Coast Defenses, introduced, March 7, 1892, the following report, to accom- 
pany Senate Bill 537, introduced December 10, 1891, by~Mr. Dolph, which 
was read twice and referred to the Committee on Coast Defenses, "to pro- 
vide for the establishment of a gun factory for the finishing and assembling 
of heavy ordnance on the Pacific coast. " 

THE REPORT. 

The Committee on Coast Defenses, having had under consideration the 
bill (S. 537) to provide for the establishment of a gun factory for the finishing 
and assembling of heavy ordnance on the Pacific coast, submit the following 
report : 

The committee have carefully considered, in connection with this bill, the 
report of the Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, as well as that of the 
Board on Gun Factories and Steel Forginas for High-power Guns. For the 
purpose of securing the opinion of an expert of the War Department, the 
committee availed itself on two occasions of the services of Brig. -Gen. Flagler, 
Chief of Ordnance of the Army, whose statement is herewith submitted and 
made a part of this report. 

The Board on Fortifications or other Defenses, appointed under the act of 
March 3, 1885, recommended for twenty-seven principal ports of the United 
States 599 guns of from 8 to 16 inch caliber, and 700 12-inch mortars, making 
a total of 1,299 pieces of ordnance. Of this number about one-fourth of the 
guns and about one-fifth of the mortars will be required for the defense of 
three points only on the Pacific coast, namely: San Diego, San Francisco, and 
the mouth of the Columbia River. No provision was made in this report 
for the defense of Puget Sound, which has become of far greater importance 
than it was when the report w T as made, nor of Gray's Harbor, nor other ports 
on the Pacific coast. At least 510 guns and mortars will be required for the 
proper defense of the Pacific coast at the four principal points named; at 
least 200 guns and mortars being required for Puget Sound alone. 

As will be seen, upon examination of his statement, Gen. Flagler unquali- 
fiedly favors the establishment of another gun factory, to be located on the 
Pacific coast, for reasons which, to the committee, seem incontrovertible. 
The necessity for another gun factory and the advantages which would accrue 
from its location on the Pacific coast are manifest. Among others the ad- 
vantage of having the factory near to the fortifications, a "military advan- 
tage," as it has been termed, is of great importance. Gen. Flagler on this 
point said : 

"I would like to invite attention to, and lay great stress upon, one point 
that I make, and that is the very great advantage, amounting in some cases 
to something like a necessity, of having this establishment nearer to the forti- 
fications than the Atlantic coast." 

The saving in the cost of transportation which would result from the estab- 
lishment of the proposed gun factory w T ould be enormous, and w T ould more 
than equalize whatever slight difference there might be in the cost of manu- 
facturing the guns on the Pacific coast as compared with some eastern point. 
There is great doubt whether the larger guns, particularly the 16-inch, could 
be safely transported by rail across the continent; and the highest authorities 
question the practicability of such an undertaking. 

The question has arisen whether it may not be preferable to double tin; 
capacity of the present factory at Watervh'et, so as to provide tor the manu- 
facture there of the guns and mortars contemplated, which, it is estimated, 
could be done for $150,000 less than it would cost to build a new plant. It 
has not been in accordance with the policy of the government, nor would it 
seem wise, to locate both gun factories at the same point. By having them 
located at different points the disastrous results of great fires', whereby both 
might be destroyed, are averted; and the possibility, however remote, of a 



194 COAST DEFENSES. 

total cessation of work, by the capture of the factories by hostile forces, or 
by labor troubles, is removed. 

The objectious to having both factories at the same point seem conclusive, 
and the committee are of opinion that the interests of the country will be 
best subserved by the establishment of another separate gun factory, to be 
located on the Pacific coast. 

Gen. Flagler estimates that after deducting 100 guns, which are now under 
contract with the Bethlehem Company, the Watervliet factory will be able 
to manufacture the balance of the 1,29*9 guns and mortars referred to by the 
year 1905. Another statement appended indicates that with the present 
capacity of the Watervliet Arsenal it will require twenty-two years to finish 
the guns required for the Atlantic coast alone; for the Atlantic and Gulf 
coasts, twenty-six years, and for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts it will 
require forty years. If the south wing of the Watervliet factory shall become 
as fully equipped as is the north wing now, the capacity of the two wings 
could only enable completion of the guns for the Atlantic coast alone in ten or 
twelve years; for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in thirteen years, and the At- 
lantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts in about twenty or twenty-one years. 

There is no doubt that the steel forgings for even the largest guns can be 
manufactured on the Pacific coast. Representations have been made to the 
committee as to the facilities for the production of steel forgings at San Fran- 
cisco, where open-hearth furnaces capable of casting a 27-ton steel forging 
are now established; and Benieia has received consideration with reference 
to its suitableness for a gun factory. The Chamber of Commerce of the city 
of Seattle urges the location of that factory at or near that point. J. Furth, 
president of that body, says: 

' ' Iron and coal of excellent quality abound in this city, and the mines 
easily accessible from Seattle. A large part of the armament for the coast 
must be used on Puget Sound, and the establishment of the foundry here 
would save great expense in transportation. The Moss Bay Company at 
Kirkland, on Lake Washington, is erecting a first-class steel plant, on which 
$250,000 has already been spent, and which will be completed within a year. 
Responsible parties guarantee a suitable location on Lake Washington for the 
government foundry." 

Others, again, favor the establishment of the proposed factory at some 
point on the Columbia River near which pig iron is found. 

In view of the difference of opinion existing as to the exact place on the 
Pacific coast where the factory should be located, the committee are of the 
opinion that its location should be left to the decision of a board of competent 
experts, to be appointed by the President, as provided for in the bill. 

It appears from the statement of the Chief of Ordnance that if there be no 
large establishment of this kind located on the Pacific coast, there will be 
need of two small establishments for repairs, one to be located at Benieia, and 
the other farther north, on the Columbia River or on Puget Sound. 

The bill appropriates $1,000,000 for the erection of suitable buildings, the 
purchase of suitable machinery, and other materials necessary for the estab- 
lishment and maintenance at some point on or near the Pacific coast of a 
plant for finishing and assembling the parts of heavy guns and other ordnance 
for the use of the army and navy. It authorizes the President to appoint a 
board, to consist of three officers of the army and three officers of the navy, 
to examine and report what, in their opinion, is the most suitable site for the 
erection of the plant, thus leaving the location dependent upon the report of 
the board of experts. 

The committee, fully appreciating the necessity of another gun factory, 
and the advantages which would result from its location on the Pacific coast, 
report the bill favorably and recommend that it do pass. 

For Hon. Samuel J. Tilden's letter on coast defenses see Appendix H. 




I! 



^ \ ':' 



li 





I W 

3 







THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 



The Chilean Controversy between the United States government and 
that of Chile originated from the assault in the streets of Valparaiso, Chile, 
upon sailors of the United States Steamer Baltimore, in command of Captain 
Schley, on October 16, 1891. 

The incidents of the affair are, briefly, as follows: — On October 16, Cap- 
tain Schley who had returned to Valparaiso two days previously with the 
Steamer Baltimore, gave shore leave to one hundred and seventeen petty 
officers and sailors of the ship. These men left the ship about 1.30 p.m. 
No incidents of violence occurred ; none of the men were arrested, no com- 
plaint was lodged against them, nor did any collision or outbreak occur until 
about 6 p.m. Captain Schley states that he was himself on shore and 
about the streets of the city until 5.30 p.m., that he met very many of his 
men who were on leave; that they were sober and were conducting them- 
selves with propriety, saluting Chilean and other officers as they met them. 
Other officers of the ship, and Captain Jenkins of the merchant ship Kewee- 
naw, corroborated Captain Schley as to the general sobriety and good behav- 
ior of the men. About 6 p.m. the assault began, in which a mob of between 
1,500 and 2,000 men were engaged. The outbreak began by a Chilean sol- 
dier spitting in the face of an apprentice from the Baltimore, named Talbot. 
This was resented by a knock-down blow. Talbot at the time was accom- 
panied by another sailor from the Baltimore named Riggin. The two men 
were immediately beset by a crowd of the Chilean citizens and soldiers, 
through which they broke their way to a street car and entered it for safety. 
They were pursued and driven from the car, and Riggin was so seriously 
beaten that he fell in the street apparently dead. "The fight continued 
through several streets of the city, and the American sailors (other than Tal- 
bot and Riggin), unarmed and defenseless as they were, fled for their lives, 
pursued by overwhelming numbers armed with clubs, stones and guns. 
Eighteen of them were cruelly stabbed and beaten. The Sisters of Charity 
at the hospital to which the wounded men were taken, when inquired of, 
stated that they were "sober when received." Two of the men died from 
their wounds. 

A number of American sailors were arrested and taken before Judge of 
Crimes Foster, but were, during the four days following the arrest, every 
one discharged, no accusation of any breach of the peace or other criminal 
conduct having been sustained against a single one of them. 

The United States promptly demanded an apology and reparation from 
the Chilean government for this outrage upon her sailors. 

Considerable correspondence passed between the State Department and 
the Governor of Chile, in which not only the assault upon the American 
sailors was discussed, but issues anterior to it. and which aroseafter the 
flight of Balmaceda, and when our Minister at Santiago, Mr. Patrick Kgan, 
gave shelter in the legation to certain adherents of the Balmaceda govern 
ment who applied to him for an asylum. This seems to have elicited a l>ii 
ter hostility against Mr. Egan by some of the Chilean people, and his recall 
was requested by Senor Pedro Montt. 

The Chilean government made a judicial investigation of the incidents 
and sad results of the assault, of which Pedro Montt, in a note to Mr. Blaine 
of January 23, 1892, says: "It appeared that the disorder of October 16 

195 



196 THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 

began by a quarrel among drunken sailors, which assumed considerable pro- 
portions owing to the condition of the locality in which it originated, and 
that the police performed their duty by re-establishing tranquillity and plac- 
ing the persons who seemed to have been concerned in the disorder at the 
disposal of the Court. The goverment of Chile has no data authorizing it 
to think that the quarrel was due to any dislike of the uniform of the United 
States, or that the police failed to perform their duty. It was the desire and 
duty of the government of Chile to discover the truth, in order to make its 
future proceedings conform thereto, and in order that the United States gov- 
ernment might be satisfied that nothing was neglected in order to do full 
justice." 

In reference to what was considered by the United States government an 
insulting note addressed to Mr. Egan by Mr. Matta (December 11) and the 
demand for its recall, Pedro Montt says: "The first time that the honorable 
Secretary of Stale saw tit to call my attention to the aforesaid note of Mr. 
Matta, I told him that that note contained instructions addressed to me by 
Mr. Malta, and that as I had not been directed to communicate it officially 
to the Department of State, there was no reason why the honorable Secretary 
should take cognizance of it." 

Secretary Blaine in his reply to Senor Montt concerning Matta's note says: 
"By your own statement you evidently attempted to justify the Matta note. 
The Matta note was highly discourteous to the President and the Secretary 
of the Navy, imputing to them untruth and insincerity. Such language 
does not admit of conditional or contingent apology, which you offered. It 
could be apologized for only by a frank withdrawal. You did not see the 
great difference involved by your government sending the Matta circular to 
all the legations of Chile and requesting its several Ministers to publish it; so 
that Chile was not only responsible for the discourteous language, but for its 
publication throughout the civilized world. That you did not comply with 
Chile's request to publish it here was the strongest proof of your own dis- 
approval of the note. " 

Minister Egan's recall having been asked for, Mr. Blaine replied to Sen- 
or Montt to the effect, that Chile has the right to ask that a change be made 
provided she assigns a reason why such Minister is persona non grata. That 
twice had arisen occasions for the United States government to ask Great 
Britain to recall her Minister, and in each case a reason was given why the 
Minister had ceased to be useful, and that it is hardly necessary to observe 
that conditions which the United States complied with [should likewise be 
exacted of Chile. 

January 25, 1892, Minister Egan telegraphed Secretary Blaine, "I have 
this day received the following reply to my note of 22d instant:" 

The reply in substance from Luis Pereira, is as follows: 

" From the nature of the incident it would be impossible to prove that 
there was no doubt as to the special cause which served as its origin or pre- 
text; but the undersigned can assert that that cause was not a hostile feeling 
toward the uniform of the Navy of the United States, because the people of 
Chile have always esteemed and respected that uniform ever since the time 
when they saw it figuring honorably in the ranks of the soldiers and sailors 
who, in a generous struggle, gave it independence and established the Re- 
public. The undersigned admits that the occurrence of October 16 was of 
greater gravity than those which usually occur in the same district between 
the sailors who frequent it, and the fact that knowing that two deaths have 
resulted from it among the sixteen wounded men of the Baltimore, has suf- 
ficient to give it an extraordinary character, and to induce the government 
of Chile to hasten to adopt the measures necessary to discover and punish 
the guilty parties, to offer in due time, if there should be ground for so do- 
ing, such reparation as might be due. The preliminary examination was 



THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 197 

commenced on the morning which followed the night of the conflict some 
flays before you presented your complaint, but the investigation could not 
be finished with the rapidity that the government of Chile desired, because 
me rules ot procedure in criminal matters, which are established by our 
laws, are of slow application and it was not possible for the President of the 
Kepubhc to modify or set them aside. This delay, which was inevitable 
owing to the independence with which the judicial authorities must act has 
compelled the government of the undersigned to delay, greatly to its regret 
the settlement of the difficulties pending with your government and a spon- 
taneous offer of reparation for the injury done to the sailors of the Baltimore 
that might be attributed to Chilean soldiers or sailors, or that might affect 
the responsibility of Chile. In view of your communication, and considering 
that up to date, it has been impossible for the trial initiated by the Judo- e of 
the Criminal Court of Valparaiso to be decided, the undersigned regards it 
as his duty to declare once more that the government of Chile laments the 
occurrence of October 16, and by way of showing the sincerity of his feeling 
and the confidence which he has in the justice of his course, he declares his 
willingness not to await the decision of the examining judge, and proposes 
to the United States government that the case be submitted to the consider- 
ation ot the Supreme Court of justice at Washington, to the end that that 
high tribunal, with its learning and impartiality, may determine without ap- 
peal whether there is any ground for reparation and in what shape it should 
be made." 

Previous to the receipt of this telegram, President Harrison had submitted 
a message to Congress, January 25, in which he says in effect: "I have as 
yet received no reply to our note of the 21st instant, but in my opinion I 
ought not to delay longer to bring these matters to the attention of Congress 
for such action as may be deemed appropriate. In submitting these papers 
to Congress for that grave and patriotic decision which the questions involved 
demand, I desire to say that I am of the opinion that the demands made of 
Chile by the government should be adhered to and enforced. If the dig- 
nity, as well as the prestige and influence of the United States are not to be 
wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who, in foreign ports, display the 
flag or wear the colors of this government, against insult, brutality, and 
death, inflicted in resentment of the acts of their government, and not for 
any fault of their own. It has been my desire in every way to cultivate 
friendly and intimate relations with all the governments of the hemisphere. 
We do not covet their territory: we desire their peace and prosperity; we 
look for no advantage in our relations with them except the increased ex- 
changes of commerce upon a basis of mutual benefit. It must, however, be 
understood that this government, while exercising the utmost forbearance 
towards w T eaker powers, will extend its strong and adequate protection to its 
citizens, to its officers, and to its humblest sailor, when made victims of wan- 
tonness and cruelty in resentment, not of their personal misconduct, but of 
the official acts of their government." 

This message from the President was looked upon by the American peo- 
ple as the precursor of a virtual declaration of war by Congress, and it looked 
as if little Chile was doomed. For months previous to the sending in of the 
message, the most active preparations had been carried on in the navy-yards, 
in the fitting out of the cruisers, and the air on all sides was filled with talks 
of war and in some instances disapprobation of such a great nation as the 
United States going to war with such a weak nation as Chile, and a sister 
Republic. 

That there was no war, is explained by the following subsequent message 
sent to Congress by President Harrison: 



198 



THE CHILEAN CONTKOVERSY, 



To the Senate and House of Representatives: 

I transmit herewith additional correspondence between this government 
and the government of Chile, consisting of a note of Mr. Montt the Chilean 
minister at this capital, to Mr. Blaine, dated January 23, a reply of Mr. 
Blaine thereto of date January 27, and a dispatch of Mr. Egan, our minister 
at Santiago, transmitting the response of Mr. Pereira, the Chilean minister 
of foreign affairs, to the note of Mr. Blaine of January 21, which was re- 
ceived by me on the 26th instant. The note of Mr. Montt to Mr. Blaine, 
though dated January 23, was not delivered at the State Department until 
after 12 o'clock, meridian, of the 25th, and was not translated and its receipt 
notified to me until late in the afternoon of that day. 

The response of Mr. Pereira to our note of the 21st withdraws, with ac- 
ceptable expressions of regret, the offensive note of Mr. Matta of the 11th ul- 
timo, and also the request for the recall of Mr. Egan. The treatment of the 
incident of the assault upon the sailors of the Baltimore is so conciliatory and 
friendly that I am of the opinion that there is a good prospect that the differ- 
ences growing out of that serious affair can now be adjusted upon terms sat- 
isfactory to this government, by the usual methods and without special pow- 
ers from Congress. This turn in the affair is very gratifying to me, as I am 
sure it will be to the Congress and to our people. The general support of 
the efforts of the Executive to enforce the just rights of the nation in this 
matter has given an instructive and useful illustration of the unity and patri- 
otism of our people. 

Should it be necessary, I will again communicate with Congress upon the 
subject. 

Benj. Harrison. 

Executive Mansion, January 28, 1892. 

The courts will determine in due course what amount of indemnification 
is to be allowed the families of the dead sailors and the others who were in- 
jured in the streets of Valparaiso.* 

* For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see 
Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 

The Behring Sea controversy, originating under President Cleveland's 
administration, with Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State, was re- 
sumed during the present administration, President Harrison, with Hon. 
James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. It can best be summarized in form as 
follows, the text being from official records: 

LIST OF PAPERS. 



From anil to whom. 



Mr. Phelps to Mr. Bayard . 



Mr. White to Mr. Blaine. 



Blr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 



Lord Salisbury to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



1888. 
Sept. 12 



1880. 
Dec. 4 



1891. 
Jan. 24 



Feb. 21 



Apr. 14 



Apr. 20 



May 4 



Subject. 



Great Britain will not enter into any conven- 
tion for the protection of the. seal fisheries 
without the concurrence of Canada, winch 
can not be expected. Recommends thai 
strong measures be taken to prevent the 
wholesale slaughter of seals. 

Letter of Sir George Baden-Powell to the 
London Times with regard to the Behring 
Sea question, and a letter of Mr. Flower, 
commenting thereon, in the same paper, 
transmitted. 

Question in the House of Commons relating 
to the status of the Behring Sea fisheries 
question, and reply given by Sir J. Fergu- 
son, transmitted. 

Reply to Mr. Blaine's note of December 17. 
States that Great Britain took every step 
which it was in its power to take in order 
to make it clear to Russia that she did not 
accept claim to exclude her subjects for 
100 miles distance from the coast which 
had been put forward in Ukase of 1821. 
Claims that words " Pacific Ocean," used 
in treaty of 1825 with Russia, did include 
Behring Sea. Proposes some changes to the 
questions to be submitted to arbitration. 

Gives six questions proposed for arbitration. 
The United States claims the same right 
to power beyond 3 miles limit as Great 
Britain; cites act of Parliament of 1889 
attempting to control body of water on 
coast of Scotland 2,700 square miles in ex- 
tent. Map of that body inclosed. 

The stoppage of all sealing at sea and on 
land seems to be acceptable to Lord Salis 
bury, who wishes to know whetherit would 
be preferred that the proposal come from 
the British Government. 

Reviews the negotiations for a modus Vi- 
vendi pending the result of arbitration; 
concessions made by the President in con- 
sequence thereof; recital of the obligations 
imposed on the Norl h American Co., in re- 
turn for the sealing privilege, which make 
it necessary that they should be allowed 
to take a Limited number of seals conl rary 
to the claim of Great Britain that sealing 
should be absolutely prohibited on both 
sides; submits terms' of agreement on that 
basis. 

199 



200 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



From and to whom. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. 



Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. 

Sir J. Pauncefote 

Sir J. Pauncefote 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 




May 20 
May 21 



May 26 

May 27 
June 3 
June 3 

June 4 



June 6 



June 6 



June 
June 8 

June 9 



Subject. 



Acknowledges the above, of which copy has 
been mailed, and precise terms telegraphed 
to London. Deprecates alleged delay; re- 
fers to previous interviews; mentions the 
exception taken at the two conditions that 
the right to kill a certain number of seals 
was reserved for the American Co., and 
that the modus Vivendi was not to be put 
in force until arbitration was agreed upon, 
and expresses satisfaction that the latter 
condition has been removed. 

Requests a reply to proposition of the 4th. 

Reply requested has not yet been received, 
but is expected to arrive in the course of a 
day. 

Points to the reasons for which a prompt 
reply is desired; revenue cutters have been 
ordered to proceed to the fisheries, and the 
orders would be made definite by the con- 
clusion of an agreement. 

Regrets the delay and makes excuse on the 
ground of the lateness of the proposal. 

Proposal for modus Vivendi by the British 
government. 

Assents to the first five questions submitted 
by Mr. Blaine on April 14; makes a counter 
proposition in respect of question sixth, and 
of compensation for damages sustained. 

Proposes substitutes for subdivisions 1 and 2 
of the British proposal for modus vivendi 
of June 3; takes exception to subdivision 
3 relative to the appointment of consuls, 
and objects decidedly to the condition 4 of 
the previous assent of Russia; suggests 
that the navies of both nations enforce 
the agreement when it is concluded ; reply 
to proposal of June 3. 

Submits the telegraphic reply to the above 
note accepting the proposals therein on 
condition that the British government be 
allowed to supervise the execution of the 
agreement on the islands, and that the 
prohibition will be extended to the whole 
of the Behring Sea. Insists that the terms 
of arbitration and modus be agreed on 
simultaneously, as the suspension of sealing 
could not be acceded to another year. 

Reply to the above. Objects to the claim of 
supervision by British authorities of the 
killing on land which is already supervised 
by American officials whose integrity is to 
be upheld, but agrees to the appointment 
of one or two commissioners for the collec- 
tion of facts to be placed before the arbi- 
trators. Submits proposal embodying this 
and other conditions agreed upon. 

Debate on the seal-fishery bill in the House 
of Commons, transmitted. The bill was 
read in the House of Lords without debate. 

Submits, in reply to I he above, an agreement 
telegraphed from London and containing 
modifications of and additions to that sub- 
mitted in said note. 

Reply to the above. Protests against the 
presenting of new propositions at this time; 
proceeds to discuss them and submits a 
form of agreement drafted with slight 
modifications after that presented on June 
6; insists upon the necessity of a speedy 
settlement. 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



201 



From and to whom. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 




Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 

Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 

The President 

Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 

Sir J. Pauncefote (memoran- 
dum). 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 

Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Wharton 
Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 

16b 



June 10 
June 11 



June 11 
June 13 

June 13 

June 15 
June 20 

June 21 
June 23 

June 25 



June 26 
June 26 



June 27 
July 3 

July 6 



July 6 
July 7 



Subject. 



Presents a defence of the motives of Lord 
Salisbury in introducing new propositions 
at this time, but says they will probably 
not be insisted upon except that for a 
joint commission of four experts to report 
on the necessity for international arrange- 

lllt'llts. 

Debate in the House of Lords after passage 
of the bill. 

Reply has been received by telegraph from 
Lord Salisbury who regrets that the sug- 
gestions in regard to Russia have been re- 
jected, but will authorize him to sign agree- 
ment if assurance is given respecting the 
commission of experts. 

Acknowledges the above and accepts, pend- 
ing a fuller reply, the terms therein pre- 
sented. 

He has received telegraphic permission to 
sij^n agreement under previously under- 
stood condition as to joint commission. 

Appointment for the formal attestation to 
the modus vivendi. 

Proclamation in re modus vivendi. 

Instructions issued by the Navy Department 
in pursuance of the above proclamation. 
Sir J. Pauncefote is furnished copies there- 
of and asked for instructions issued by the 
British government. 

Appointment of British commissioners under 
the agreement announced to visit Pribyloff 
Islands. 

Instructions issued to British naval senior 
officer stated. Suggestion of indemnity 
for any act in execution of the modus Vi- 
vendi submitted. 

Objections of British government to arbitra- 
tion proposition No. 6, presented bv Mr. 
Blaine on Dec. 17, 1890. Reply to 'Lord 
Salisbury's note of the 26th of February, 
1891, and of Sir J. Pauncefote's of June 3. 
The objection of the reference of the ques- 
tion of closed time to arbitration in such 
words as to attribute abnormal rights to 
the United States is met by a new proposi- 
tion avoiding that objection: submits also 
a final clause in the matter of indemnifica- 
tion by which the interests of the United 
States' as owner of the seal fisheries are 
not ignored as in the suggestion made in 
the note of June 3. Agreement in regard 
to the appointment of commissioners to 
visit the Pribyloff Islands proposed. 

Instructions for the reception of the British 
commissioners at the fisheries transmit ted 

Instructions issued to British navy, as per 
mote of the 24th, have been communicated 
to the Navv Depart men! . 

Note of the 25th acknowledged. 

Commissioners to visit the BebringSea. Pro- 
poses they go and act together. 

Reply to the above. Passage for the Bnl ish 
Commissioners has already been arranged 
for but they will be instructed to cooperate 
as much as possible. 

Act of Parliament and order in council it) 
pursuance of modus Vivendi agreement in- 
closed. 

Inst met ions (in full) to the naval forces of 
Great Britain in the Behring Sea inclosed. 



202 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



From and to whom. 



Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. 

Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Pauncefote 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Pauncefote 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton (telegram). 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton (unofficial). 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 

Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



1891. 

July 8 

July 9 
July 13 



July 23 



Aug. 8 



Aug. 17 



Aug- 
Aug. 


32 
24 


Aug. 


26 


Aug. 


26 



Sept. 
Sept. 



Oct. 10 



Subject. 



Note of 6th instant, inclosing act of Parlia- 
ment and order in council, acknowledged. 

Note of 7th and inclosure acknowledged. 

The proposition in regard to indemnification 
made in the note of June 25 appears to 
Lord Salisbury to prejudge the question of 
liability. A form is submitted by which not 
only the facts but the liability arising from 
them shall be passed upon by the arbitra- 
tors. 

The objection presented in the above note 
was not anticipated. It is contended that 
it was made with due regard to Lord Salis- 
bury's own language, and in a spirit of en- 
tire equality presents observations in sup- 
port of that position; but, with a view to 
removing the last point of difference, the 
proposition is modified so as to meet the 
objection made against it. 

Indemnities for acts committed by cruisers 
of either nation. Solicits a reply to the 
question relating thereto included in the 
memorandum transmitted with his note of 
June 23. 

Reply to the above. The President thinks it 
will be time to consider the question of in- 
demnity when occasion has been given to 
claim the same. 

Requests a reply to his note of July 23. 

Regrets his inability to furnish as yet the re- 
ply above requested. 

Your note of 22d. Important letter posted 
to-day. 

The British government can not accept pro- 
posed form in note of July 23, because im- 
plying the admission of the doctrine that 
governments are liable for acts of their na- 
tionals. Without leaving the question of 
damages entirely out, as suggested by Mr. 
Wharton at one time, a middle course 
might be adopted, and, omitting the ques- 
tion of liability, questions of fact might be 
referred to the arbitrators. Submits the 
wording of the clause drafted on that basis. 

The killingof seals is permitted, according to 
reports received from the Behring Sea Com- 
missioners, to continue, although the num- 
ber agreed upon, 7,500, is already exceeded, 
the excuse being that the limitation begins 
with the signature of the modus vivendi 
agreement. This government is convinced 
the President will not countenance any 
such evasion of the spirit of said agree- 
ment. 

Note of August 26 (above) shall receive im- 
mediate attention. 

The objection presented in (unofficial) note of 
August 26 is groundless. The President 
does not assume liability on the part of 
Great Britain, but, on the contrary, wishes 
to put the question of liability to the arbi- 
trators. He can not accept the counter 
proposition to submit the question of facts 
only, as those are well known, and must in- 
sist that the question of liability shall go to 
arbitration. 

Alleged killing of seals in excess of number 
provided for by agreement. A reply to the 
note of August 26 has been delayed by the 
necessity of waiting for the United States 



THE BEHRINTt SEA CONTROVERSY. 



203 



From and to whom. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar 
ton. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- 
ton. 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Date. 



1891. 



Oct. 12 



Oct. 13 



Oct. 17 



Oct. 22 



Oct. 23 
Nov. 23 



Nov. 27 



Dec. 1 



Subject. 



agent's report. The agent's interpretation 
that the limitation should begin with the 
signing of the agreement was concurred in 
by the United States naval officers and the 
commissioners of both parties; a large 
number had been killed between that date 
and that of the receipt of instructions by 
the agent, leaving then but 3,029 to be taken 
" for the subsistence and care of the na- 
tives "from July 2, 1891, to May 1, 1892, and 
the agent seeing that it would be inade- 
quate, called upon the lessees to supply 
the deficiency with salt meat. 

Delay of ten weeks in replying to the pro- 
posal of July 23, for the settlement of 
claims for damages is called to Sir Paunce- 
fote's attention, together with the fact 
that the modus vivendi expires May 2, 1892. 
The President feels that if any effective 
action is to be taken in the matter before 
the next fishing season opens all the terms 
of agreement of arbitration should be dis- 
posed of immediately. 

Reply to the above. Lord Salisbury is ex- 
pected in London this week; much of the 
period of ten weeks was taken up in infor- 
mal discussions. 

The British government insists upon its in- 
terpretation of the damage clause as pre- 
sented in his note of August 20. The same 
proposition is practically renewed. 

Regrets the determination reported in the 
above note and discusses it at some length, 
but with a view to induce a prompt solu- 
tion submits a wording of the clause in 
conformity to the wish that questions of 
fact only shall be submitted to arbitral ion, 
the question of liability being reserved for 
future negotiations. 

Acceptance of the above proposition has 
been received by telegraph. 

States that two reservations are desired in 
article 0, viz., that the necessity and nature 
of any regulations are left to the arbitra- 
tors, and that such regulations will not be- 
come obligatory upon the United States 
and Great Britain until they have received 
the assent of the maritime powers. 

States that within a few days the minister 
had furnished the exact points that had 
been agreed upon for arbitration; thai he 
now informs him by his note of t he 88d in- 
stant that two reservations arc desired in 
the sixth article; that all regulations should 
be left to the arbitrators, and that they 
shall be accepted by the other maritime 
powers before becoming obligatory upon 
the United States and Great Britain, Such 
a proposit ion will postpone the matter in- 
definitely, and it can not be taken into con- 
sideration. There is no objection I" sub 
nutting it to the maritime powers for I heir 
assent, but the United States can not agree 
to make the adjustment with Great Britain 
dependent upon the action of third pari ies. 
who have no direct interest in the seal 
fisheries. 

States that with regard to the first reserva- 
tion proposed in his note of 23d ultimo, I lu- 
st atement made ill Depart incut note Of t lie 



204 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



From and to whom. 



Mr. Blaiue to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Subject. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Paancefote 



Dec. 8 



Dec. 10 



Dec. 11 



Dec. 14 



27th ultimo assures the same and it may be 
put aside. The object of the second reser- 
vation was to prevent the fisheries from 
being- put at the mercy of some third power. 
The regulation might be evaded by British 
and American sealers by simply hoisting 
the flag of a non-adhering power. Suggests 
that after the lapse of one year if either 
government complains that injury is being 
done to the fisheries it may give notice of 
a suspension of the regulations. Suggests 
also that if any dispute arises between the 
two nations the question in controversy 
shall be referred to an admiral of each, 
who may choose an umpire. 

In reply to note of 1st instant, states that 
President is unable to see the apprehended 
danger of a third nation engaging in seal- 
ing; no other nation ever has. Russia will 
nol dissent from the agreement because it 
will endanger her own sealing property. 
We may look to her to sanction and 
strengthen it. The two nations, however, 
should unite in a note to the principal 
powers advising them of what has been 
done and asking their approval. If the 
agreement is disturbed by a third nation 
Great Britain and United States can act 
conjointly. It is therefore hoped that arbi- 
tration may be allowed to proceed. 

States that his government does not fear 
that the powers will reject the regulations, 
but that they will refuse to allow the ar- 
rest of their ships which may engage in 
sealing in violation of the regulations. It 
is probable that during the close season 
sealing will go on under other flags. 

States, in reply to note of 8th instant, that 
since the dispute began not a vessel of 
France or Germany has ever engaged in 
sealing; it would be unprofitable for them 
to sail 20,000 miles to do so. If we wait un- 
til they agree that their ships may be 
searched the last seal will have been t aken. 
Russia is regarded as an ally and no Ameri- 
can country will loan its flag. To stop now 
for outside nations is to indefinitely post- 
pone the whole question. The President ad- 
heres to his ground, that we must have the 
arbitration as already signed. 

States that, in view of "the strong opinion of 
the President that the danger apprehended 
by Lord Salisbury is too remote to justify 
delay, the British government will not 
press the point, explained in his note of the 
8th instant, but it reserves the right of 
raising it when the question of framing the 
regulations comes before the arbitrators. 
It is understood that they may attach such 
conditions to them as they may " a priori " 
judge to be necessary and just to the two 
powers. States that he is authorized to 
sign the text of the seven articles and of 
the joint commission article. Will call at 
Department at any time appointed. 

In reply to note of 11th instant, states that 
President objects to Lord Salisbury's mak- 
ing any reservation at all, and cannot 
yield to him the right to appeal to the ar- 
bitrators to decide any point not embraced 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



205 



From and to whom. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blai i 

Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 
Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



1891. 



Dec. 15 



Dec. 17 



Dec. 30 



1892. 
Jan. 6 



Jan. 16 
Jan. 21 

Jan. 30 
Feb. 4 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Feb. 4 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Feb. 6 



Feb. 6 



Subject. 



in the articles; to claim this right is to en- 
tirely change the arbitration. The Presi- 
dent claims the right to have the seven 
points arbitrated. The matters to be ar- 
bitrated must be distinctly understood be- 
fore the arbitrators are chosen. Is pre- 
pared to sign the articles without any res- 
ervation whatever, and will be glad to 
have him call at the Department on the 
16th, at 11 a. M. 

Will transmit note of 14th instant to his 
government. Pending further instructions, 
it is not in his power to proceed to the 
signature of the articles. 

States in reply to note of 14th instant that 
Lord Salisbury states that owing to the 
difficulties of telegraphic communication 
he has been misunderstood, and will defer 
discussion as to the course to be followed 
in case the regulations are evaded by a 
change of Hag. States that no reservation 
was embodied in his note of the 11th in- 
stant, and agrees with the President that 
no point should be submitted to the arbi- 
trators not embraced in the agreement. 
Is ready to sign the articles. 

Declines "to have the number of the arbitra- 
tors reduced from seven to five, but prefers 
that each country should be represented 
by two and the other three appointed by 
foreign governments. 

Speech of Sir George Baden-Powell to his 
constituents relative to the Behring Sea 
question, on Jan. 5, 1892, transmitted. 

States that Messrs. Baden-Powell and Daw- 
son will arrive on the 29th. 

His government accepts that the arbitrators 
shall be chosen by France, Italy, and 
Sweden. 

Asks whether Department is prepared to 
proceed at once to the preparation and 
signature of the formal arbitration con- 
vention and Joint Commission. 

Inclosing arbitration convention and Joint 
Commission agreement and states that he 
is ready to proceed at once to the signature 
of the convention. 

States that commissioners have been ap 
pointed to investigate and report, conjoint- 
ly with British commissioners, upon tacts 
relative to preservation of seal lite; will be 
ready to confer informally with British 
colleagues at their convenience. 

Note of February 4 acknowledged. Stat.-, 
that Sir Baden-Powell ami Prof. Dawson 
have been appointed commissioners in the 
matter of the preservation of seal life, and 
trusts that arrangements will be made at 
once for the meeting of the commission on 
Monday, 8th instant . 

Regrets that the British commissioners are 
men who have already publicly expressed 
an opinion as to the merits of t he quest ion, 
but hopes this will not prevent a lair and 
impartial investigation. Supposed that 
before this the arbitration convention 
would be8igned and thus have enabled the 

commissioners to proceed officially to a. 

discharge Of their dut ies, but as it became 
necessary to await approval of the draft 



206 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



From and to whom. 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 



Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 
Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 



Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine 




Feb. 9 



Feb. 11 



Feb. 12 



Feb. 13 



Feb. 19 



Feb. 24 



Feb. 20 



Feb. 27 
Feb. 29 



Mar. 



Subject. 



of the instrument, has interposed no ob- 
jection to preliminary conferences. 

Deprecates the intimation that the British 
commissioners may be biased by previous 
public expressions of opinion; presents the 
defense of both of them; remarks that the 
same observation might be urged in the 
case of the American commissioners, and 
expresses satisfaction that the course 
adopted is in accord with that suggested 
by him in the note dated April 29, 1890. 

The British commissioners wishing to post- 
pone joint conferences until arbitration 
convention shall have been signed, the 
United States commissioners have been 
instructed to make known their readiness 
to proceed without further delay, the 
United States government regarding the 
convention as substantially agreed upon. 

Acknowledges above; makes mention of two 
preliminary conferences, and says the Brit- 
ish commissioners hope to arrange for the 
formal opening of their session. 

Refusal to discuss modus Vivendi by the 
British commissioners; the value of the 
work of the commission will be diminished 
thereby. What is the scope of the duties 
of the British commissioners ? 

He is awaiting Instructions of Lord Salis- 
bury, to whom the draft of arbitration' 
convention inclosed in the note of Febru- 
ary 4 has been forwarded. 

No opinion can be expressed by the British 
government as to the modus vivendi ques- 
tion raised in the interview of the 2d in- 
stant, until they know what is proposed. 

Urges the necessity of a modus vivendi; 
the terms should be similar to those of last 
year, but better executed; asks that the 
contents of this note be transmitted by 
telegraph, every day of delay involving 
great trouble to'both governments. 

Sealing schooners are reported by United 
States consul at Victoria to have cleared 
to the number of forty-six with six or 
seven more to go, as against thirty same 
date last year. 

The need of an agreement will soon be over 
if it is not arrived at soon. 

Fixes the 29th as the day on which to sign 
the treaty of arbitration. 

Reply to the note of the 24th. Lord Salisbury 
does not admit that the delays have been 
greater on the part of Great Britain; the 
British commissioners have reported that 
there is no danger of a serious diminution 
of the seals, and therefore the necessity of 
a modus vivendi is not apparent. Still he 
would not object to the prohibition limited 
to a zone not more than 30 miles around 
the Pribyloff Islands, provided the catch 
on the islands be limited to 30,000. The 
simile of trees would be more appropriate 
if applied to grass, which, like the seals, 
will be produced next year, pending the 
result of arbitration. 

Presents arguments in support of Lord Salis- 
bury's refusal to accede to another modus 
vivendi; the first was agreed to (as per 
note of June 6, 1891) under stipulation that 



THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 



207 



From and to whom. 



Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- 
fote. 



1892. 



Mar. 8 



Subject. 



the measure could not be repeated; there 
is no apparent danger to the seal species; 
the zone proposed is more extensive than 
that mentioned by Mr. Blaine on March 16, 
1891; the anticipation of conflicts, consid- 
ered in the note of May 4, 1891 , has been 
met by the provisions of the Behring Sea 
act of Parliament and order in council. 
The President regrets that Great Britain 
should decline to agree to an effective 
mode of protecting a property the title to 
which is being submitted to arbitration, a 
course demanded by common equity. The 
simile of grass cutting refuted. If Great 
Britain declines, as shown by quotations 
from previous correspondence, to assume 
responsibility for acts of her subjects she 
should restrain the same from committing 
such acts. The prohibition of seal killing 
was a matter of comity before arbitral ion 
was agreed upon ; it is now a matter of ob- 
ligation. The killing under the restrictions 
of last year was four times that made on 
land: it would become enormous in the ab- 
sence of any restriction. The impractica- 
bility of a 30-mile zone, now proposed by 
Lord Salisbury, was pointed out by himself 
when the proposal came from this govern- 
ment. The United States can not be ex- 
pected to forego protecting its property 
while the arbitration is proceeding. 



For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see 
Addenda, preceding Index. 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



The location at which it is to be held was decided by the United States 
House of Representatives, the Senate concurring in the same. The contest- 
ing cities were Chicago, New York, Washington and St. Louis. Eight bal- 
lots were taken, Chicago having the lead in all of them, with New York 
second and St. Louis a good third. The total vote was 308; necessary for a 
choice, 154. On the eighth ballot, Chicago received 157 votes, against 107 
votes for New York. 

The following is the vote in detail at each ballot : 

1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 

Chicago 115 121 127 134 140 149 155 157 

New York 72 83 92 95 110 116 112 107 

St. Louis 61 59 53 48 38 28 27 26 

Washington 56 46 34 29 24 18 17 18 

Cumberland Gap 1 

Total 305 309 306 306 312 311 311 308 

Necessary to choice 153 155 154 154 157 156 156 155 

At the election in November, 1890, an amendment to the constitution of 
the State of Illinois, submitted by the Legislature, was adopted by the people, 
which authorizes the city of Chicago to issue $5,000,000 of thirty-year bonds 
at 5 per cent, interest, the proceeds to be applied under the direction of the 
World's Columbian Exposition; said corporate authorities of Chicago to be 
repaid the same proportionate amount as is repaid to the stockholders on the 
sums subscribed and paid by them, and to be permitted to take, in whole or 
in part, of the sum coming to them, any permanent improvements placed on 
land held or controlled by them. The indebtedness so created by Chicago is 
to be paid by the city of Chicago alone, and not by the State, or from any State 
revenue, tax or fund. 

The subscriptions and the proceeds of these bonds will rill the require- 
ments of the act as to funds. 

The World's Fair act was approved April 25, 1890. It provides for an 
exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and products of the soil, mine 
and sea in 1892 in Chicago, Illinois, in celebration of the four hundredth 
anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. A com- 
mission of two persons from each State and Territory, to be appointed by 
the President on the nomination of the Governors, and' of eight commission- 
ers-at-large and two from the District of Columbia, to be appointed by the 
President, in ah which there shall be one from each of the two leading polit- 
ical parties — with alternates — shall be the World's Columbian commission, 
with power to accept the site, etc., on condition of their being satisfied that 
$10,000,000 are secured for the complete preparation for said exposition. 
The commission is required to appoint a board of lady managers, who may 

208 











HOUSE IN WHICH COLUMBUS WAS BORN. 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 

appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for 
exhibits wbich may be produced in whole or part by female labor. A naval 
review is directed to be held in New York Harbor in April, 1893, and the 
President is authorized to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send 
ships of war to join the U. S. Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads and 
proceed thence to said review. The buildings shall be dedicated October 12, 
1892, and the exposition open not later than May 1, 1893, and close not later 
than October 30, 1893. The commission shall exist no longer than January 
1, 1898. A government building for $400,000 shall be erected, to contain 
the government exhibits. The United States shall not in any manner, nor 
under any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings 
or representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the 
State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or 
for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, servants or 
employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or 
for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages or obligations of auy kind 
issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or expenses of any 
kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. 

The buildings, their dimensions, area and cost are : 

Woman's, 200x400 feet; area, 1.8 acres; cost, $120,000. 

Electricity, 345 x 700 feet; area 5.5 acres; cost $375,000. 

Mines and mining, 350x700 feet; area, 5.6 acres; cost, $260,000. 

Manufactures ana Liberal Arts, 787x1,687 feet; area, 30.5 acres; cost, 
$1,500,000. 

Transportation, 250x900 feet; area, 5.5 acres; cost, $280,000. 

Horticultural, 230x1,000 feet; area, 5.8 acres; cost, $300,000. 

Administration, 200x260 feet; area, 1.6 acres; cost, $450,000. 

Agriculture, 500x800 feet; area, 9.2 acres (cost, $540,000); Annex, 328 x 
500 feet; area, 3.8 acres (cost, $200,000); total cost (including Assembly Hall, 
etc.), nearly $1,000,000. 

Machinery, 500x850 feet; area, 9.8 acres; Annexes (2), 400x551 feet; 
area, 6.2 acres; total cost, $1,200,000. 

Fish and Fisheries, 163x363 feet ; area, 1.4 acres; Annexes (2), 135 feet 
in diameter; area, 8 acres; total cost, $200,000. 

Fine Arts, 320 x 500 feet; area, 3.7 acres; Annexes (2), 120 x 120 feet; area, 
1.1 acre; total cost, $500,000. 

Forestry, 200x500 feet; area, 2.3 acres; cost, $100,000. 

Saw Mill, 125x300 feet; area, .9 acres; cost, $35,000. 

Dairy, 95x200 feet; area .5 acres; cost, $30,000. 

Live Stock (3), 65x200 feet; area, .9 acres; and Live Stock Sheds, 40 
acres; total cost, $150,000. 

Casino, 175x300 feet; area, 1.2 acres; cost (with pier), $150,000. 

United States Government, 350x420 feet; area, 3.4 acres; cost, $400,000. 

Battle-Ship, 348x69.25 feet; area, 3 acres; cost, $100,000; Illinois State 
and State Annexes (2), 160x450 feet; area, 1.7, and .3 acres; cost, $250,000. 
Making a grand total of $6,740,000. 

Exclusive of these buildings a large number more will Ik; erected by dif- 
ferent States of the Union and foreign governments. These will be located 
at the north end of the lagoon. 

Other foreign features (exclusive of Venice and its gondolas) may be 
decided upon by the respective committees of gentlemen who went abroad 
for the purpose of securing the cooperation of foreign countries in the great 
Columbian Fair. 

The foreign participants in the Exposition, and the amounts they have 
appropriated for that purpose, are : 



210 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Argentine Republic $100,000 Trinidad $ 15,000 

Austria-Hungary 147,000 Victoria 

Belgium Guatemala 120,000 

Bolivia 150,000 Hayti 

Brazil 550,000 Hawaii 

China Honduras 20,000 

Chile 100,000 Italy (informal) 

Colombia 100,000 Italy Erythia 

Costa Rica 100,000 Japan 700,000 

Denmark .... Madagascar 

Danish West Indies 10,000 Mexico 750,000 

Ecuador 125,000 Netherlands (informal) 

Egypt (informal) Dutch Guiana 6,000 

France 400,000 Dutch West Indies 10,000 

Algeria .... Nicaragua 30,000 

French Guiana Orange Free State .... 

Germany 215,000 Paraguay .... 

Great Britain 125,000 Persia 

Barbadoes Peru 140,000 

British Columbia .... Russia .... 

British Guiana 20,000 Salvador 30,000 

British Honduras 7,000 Sac Domingo 

Cape Colony 25,000 Siam 

Ceylon 40,000 Spain 

India Cuba 25,000 

Jamaica 10,000 Porto Rico .... 

Mashonaland Transvaal 

Malta Turkey 

New South Wales .... Uruguay 

New Zealand 27,500 Venezuela 

Queensland .... Zanzibar 

Tasmania .... 

All the governments named above have accepted the invitation, those 
marked " informal " having declared an intention to assist exhibitors in an 
unofficial manner. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS. 

Woman's Building. — The first building completed was the Woman's 
Building. It is prominently situated in the northwestern part of the park, 
facing the lagoon, is 400 feet in width and 200 feet in depth, and has a stair- 
case and landing leading to a terrace six feet above the water. The style of 
architecture is Italian Renaissance, and the building is two stories in height. 
A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the rotunda (70 x 65 feet), which is surmounted 
by an ornamental skylight. Around the rotunda is a two-story open arcade. 
On the first floor is a model hospital, a model kindergarten, each 80 x 60 
feet, and the whole floor of the south pavilion has been set apart for the 
reform work and charity organizations. Each floor 80 x 200 feet. Opposite 
the main front entrance are the library, bureau of information, records, etc. 
In the second story are the ladies' dressing-rooms and parlors, and an assembly- 
room, with an elevated stage for speakers, and club-room. The south pavilion 
has been provided with model kitchen and refreshment-rooms. The building 
cost $120,000. 

Administrative Building. — This building is located at the west side of the 
great court and cost $450,000. It is 260 "feet square, and consists of four 
pavilions, 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square. It is 
crowned by a dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height. The ground 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 211 

floor contains in one pavilion the Fire and Police Departments, with cells for 
the detention of prisoners; in the second pavilion are the offices of the Ambu- 
lance service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign Departments and 
the Information Bureau ; in the third pavilion the Post-office and a Bank, and 
in the fourth the offices of Public Comfort and a Restaurant. Ample pro- 
vision has been made in the second, third and fourth stories for the Board- 
rooms, the Committee-rooms, the rooms of the Director-General, the Depart- 
ment of Publicity and Promotions, and for the United States Columbian 
Commission. 

Machinery Hall. — The building known as Machinery Hall is 800 x 500 feet 
in dimensions and presents a most imposing appearance. It is located at the 
extreme south end of the park and south of the Administrative Building. 
Its cost with Annex and Power House, $1,200,000. The building is spanned 
by three arched trusses, and its interior resembles railroad train houses. The 
Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the length of the 
Machinery building to about 1,400 feet. It is the second largest structure 
on the ground. 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Buildings. — The largest of all the build- 
ings for the Exposition is that constructed for Manufactures and the Liberal 
Arts. It is 1,687 feet long by 787 feet wide and covers an area of thirty and 
a half acres. It cost $1,500,000. The great central hall has a clear space of 
1,280 feet by 380 feet, and is surrounded by a nave and two galleries. The 
apex of the roof is 245^ feet, which is supported by twenty-two steel 
arches. The total length of the gallery is 3,504 feet. The east and west 
halls of the nave are 1,588 feet long, and total length of the nave, 4,119 feet. 
The building is three times as large as St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. The 
style of architecture of the building is Corinthian, and it has four great 
entrances, one in the centre of each facade. 

Transportation Building. — The Transportation Building, costing $280,000, 
lies between the Horticultural and Mines Buildings and faces eastward. It 
is of the Romanesque style of architecture and is surmounted by a cupola. 
The interior of the building has broad naves and aisles, and the roof is in 
three divisions. The cupola is reached by eight elevators. The main build- 
ing is 960 feet front by 250 feet deep. From this extends westward to Stony 
Island avenue, an Annex covering 9 acres. It is but one story in height. 
What is known as the Transportation Exhibit includes everything known in 
the way of transportations, such as baby-carriages, cars, engines, vessels, 
carrier pigeons, etc. 

Horticultural Building.— The. Horticultural Building cost $300,000. It 
is immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway 
Plaisance and faces east on the lagoon. The building is 1,000 feet long and 
250 feet in width. It has a central and two end pavilions, each connected 
with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, 
each 88 x 270 feet. The centre pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet 
in diameter and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited tall palms, bam 
boos, ferns, etc. There are galleries in each of the pavilions. Tin; galleries 
of the end pavilions are designed for cafes. The exhibit in Ibis Building 
consists of varieties of flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural imple- 
ments, etc. 

Agricultural Building. — The style of architecture of this beautiful build- 
ing is classic Renaissance. It is located near the shore of Lake Michigan and 
is surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the park from the lake. Its 
dimensions are 500 x 800 "feet, and cost, with annex, $ 1 ,000,000. The building 
covers an area of more than 9 acres and its annex 3.8 acres. It is a single- 
story building. On either side of the main entrance are Corinthian pillars 
50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The centre pavilion is 144 feet square. 
The entire building is overtopped by a glass dome 130 feet high, and the 



212 THE AVORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

rotunda is 100 feet in diameter. In the southern part of the building is a 
structure known as a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. The 
structure is conveniently near one of the stations of the elevated railway. 
On the first floor is a Bureau of Information, suitable committee rooms for 
Live Stock Associations, waiting rooms for ladies, lounging rooms for gentle- 
men and toilet accommodations. The Assembly room, upstairs, has a seating 
capacity of 1,500, and where lectures will be delivered upon every topic 
relative to agriculture, live stock, etc. Adjacent to the Agricultural Build- 
ing and its annex are buildings for the forestry and dairy exhibits, whose 
dimensions are 200 by 500 feet and 95 by 200 feet respectively. 

Dairy Building. — The Dairy Building is 95 x 200 feet, with an area of .5 
acres, and cost $30,000. In this building will be a school of contest both 
between herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle, with a 
view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk-giving and butter- 
producing. There will be all kinds of dairy utensils and appliances on 
exhibition. The " Dairy School " is the special feature of this building. 

Forestry Building. — This eligibly located building is 200x500 feet in 
dimensions and is of a rustic order of architecture. There is a veranda sup- 
porting the roof, the colonnade of which is composed of tree trunks each 25 
feet indength, all of them in their natural state. The roof is thatched witli 
tan bark and other barks. The various wood finishings of the interior are 
both unique and attractive. The tree trunks were contributed by different 
States and Territories and Foreign Countries, the name of each tree being 
known by a placard. The building has on exhibit forest products, logs and 
sections of trees, dressed lumber, such as flooring, casing, shingles, etc., dye 
woods and barks, lichens, wood pulp, rattan willow ware, woodenware and 
numerous other specimens. Several complete sawmills will be in operation. 
The sawmill plants occupy a building 125 x300 feet in size and costing about 
$35,000. The forestry building proper cost $100,000. 

Fisheries Building. — The location of the Fisheries Building is at a point 
northwest of the United States Government Building. Its proportions are 
1,100 feet in length by 200 feet in depth. It cost $200,000, inclusive of two 
smaller polygonal buildings. The aquaria, ten in number, are supplied with 
gold, tench and other fish~and have a capacity of from 7,000 to 27,000 gal- 
lons each. The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoir, is 
18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. The glass fronts of the aquaria are 
about 575 feet in length and have 3,000 square feet of surface. The supply 
of sea water was secured by evaporating the necessary quantities at the 
Woods Holl station of the "United States Fish Commission, to about one 
fifth of its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation 
aboul so per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper 
i density was supplied from Lake Michigan. 

I fall of Minis and Mining.— The Hall of Mines and Mining is of the 
Italian Renaissance order of architecture, and is located at the southern 
extremity of the western lagoon, just between the Electricity and Transpor- 
tation Structures. In dimensions i1 is 700 feet in length by 350 feet in width 
and it cost $260,000. On the ground floor are restaurants and toilet rooms. 
The galleries are 25 feet high and 60 feet wide. The covered promenades 
are each 25 feet in width by 230 feet in length. Between the main entrance 
and the pavilions are ornamental arcades tunning a loggia on the ground 
Moor and a recessed promenade on the gallery floor: a great portion of the 
roof is covered with glass. 

Electrical Building.— This building is opposite the Manufactures Build- 
ing, and on the west side faces the Mines Building. It cost $375,000. The 
exterior of the building is of the Corinthian order of architecture, and the 
general plan is that of a longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, 
crossed in the middle by a transept having a pitched roof with skylights, the 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 

rest of the building a fiat roof with skylights. The area of the galleries in 
the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres. The east and west 
central pavilions are composed of towers 168 feet high. From each upper 
pilaster is a pedestal bearing a lofty mast for the display of banners by day 
and electric lights by night. In the centre of the attic niche is a colossal 
statue of Franklin. 

Art Palace. — The Art Palace is oblong in shape, and is of the classic 
Grecian-Ionic style of architecture. In size it is 500 x 320 feet, and it is 125 
feet in height to the top of the dome. It is intersected on all sides by a nave 
and transept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, and the dome, 60 feet in diam- 
eter, is surmounted by a colossal statue of Winged Victory. Around the 
entire building are galleries 40 feet wide. The interior and exterior of the 
building are ornamented with wall paintings, sculptures and portraits in bas- 
relief of the masters of ancient art. The main building is entered by four 
large portals ornamented with sculptured designs. The wall paintings illus- 
trate the history and progress of the arts. The building is located in the 
northern portion of the park with the south front facing the lagoon. It cost 
between $500,000 and $600,000. 

Naval Exhibit.— The United States Naval Exhibit is an imitation battle- 
ship building erected on pilings on the lake front, in the northeast portion 
of Jackson Park. The structure is made to represent a battle-ship of the 
new navy for coast- line defense, designed by the Bureau of Construction 
and Repairs, the battle-ships now under construction to cost $1,000,000 each. 
The structure is surrounded by water and has all the guns, turrets, torpedo 
tubes, torpedo nets, booms, anchors, chain cables and all other fittings and 
appliances of a regular battle-ship. During the exhibition, the ship will be 
manned by the customary contingent of officers, sailors and marines, and all 
explanations in regard to the mode of life upon a man-of-war will be made, 
and the modus operandi of handling the vessel during an engagement. The 
dimensions of the structure are: length, 348 feet, width amidships, 69 feet 3 
inches, and from the water-line to the top of the main deck 12 feet, or the 
exact dimensions in detail of a battle-ship. The battery is mounted the same 
as on a regular ship.* 

* For most recent legislation, etc., on this subject, up to the moment of going to 
press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 



NATURALIZATION LAWS. 

Previous to an important Slate or National election it frequently occurs 
that many persons are naturalized and given thereby citizenship and the 
right of suffrage. This right is conferred by the Judges of Courts of States 
and Territories after having heard testimony as to the length of time the 
applicant for franchise has been in this country, his moral character, etc. 
If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Court to which the alien or for- 
eigner has applied, that he has resided continuously within the United States 
for at least five years and within the State or Territory where such Court is 
at the time held, one year at least; and that during that time "he has 
behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the 
Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and 
happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship after having sub- 
scribed to the following oath, administered by the Clerk of the Court: 
" That he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he 
absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to 
every foreign prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty, and particularly by 
name to the prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty of which he was before 
a citizen or subject." These proceedings are regularly entered upon the 
records of the Court. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or 
order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the 
time of his application. 

OTHER NATURALIZATION PROVISIONS. 

An alien of twenty-one years and upward, who has been in the armies of 
the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become 
a citizen upon his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, pro- 
vided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his 
application, and is of good moral character. 

An alien under twenty one who has resided in the United States three 
years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to 
reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen 
thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he 
has resided within the United States, including the three years of his 
minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and 
prove to the satisfaction of the Court that for two years next preceding it 
has been his bond fids intention to become a citizen. 

The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the 
age of sixteen years at the time of .the naturalization of their parents, shall if 
dwelling in the United States be considered as citizens thereof. The children 
of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, 
though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, consid- 
ered as citizens thereof. 

Section 2000 R. S. U. S. declares that all naturalized citizens of the 
United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive the 
same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born 
citizens. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization of an alien 
he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege 
upon him. In one State (Minnesota) he may vote four months after landing, 
if he has immediately declared his intention, under the United States law, to 
become a citizen. Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift of the 
entire Union, but the right to vote comes from the State and is a State gift. 

214 






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319 



REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. 

The registration of voters is required in the States of Alabama, California, 
Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Mississippi, Nevada, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 
Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. 

In Georgia registration is required in most counties by local law, and in 
South Dakota in a few counties. 

In Kansas registration is required in cities of the first and second class, in 
Nebraska in cities of and over 2,500 inhabitants, in North Dakota in cities of 
over 3,000 and in Ohio in cities of not less than 9,000 inhabitants. 

In Illinois registration is required for cities and general elections in the 

In Missouri it is required in cities of 100,000 inhabitants, in Wisconsin in 
cities having 3,000 inhabitants and over, and in Kentucky having 5,000 in- 
habitants and over. _ 

In New York it is required in all cities and in all mcorporated villages of 
over 7,000 inhabitants. 

In Rhode Island non-taxpayers are required to register yearly before De- 
cember 31. # 

The registration of voters is not required in the States ot Delaware, 
Indiana, Kentucky, Oregon and Tennessee. It is prohibited in Arkansas, 
Texas and West Virginia by Constitutional provision. 



220 



MAPS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, 



SHOWING 



COUNTY BOUNDARIES AND CONGRESSIONAL 
DISTRICTS UP TO DATE, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTORAL, POPULAR, 
AND COUNTY VOTE, 1872-1892. 



222 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



ALABAMA. 



£V 



V^LMJOERDALE lLIME • a) 



iCOLBERT 



< STONE j JT 




\ o l I < \ 



As redistricted February 13, 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 223 



ALABAMA. 



Electoral Fete.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 10; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 10; 1888, Cleve- 
land (D.), 10. There will be 11 votes in 1892. 
Total Slate Vote— 1872, 169,716; 1876, 170,232; 1880, 151,507; 1884, 153,- 

489; 1888, 174,100; 1890 (Gov.), 183,841. 
Pluralities— 1872, 10,828 (R.); 1876, 33,772 (D.); 1880, 34,509 (D.); 1884, 

33,829(1).); 1888, 61,123 (D.); 1890, 97,470 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 

is 14,125. 
New Counties. — Chilton, Cullman and Lamar Counties have been formed 

since 1872. 
Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: 
County 1884. 1888. 

Franklin 395 (D.) 52 (R.) 

Greene 679 (R.) 623 (D.) 

Hale 278 (R.) 1,436 (D.) 

Limestone 20 (R.) 306 (D.) 

Montgomery 2,623 (R.) 746 (D.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
with that for Governor in 1890 : 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Colbert 41 (R.) 300 (D.) 

Franklin 52 (R.) 486 (D.) 

Madison 459 (R.) 401 (D.) 

Talladega 196 (R.) 1,535 (I).) 

From the above it may be noted that five counties changed 
sides in 1888 and four in 1890 — Franklin County having change* 1 
twice. Choctaw has given a gradually increasing Democratic 
plurality since 1872, as follows: 506, 516, 530, 597, 760, 769. 
Although many counties have given Democratic pluralities 
without a break, no other county than the one mentioned lias a 
gradually ascending record since 1872. 
No. of Counties. — The total number of counties, 1890, is 66. 
Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 1,262,505; 1890, 1,513,- 
017. 

The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (88,501); 
Montgomery (56,172); Mobile (51,587); Dallas (49,350); and 
Madison (38,119). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



224 



STATES AND TERKITORIES. 



ARKANSAS. 




As redistricted by the legislature of 181)0-91. 



ARKANSAS. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 6 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 
6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 7; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 7. There will 
be 8 votes in 1892. 

Total State Vote.— 1872, 79,300; 1876, 96,740; 1880, 106,229; 1884, 125,580; 
1888, 155,941; 1890 (Gov.), 191,448. 

Pluralities.— 1872, 3,446 (R); 1876, 19,113 (D.); 1880, 18,828 (D.); 1884, 
22,032 (D.); 1888, 27,210 (D.); 1890, 21,086 (D.). 

Increase in the Popular rote.— The increase in the popular vote since 1872 
is 112,148. 

Nexo Counties.— Baxter, Clay, Cleburne, Cleveland, Dorsey, Faulkner, Gar- 
land, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Johnson, Lee, Logan, Lonoke, 
Miller, Poinsett, Scott, Stone and Yell Counties have been 
formed since 1872. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 225 

Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. . 1888. 

Ashley 100 (R.) 289 (D.) 

Conway 315 (R.) 80 (D.) 

Drew 47 (R.) 146 (D.) 

Ouachita 157 (R.) 138 (D.) 

Hempstead 22 (D. ) 155 (R.) 

Lee 494 (D.) 577 (R.) 

St. Francis 237 (D.) 85 (R.) 

Woodruff Tie vote 215 (D.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
that for Governor in 1890. 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Arkansas 40 (R.) 190 (D.) 

Lee 577 (R.) 1,153 (D.) 

Mississippi 74 (R.) 80 (D.) 

Pulaski 1,573 (R.) 2,228 (D.) 

Carroll 456 (D.) 21 (R.) 

Drew 146 (D. ) 13 (R.) 

Prairie 158 (D.) 59 (R.) 

White 1,398 (D. ) 71 (R. ) 

From the above it may be noted that, practically eight coun- 
ties changed sides in 1888, and eight in 1890. Drew and Lee 
Counties changed sides twice. 

Jefferson County has given a gradually increasing Republican 
plurality since 1872, as follows: 1,804, 2,300, 2,311, 2,431, 3,508, 
4,442, being the only county having that record. 

Columbia County has given a gradually increasing Demo- 
cratic plurality since 1872, as follows: 432, 550, 591, 709, 948, 
1,119. 

On the Democratic side, Washington and Franklin Counties 
came within 11 and 8, respectively, of a gradual increase since 
1872. 

The figures as under will show the counties next in order hav- 
ing a gradually increasing Democratic plurality at presidential 
elections * 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Benton 915 1,542 1,666 1,835 2,051 

Bradley 269 365 387 389 605 

Columbia 432 550 591 709 948 

Craighead 375 416 491 842 995 

Grant 263 289 373 414 550 

Sevier 157 385 450 605 789 

Washington 464 1,071 1,149 1,149 1,230 

Yell 478 662 813 1,192 

No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are seventy-five coun- 
ties in Arkansas. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 802,525; 1890, 1,128,179. 
The five most populous counties are Pulaski (47,329); Jeffer- 
son (40,881); Sebastian (33,200); Washington (32,024), and Ben- 
ton (27,716). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



226 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



CALIFORNIA. 



^^5lSMYOl) [MODOC j 



N 



6AN FRANCISCO 

4-5 

SAN ClARa 
SAN MATEO 




As redistricted March 11, 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 22' 



CALIFORNIA. 

Electoral Vole.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 6 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 6; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 5; and Garfield (R.), 1; 1884, Blaine (R.), 
8; 1888, Harrison (R.), 8. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 95,806; 1876, 155,738; 1880, 164,166; 1884, 193,738; 

1888, 251,339; 1890 (Gov. ), 252,386. 
P^/v^7/«s.-lS72, 13,302 (R); 1876, 2,805 (R.); 1880, 78 (D.); 1884, 13,128 

(R.); 1888, 7,087 (R.); 1890, 7,945 (R). . 

Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote is lob 580. 
New Counties.— Sun Benito and Ventura Counties have been formed since 

1872. . . 

Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted: <MO 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Butte 57 (R.) 24 (D.) 

Del Norte 16 (R.) 30 (D.) 

San Francisco. . . . 4,315 (R.) 2,991 (D.) 

Sonoma 100 (R.) 101 (D. 

Trinity 16 (R.) 1 (D.) 

Yuba. 222 (R) 40 (D. 

Plumas 157 (D.) 78 (R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888.— Variations as under are recorded 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
with that for Governor in 1890: 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Trinitv 1 (H.) "... .19 (R.) 

Yuba: 40 (D.) 26 (R.) 

It will be seen from the foregoing that seven counties changed 
sides in 1888, and two in 1890. Trinity and Yuba Counties 
changed sides twice. 

Alameda County save a gradually increasing Republican plu- 
rality from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 1,337, 1,601, 1,999, 2,739, 
3,147. 

Colusa County has given a gradually increasing Democratic 
plurality since 1872 up to date, the figures running thus: 9, 703, 
726, 774, 894, 985. . . 

No. of Counties.— According to latest reports there are fifty-three counties in 

California. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 864,694; 1890, 1,208,- 
130 

The five most populous counties are San Francisco (298,997); 
Los Angeles (101,454); Alameda (93,864); Santa Clara (48,00.)); 
Sacramento (40,339). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



228 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



COLORADO. 




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redistricted in 1891. 



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^feefom* Fofe-In ,1876 Hayes (R.) received 3 voles; 1880, Garfield (R ) 3- 
JSmSu»2 ( ' ^ L888) Harris0n fR >' 3 - There wi " b e 4 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 229 

Total State Vote. — The first vote for President was in 1880, when the total 
vote was recorded as 53,532; 1884, 66,492; 1888, 91,796; 1890 
(Gov.), 83,465. 
Pluralities.— 1880, 2,803 (R.); 1884, 8,563 (R.); 1888, 13,207 (R.); 1890, 

6,468 (R). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1880 is 

29.933. 
New Counties, 1880-1888. — Archuleta, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Garfield, Lo- 
gan, Mesa, Montrose, Pitkin, San Miguel and Washington 
Counties were formed between 1880 and 1888. 
Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are uoted: 
County. 1884. 1888. 

Bent 64 ( D. ) 264 (R. ) 

Elbert 63 (D.) 206 (R. ) 

Huerfano 207 (D.) 76 (R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, con- 
sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
that for Governor in 1890: 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Archuleta 50 (R.) 22 (D.) 

Delta 18 (R.) 57 (F. A.) 

Eagle 204 (R) 38 (D.) 

Lake 486 (R.) 1,666 (D.) 

Montrose 136 (R.) 32 (F. A.) 

Park 176 (R.) 35 (D.) 

Pitkin 308 (R. ) 142 (D. ) 

San Miguel 162 (R.) 14 (D.) 

Summit 144 (R.) 34 (D. ) 

13 counties (not included in the foregoing statement of new 
counties) have cast their first vote as such since 1888. The fol- 
lowing statement will show the political tendency of each : 

COUNTY. TOTAL VOTE. PLURALITY. PARTY. 

Baca 312 14 (R. ) 

Cheyenne 131 35 (R.) 

Kiowa 241 32 (R) 

Kit Carson 426 114 (R.) 

Lincoln 161 4 (R. ) 

Morgan 405 107 (F. A.) 

Phillips 469 13 (F. A.) 

Prowers 442 96 (R.) 

Sedgwick 257 79 (R.) 

Yuma 436 5 (R) 

Montezuma 441 35 (D.) 

Otero 811 21 ( D. ) 

Rio Blanco 341 4 (D.) 

The above shows the vote cast for Governor, 1890, in each of 
the counties given. 

From the statement above given of changes from 1 SS4 to 1 S90,it 
will be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 15 in 1890. 

Rio Grande County has given a gradually increasing Repub- 
lican plurality since 1880, as follows: 100, 187, 192, 293. 

Boulder County has recorded a gradually decreasing Repub- 
lican plurality since 1880, viz. : 576, 489, 462, 108. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in 

Colorado. 
Population,— The population of the State, 1880, was 194,327; 1890, 412,198. 
The five most populous counties are Arapahoe (132,135); 
Pueblo (31,491); El Paso (21,239); Las Animas (17,208), and 
Lake (14,663). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



230 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



CONNECTICUT. 







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No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AXD TERRITORIES. 231 



CONNECTICUT. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 6; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland 
(D.), 6. There will be G votes in 1892. 
Total Stats Vote.— 1872, 96,928; 1876, 122,156; 1880, 132,770; 1884, 137,233; 

1888, 153,978; 1890 (Gov.), 135,298. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 4,348 (R.); 1876, 2,900 (D.); 1880, 2,656 (R.); 1884, 1,284 

(D.); 1888, 336 (D.); 1890, 26 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing: 
1872 with 1888, was 57,050. . A comparison of 1872 with 1890 
gives an increase of 38,370. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Hartford. . .' 271 (D.) 565 (R.) 

Litchfield 470 (D.) 290 (R.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
with that for Governor in 1890: 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Hartford 565 (R.) 384 (D.) 

New London 144 (R.) 112 (D.) 

It will be seen from the above that Hartford County has 
changed sides twice since 1884. 

The only county showing anything like a gradual increase is 
New Haven, recording from 1876 pluralities as follows: 1,749 
(D.), 2,180 (D.), 3,016 (D.), 3,110 (D.), [3,482 (D.) for Gov- 
ernor.] 
No. of Counties. — There are eight counties in Connecticut. 
Podulation.— The population of the State, 1880, was 622,700; 1890, 746,258. 
The five most populous counties are : New Haven (209,058); 
Fairfield (150,081); Hartford (147,180); New London (76, 634) ; 
Litchfield (53,542). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



232 



STATES AND' TERRITORIES. 



DELAWARE. 




Delaware lias but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into 
Congressional districts, 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 233 



DELAWARE. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 3; 

1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 3; 1888, Cleveland 

(D. ), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— -1872, 21,808; 1876, 24,135; 1880, 29,333; 1884, 30,103; 

1888, 29,763; 1890 (Gov.), 35,197. 
Pluralities.— 1882, 422 (R.); 1876, 2,629 (D.); 1880, 1,033 (D.); 1884, 3,923 

(D.); 1888, 3,441 (D.); 1890, 543 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 

is 13,389. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Sussex County gave Cleveland a 

plurality of 1,428 in 1884, and Hancock a plurality of 63 in 

1888. 
Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — New Castle County gave Cleve- 
land a plurality of 2,332 in 1888, and Richardson (Republican 

nominee for Governor), 1890, a plurality of 323. 
■No. of Counties. — There are three counties in Delaware. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 146,608; 1890, 168,493. 
The counties in order of population are: New Castle (97,182); 

Sussex (38,647); Kent (32,664). 

For Congressional and city figures sec Appendix. 



18b 



334 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



FLORIDA. 










No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 235 



FLORIDA. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 4- 
1880, Hancock (D.), 4; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 4; 1888, Cleveland 
(D.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 33,190; 1876, 48,774; 1880, 51,618; 1884, 59,872; 
1888, 66,641. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will 
be elected in 1892. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 2,336 (R.); 1876 (disputed); 1880, 4,310 (D.); 1884, 3,738 

(D.); 1888, 12,904 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 

is 33,451. 
New Counties. — Brevard, Citrus, De Soto, Lake, Lee, Osceola and Pasco 

counties have been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Alachua 354 (R.) 616 (D.) 

Jefferson 781 (R. ) '. . . . 11 (D. ) 

Leon 1,364 (R.) 1,126 (D.) 

Madison 32 (R.) 544 (D.) 

Manatee 454 (R.) 250 (D.) 

Marion 513 (R.) 70 (D.) 

Nassau 141 (R.) 47 (D.) 

Volusia 65 (D.) 145 (R.) 

From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides 
in 1888. 

The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections: 
County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Baker 53 95. .. .109. .. 161 ... 220 

Bradford 249. . .501. ...620. . .634. . .640 

Brevard 53. . . . 145. . .196. . .210 

Hillsborough 41. . .604. ...717. . .905.. 1,013 

Lafayette 101. . .247... .277. . .335. . .537 

Polk 362 ... 450. ... 499 ... 692 ... 958 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 45 counties in 

Florida. 
Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 269,493; 1890, 391,422. 
The five most populous counties are: Duval (26,800); Alachua 
(22,934); Marion (20,796); Escambia (20,188); Monroe (18,786). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



236 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



GEORGIA. 







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10 



As redistricted in 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 237 



GEORGIA. 



Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican 
candidate for President, having died before the electoral vote 
was cast, the electors voted, as shown on page 42 (in the foot- 
note). In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 11 votes; 1880, Hancock 
(D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (!>.), 12; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 12. 
There will be 13 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 138,906; 1876, 180,534; 1880, 155,651; 1884,143,- 

543; 1888, 142,939; 1890 (Gov.), 105,365 [no opposition]. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 9,806 (D.); 1876, 79,642 (D.); 1880, 49,S74 (D.); 1884, 

46,961 (D.); 1888, 60,003(1).). 
Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The increase m % the popular vote 
of 1876 over that of 1872 was 41,628. Since that time there has 
been a decrease in round numbers as follows; 1SS0, 25,000; 
1884, 12,000; 1888, 1,000; 1890 (Gov.) 37,000. The total de- 
crease since 1876 is therefore, in round numbers, 75,000. 
New Counties. — Oconee has been formed since 1872. 

Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Variations as under are recorded: 
County. 1884. 1888. 

Decatur 76 (R.) 805 (D.) 

Glynn 222 (R.) 19 (D.) 

Greene 77 (R.) 89 (D.) 

Jasper 8 (R.) 411 (D.) 

Talbot 424 (R.) 186 (D.) 

Towns 18 (D.) 2 (R. ) 

Variations in County Vote. —Although there is an unusually large number of 
counties in Georgia, there are none having a gradually increas- 
ing or decreasing Democratic or Republican plurality since 1872. 
There are slight or considerable variations in every instance. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 137 counties in 

Georgia. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,180; 1890, 1,837,- 
353. 

The five most populous counties are: Fulton (84,655); Chat- 
ham (57,740); Richmond (45,194); Bibb (42,370); Burke (28,- 
501). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



238 



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STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
IDAHO. 



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Idaho has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided 
gressional districts. 



'jBEAR I 
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into Con- 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 239 



IDAHO. 



Electoral Vote. — Idaho was admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. There will 

be three votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote. — As a basis for comparison it may be stated that the total 
vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional 
nominees, 1888, was 16,013. In 1890 the total vote for Gov- 
ernor was 18,210. 
Pluralities— 1888 (Congress), 1,747 (R.); 1890 (Governor), 2,314 (R.) 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures the in- 
crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1890, was 
2,197. 
New Counties. — Latah County voted for the first time, according to the 
records, in 1888, and Elmore and Logan counties for the first 
time in 1890. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1886-1890. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1886 (cong.) 1888 (cong.) 1890 (gov.) 

Ada 168 (D.), 347 (R.), 51 (R.) 

Bear Lake 20 (R.) 450 (D.) 117 (R.) 

Boise 48 (R.) 107 (R.) 17 (D.) 

Idaho 129 (D.) 110 (D.) 28 (R.) 

Kootenai 125 (D.) 9 (D.) 167 (R.) 

Nez Perces. . .304 (D.) 276 (I. R.). . . .43 (R.) 

Owyhee 2(D.) 130 (R.) 112 (R.) 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 18 counties in 

Idaho. 
Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 32,610; 1890, 84,385. 

The five most populous counties are: Bingham (13,575); 
Latah (9,173); Ada (8,368); Oneida (6,819), and Bear Luke 
(6,057). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



240 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



ILLINOIS. 



CHICAGO 

1-2-3-4 

'.COOK GO. 

1-2-3-4 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
Two Representatives will be elected al large to the Fifty-third Congress. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 241 



ILLINOIS. 



Electoral Vote— -In 1872 Grant (R.) received 21 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 21; 
1880, Garheld (R.), 21; 1884, Blaine (R.), 22; 1888, Harrison 
(R.), 22. There will be 24 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 429,940; 1876, 554,066; 1880, 622,312; 1884, 672,- 
849; 1888, 747,781. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next 
will be elected in 1892. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 53,948 (R.); 1876, 19,631 (R.); 1880, 40,716 (R.); 1884, 

24,827 (R.); 1888, 22,195 (R.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 

317,740. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Coles 41 (D.) 138 (R.) 

Lawrence 57 (D.) 26 (R.) 

Madison 252 (D.) 310 (R.) 

McDononoh 1 (D.) 51 (R.) 

Stephenson 198 (D.) 55 (R.) 

Jackson 202 (R.) 65 (D.) 

Marshall 28 (R.) 84 (D.) 

Perry 2 (R.) 15 (D.) 

From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides 
in 1888. 

The figures as under will show the counties having a grad- 
ually increasing or decreasing Republican or Democratic plu- 
rality since 1872: 

gradual increase (r.). 
County 1872. 1876. 1880. 1884. 1888. 

Edwards 460. . ..504. . .602. . ..608. . ..653 

Williamson 18 28. . . .28. . . .272. . . .327 

gradual decrease (r.). 

County 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Champaign 1,827.. 1,427.. 1,248.. .1052.. 1,001 

Jo Daviess 750 ... 631 ... 631 ... 288 8 

Piatt 510. . .491. . .337. . .259. . .235 

Whitesides 1,926.. 1,720.. 1,703.. 1,460.. 1,390 

No of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 102 counties in 

Illinois. 
Population.— 'The population of the State, 1880, was 3,077,871; in 1890, 
3,826,351. 

The five most populous counties are: Cook (1,191,922); La 
Salle (80,798); Peoria (70,378); St. Clair (66,571), and Kane (65,- 
061). 



For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



$42 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



INDIANA. 



A 



Y 

LA PORTE JOSEPH 

\ 



•y 



EL'KHART 



LA GRANGt'sTEUBEN 




As redistricted in 1891 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 243 



INDIANA. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 15 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 15; 1888, Harri- 
son (R.), 15. There will be 15 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 351,196; 1876, 431,070; 1880, 470,678; 1884, 494,- 
793; 1888, 536,901. The total vote cast for Secretary of State, 
1890, was 477,643. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 21,098 (R.); 1876, 5,505 (D.); 1880, 6,636 (R.); 1884,6,512 

(D.); 1888, 2,348 (R.); 1890 (Sec. of State), 19,579. 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 185,705. 
New Counties. — Hancock County has been formed since 1872. 
Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Boone 199 (D.) 117 (R.) 

Carroll 122 (D.) 48 (R.) 

Clinton 243 (D.) 241 (R) 

Daviess 202 (D) 3 (R.) 

Fountain 205 (D.) 83 (R.) 

Huntington 19 (D.) 78 (R) 

Orange 23 (D.) 125 (R.) 

Pike 56 (D.) 99 (R.) 

Ripley 122 (D.) 24 (R.) 

Spencer 122 (D.) 48 (R.) 

Vanderburg 63 (D.) 137 (R.) 

Marion 226 (R.) 379 (D.) 

Switzerland 10 (R.) 77 (D.) 

Variations in tlie County Vote since 1888. — The vote for Secretary of State 
does not show, strictly speaking, the party tendency; but as the 
vote was heavy, and apparently created more than usual inter- 
est, the variations may be of service. They are as follows: 
County. 1888 (Pres.) 1890 (S. S.) 

Boone 117 (R.) 106 (D.) 

Carroll 48 (R. ) .' . . 110 (D. ) 

Fountain 83 (R.) 139 (D.) 

Huntington 78 (R.) 265 (D.) 

Jay 70 (R.) 181 (D) 

Monroe 239 (R.) . . , 18 (D.) 

Montgomery 248 (R.) 220 (D.) 

Noble 47 (R.) 187 (D.) 

Spencer 48 (R.) 401 (D.) 

Vanderburg 138 (R.) 865 (D.) 

Vermillion 292 (R.) 2 (D.) 

Vigo 171 (R.) 592(D) 

An analysis of the variations as stated above shows that 13 
counties changed sides in 1888 and 12 in 1890. Boone, Carroll, 
Fountain, Huntington, Spencer and Vanderburg counties 
changed twice. 

The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections 
since 1872: 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Adams 531. . . .1,165. ...1,212. ...1,502. ...1,659 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 92 counties in 

Indiana. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1, 978,301; 1890,2,192,457. 
The five most populous counties are: Marion (141,156), Allen 
(66,689); Vanderburgh (59,809); Vigo (50*195; St. Joseph 
(42,457). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



244 



STATES AXD TERRITORIEf 

IOWA. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 245 



IOWA. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (E.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 
1880, Garfield, (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison 
(R.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 204,983; 1876, 292,463; 1880, 322,706; 1884, 375,969; 
1888, 404,130; 1889 (Gov.), 360,631; 1890 (Gov.), 390,305; 1891 
(Gov.), 420,152. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 58,149 (R.); 1876, 50,191 (R); 1880, 78, 059 (R); 1884, 
19,773 (R.); 1888, 31,711 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 6,523 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 
3,366 (R.); 1891 (Gov.), 8,216 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 199,157. 
Var iations in the County Tote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: 
County. 1884. 1888. 

Appanoose 68 (D.) 266 (R.) 

Keokuk 219 (D.) 55 (R.) 

Marion 237 (D.) 52 (R.) 

Monroe 32 (D.) 209 (R.) 

Warren 348 (D.) 766 (R.) 

Wayne 9 (D.) 211 (R.) 

Bremer 206 (R.) 115 (D.) 

Shelby 61 (R.) 48 (D.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Variations as under are recorded, con- 
sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with 
that for Governor in 1891 : 

County. 1888. 1891. 

Benton 122 (R.) 561 (D.) 

Cedar 3 (R.) 175 (D.) 

Fayette 599 (R.) 214 (D.) 

Grundy 240 (R.) 107 (D.) 

Harrison 134 (R.) 382 (D.) 

Ida 182 (R.) 126 (D.) 

Jones 241 (R.) 104 (D.) 

Keokuk 55 (R.) 270 (D.) 

Linn 874 (R) 567 (D.) 

Lyou 276 (R.) 240 (D.) 

Marion 52 (R.) 366 (D.) 

Montgomery 1,032 (R.) 750 (D.) 

Tama 11 (R.) 307 (D.) 

Wapello 181 (R.) 387 (D.) 

Webster 544 (R.) 269 (D.) 

Winneshiek 516 (R.) 90 (D.) 

Woodbury 581 (R.) 1,453 (D.) 

Bremer 115 (D.) 693 (R.) 

Iowa 314 (D.) 699 (R.) 

Palo Alto 10 (D.) 209 (R.) 

Analysis of the above variations shows that 8 counties changed 
sides in 1888 and 20 in 1891. 

Keokuk and Marion counties changed twice (noting only the 
elections of 1888 and 1891). 

The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: 
County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Emmett 140. . . . 210. . . .252 . . . .285. . . .367 

Humboldt 288 340 419 . . . .484 596 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 99 counties in Iowa. 

Population.— The population of theState,1880,was 1,624,615; 1890, 1,911,896. 

The five most populous counties are: Polk (65,410); Wood 

bury (55,632); Dubuque (48,848); Pottawattamie, (47,430); Linn, 

(45,303). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 



246 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



KANSAS. 




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No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
One Representative will be elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



247 



KANSAS. 



Electoral Vote.— hi 1872 Grant (K.) received 5 votes; 1876, Haves (R), 5; 

1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 9; 1888, Harrison (R.), 

9. There will be 10 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.—lS12, 100,614; 1876, 124,110; 1880, 201,019; 1884, 265,- 

843; 1888, 330,217; 1890 (Gov.), 294,588. 
Pluralities.— 4872, 33,482 (R.); 1876, 32,511 (R.); 1880, 61,731 (R.); 1884, 

64,274 (R,); 1888, 79,190 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 8,053 (R.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 229,603. 
New Counties. — The following counties have been formed since 1872: 



Barbour, 
Chautauqua, 
Chevenne, 
Clark, 
Comanche, 
Decatur, 
Edwards, 
Elk, 
Finney, 
Ford, 
Garfield, 
Variations in the County 



Gove, 
Graham, 
Grant, 
Gray, 
Greely, 
Hamilton, 
Harper, 
Haskell, 
Hodgeman, 
Kearney, 
Kingman, 
Vote, 1884-1888. 



Kiowa, 


Scott, 


Lane, 


Seward, 


Logan, 


Sheridan, 


Meade, 


Sherman, 


Morton, 


Stafford, 


Ness, 


Stanton, 


Pratt, 


Stevens, 


Pawnee, 


Thomas, 


Rooks, 


Trego, 


Rawlings, 


Wichita. 


Rush, 




— Leavenworth 


County f 



Blaine (R.) 108 plurality in 1884, and Cleveland (D.), 244 plural- 
ity in 1888. 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
with that for Governor in 1890: 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Barton 125 (R.) 76 (F. A.) 

Ellsworth 328 (R.) 4 (D.) 

Ford 252 (R.) 64 (D.) 

Sedgwick 2,046 (R.) 2,188 (D.) 

Wyandotte 1,276 (R.) 905 (D.) 

The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- 
ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: 
County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Bourbon 626. . 1,149. . 1,159. . 1,303.-1,738 

Decatur . . . . . . . .144. . . .255. . . .493 

Harvey 376. . . .655. . . .969. . . .971. . 1,090 

Horlgeman . . . . . . . .124. . . .138. . . .343 

Osborne 385. . . .473. . . .857. . . .969. . . .994 

Republic 980. . . .982. . 1,214. . 1,377. . 1,390 

Rice 160. . . .481. . . .610. . . .705. . . .917 

Rooks — 67. . . .467. . . .600. . . .700 

Sedgwick 508 799 934 997. . 2,046 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 106 counties in 

Kansas. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 996,096; 1890, 1,427,- 
096. 

The five most populous counties are: Wyandotte (54,407); 
Shawnee (49,172); Sedgwick (43,626); Leavenworth, (38,485); 
and Cowley (34,478). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



248 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



KENTUCKY. 






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As redistricted in 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 249 



KENTUCKY. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
12; 1880, Hancock (D.), 12; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, 
Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 4872, 191,135; 1876, 259,608; 1880, 264,304; 1884, 275,915; 

1888, 344,781; 1891 (Gov.), 289,176. 
Pluralities.— mi, 8,855 (D.); 1876, 59,772 (D.); 1880, 43,449 (D.); 1884, 

34,839 (D.); 1888, 28,666 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 28,081 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 153,646. 
New Counties. — Carlisle, Knott and Leslie counties have been formed since 

1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Adair 70 (D.) 155 (R.) 

Bourbon 8 (D.) 62 (R.) 

Casey 6 (D.) 79 (R.) 

Edmondson 88 (D.) 2 (R.) 

Grayson 146 (D.) 52 (R.) 

Lawrence 188 (D.) 62 (R.) 

Martin 223 (D.) 307 (R.) 

Muhlenburg 287 (D.) 49 (R.) 

Ohio ■ 174 (D.) 34 (R.) 

Perry 234 (D.) 403 (R.) 

Pike 69 (D.) 17 (R.) 

Russell 58 (D.) 107 (R.) 

Trigg 416 (D.) 50 (R.) 

Washington 11 (D.) 37 (R.) 

Campbell 206 (R.) 19 (D.) 

Fayette 407 (R.) 134 (D.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Variations as under are recorded, 
considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared 
with that for Governor in 1891: 

County. 1888. 1891. 

Bourbon 62 (R.) 3 (D.) 

Grayson 52 (R.) 120 (D.) 

Ohio 34 (R.) 107 (D.) 

Pike 17 (R.) 108 (D.) 

Trig- 50 (R.) 202 (D.) 

Washington 37 (R.) 169 (D.) 

Campbell 19 (D.) 57 (R.) 

Fayette 134 (D.) 138 (R.) 

From the above statements it may be seen that 16 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 8 counties in 1891. 

Bourbon, Grayson, Ohio, Pike, Trigg, Washington, Camp- 
bell and Fayette counties changed sides twice. 
No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 159 counties in 

Kentucky. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,648,690; 1890, 1,858,- 
635. 

The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (188,598); 
Kenton (54,161); Campbell (44,208); Fayette (35,698); and 
Christian (34,118). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
19b 



250 



STATES ANT) TERRITORIES. 



LOUISIANA. 




I— • —i — - ■■■ m m ,m JL * -^ 






No change iu Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 251 



LOUISIANA. 



Electoral Vote. — For particulars concerning the electoral vote for 1872, see 

foot-note on page 42. In 1876 Hayes (R.) received 8 votes; 1880, 

Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.). 8; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 

8 votes. There will be 8 votes in 1892. 

Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 128,692; 1876, 145,643; 1880, 97,901; 1884, 109,234; 

1888, 115,894; 1891 (Gov.), 174,890. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 14,634 (R.); 1876, 4,627 (R.); 1880, 27,316 (D.); 1884, 16,- 

199 (D.); 1888, 54,548 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 32,531 (D.). 
Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing 1872 with 1888, there 
was a decrease of 12,948 in the popular vote; comparing L872 
with 1891, an increase of 46,198 is noted. 
New Parishes.— -Terre Bonne, Acadia, Carroll (West), Jefferson (R. B.). Jef- 
ferson (L. B.), Lincoln, St. James and St. Tammany Parishes 
have been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the Parish Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

Parish. 1884. 1888. 

Ascension 1,213 (R.) 1,075 (D.) 

Assumption 658 (R.) 1,194 (D.) 

Avoyelles 73 (R.) 900 (D.) 

Carroll (E.) 1,027 (R.) 1,622 (D.) 

Concordia 1,384 (R.) 2,011 (D.) 

Iberville 1,931 (R.) 955 (D.) 

Madison 470 (R.) 2,357 (D.) 

Point Coupee 230 (R.) 87 (D.) 

St. Bernard 102 (R.) 211 (D.) 

St. Martin's 452 (R.) 1,005 (D.) 

St. Mary's 2,066 (R.) 336 (D.) 

Terre Bonne 629 (R.) 410 (D.) 

Variations in the Parish Vote since 1888.— It would hardly be fair to make 
any comparison to include the last vote for Governor, owing to 
the somewhat peculiar and extraordinary features of the con- 
test, there being no less than five candidates for the office. Ac 
cording to amended returns, Foster received 79,270 votes; Me 
Enery, 46,739; Leonard, 29,014; Breaux, 11,308; and Tannehill, 
8,559. 

Tangipahoa parish has the record of a gradually increasing 
Democratic plurality from 1S72 to 1888, the figures being as 
follows: 164, 290, 375, 416, 511. 
JVo. of Parishes. — There are 59 parishes in Louisiana. 

Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 939,946; 1890, 1,118,- 
587. 

The five most populous parishes are: Orleans (242,039); St. 
Landry (40,250); Caddo (31,555); Rapides (27,642); and East 
Baton Rouge (25,922). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



252 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MAINE. 



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No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 253 



MAINE. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 7; 

1880, Garfield (R.), 7; 1884, Blaine (R.), 6; 1888, Harrison (R.), 

6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 90,509; 1876, 116,786; 1880, 143,853; 1884, 129,509; 

1888, 128,250; 1890 (Gov.), 113,824. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 32,335 (R.); 1876, 15,814 (R.); 1880, 8,868 (R.); 1884, 

20,060 (R.); 1888, 23,253 (R.j; 1890 (Gov.), 18,883 (R.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 37,741. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Although 5 counties gave a de- 
creased Republican plurality in 1888, none of the counties 

changed sides. 
Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Waldo County gave Harrison 

(R.) a plurality of 619 in 1888, and Thompson (D.) a plurality 

of 15 in 1890. 
No. of Counties.— There are 16 counties in Maine. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 648,936; 1890, 661,086. 
The five most populous counties are Cumberland (90,949); 

Penobscot (72,865); York (62,829); Kennebec (57,012); and 

Aroostook (49,589). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



254 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
MARYLAND. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TEKRITOEIES. 255 



MARYLAND. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleve- 
land (D.), 8. There will be 8 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 134,466; 1876, 163,804; 1880, 173,039; 1884, 186,- 

019; 1888, 210,921; 1891 (Gov.), 192,047. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 908 (D.); 1876, 19,756 (D.); 1880, 15,191 (D.); 1884, 11,- 

118 (D.); 1888, 6,182 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 30,151. 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 76,455. 
JYew Counties. — Garrett County has been formed since 1872. 
Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Anne Arundel 239 (D.) 13 (R.) 

Talbot 7(D.) 162 (R.) 

Caroline 34 (D.) 79 (R.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- 
idential election are as under: 

County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 

Anne Arundel 13 (R.) 991 (D.) 

Calvert 230 (R.) 148 (D.) 

Caroline 70 (R.) 352 (D.) 

Charles 1 (R) 379 (D.) 

Dorchester 488 (R.) 378 (D.) 

Frederick 437 (R.) 350 (D.) 

Somerset 447 (R.) 220 (D.) 

St. Mary's 221 (R.) 308 (D.) 

Talbot 162 (R.) 356 (D.) 

Washington 394 (R.) 204 (D.) 

From the above statements it may be seen that 3 counties 
changed sides in 1888 and 10 in 1891. 

Anne Arundel, Caroline and Talbot Counties have changed 
sides twice. 

Garrett County has given a gradually increasing Republican 
plurality since 1876 at presidential elections, as follows: 17, 86, 
197, 294. 
No. of Counties. — There are 24 counties in Maryland. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 934,943; 1890, 1,042,- 
390. 

The five most populous counties are: Baltimore [including 
Baltimore city] (507,348); Frederick (49,512); Allegany (41,571); 
Washington (39,782), and Anne Arundel (34,094). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



256 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 




As n districted in 1800. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 257 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 13 votes; 1876, Hayes (R), 13; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 13; 1884, Blaine (R), 14; 1888, Harrison 
(R), 14. There will be 15 votes in 1892. 

Total State Tote.— 1872, 192,732; 1876, 259,703; 1880, 282,512; 1884, 303,383; 
1888, 344,508; 1889 (Gov.), 263,111; 1890 (Gov.), 285,526; 1891 
(Gov.), 321,673. 

Pluralities.— 1872, 74,212 (R); 1876, 40,423 (R); 1880, 53.215 (R); 1884, 
24,372 (R); 1888, 32,037 (R); 1889 (Gov.), 28,069 (R); 1890 
(Gov.), 9,053 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 6,467 (D.). 

Increase intlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 
and 1888 was 151,716. 

Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — None of the counties changed 
sides in 1888, but Bristol County gave a decreased Republican 
plurality. "Worcester County has a similar record. Suffolk 
County recorded a decreased Democratic plurality of nearly 
4,000. 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are 
noted, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as com- 
pared with that for Governor in 1891 : 

County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 

Berkshire 753 (R.) 436 (D.) 

Hampden 3,196 (R.) 1,189 (D.) 

Norfolk 2,041 (R.) 228 (D.) 

No. of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Massachusetts. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,783,085; 1890, 2,238,- 
943. 

The five most populous counties are: Suffolk (484,780); Mid- 
dlesex (431,167); Essex (299,995); Worcester (280,787), and Bris- 
tol (186,465). 



For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



258 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
MICHIGAN. 



ISLE ROYAL 




As redistrtcted iu 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 259 

MICHIGAN. 

Electoral Vote—In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison 
(R.), IB. There will be 14 votes in 1892. 
Total Slate Vote.— -1872, 220,942; 1876, 316,689; 1880, 352,441; 1884, 401,- 

186; 1888, 476,273; 1890 (Gov.), 397,779. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 55,968 (R.); 1876, 15,542 (R.); 1880, 53,890 (R); 1884, 

3,308 (R.); 1888, 22,911 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 11,520 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote from 1872 

to 1888 was 254,371. 
New Counties. — Alger, Arenac, Baraga, Crawford, Gladwin, Gogebec, Iron, 
Keweenaw, Luce, Montmorency, Oscoda, Ogemaw, Otsego 
and Roscommon Counties have been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 
County. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. 

Arenac 284 (D.) 96 (R.) Shiawassee ..436 (D.) 820 (R.) 

Barry 238 (D.). . . .536 (R.) St. Clair. . . .651 (D.) 133 (R.) 

Berrien 13 (D.). . . .439 (R.) Baraga 89 (R.) 17 (D.) 

Clinton 438 (D.) 245 (R.) Crawford 81 (R.) 43 (D.) 

Gratiot 60 (D.). . . .813 (R.) Iosco 152 (R.) 134 (D.) 

Ionia 262 (D,). . . .657 (R.) Oakland . . . .544 (R.) 21 (D.) 

Jackson .... 648 (D.). . . .476 (R.) Oscoda 112 (R.) 22 (D.) 

Kent 632 (D.). . . .947 (R.) Prcsque Isle. 169 (R.) 76 (D.) 

Newaygo ... .80 (D.). . . 516 (R.) Wayne . . . 3,615 (R). . . . 4,660 (D.) 

Roscommon. . .8 (D.) 2 (R.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888 — The variations since the last pres- 
idential election are as under: 
County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Arenac 96 (R.) 139 (D.) Oceana 300 (R.) 236 (D.) 

Berrien 439 (R.). . . .277 (D.) Ogemaw 41 (R.) 5 (D.) 

Clinton 245 (R.) 200 (D.) Ontonagon. .234 (R.) 225 (D.) 

Delta 255 (R.). . . .280 (D.) Osceola 792 (R.) 38 (D.) 

Genesee. . . 1,500 (R.). . . .147 (D.) Ottawa . . . 1,111 (R.) 144 (D.) 

Ionia 657 (R.) 25 (D.) Roscommon. . .2 (R.) 97 (D.) 

Iron 78 (R.) 46 (D.) Schoolcraft . . .1 (R.) 137 (D.) 

Jackson 476 (R.). . . .770 (D.) Shiawassee. .820 (R.) 77 (D.) 

Kent 947 (R.) . .2,059 (D.) St. Clair. . . .133 (R.) 904 (D.) 

Lewanee 804 (R.). . . .290 (D.) Iosco 134 (D.) 2 (R.) 

Mason 124 (R.) 81 (D.) Montmorency .2 (D.) 32 (R.) 

Muskegon. 1,007 (R). . . .291 (D.) Oscoda 22 (D.) 75 (R.) 

From the above statements it will be seen that 19 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 24 in 1890. 

Arenac, Berrien, Clinton, Ionia, Iosco, Jackson, Kent, Os- 
coda, Roscommon, Shiawassee and St. Clair have changed 
sides twice. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 84 counties in 

Michigan. 
Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,636,937; 1890, 2,093,- 
889. 

The five most populous counties are: "Wayne (257,114); Kent 
(109,922); Saginaw (82,273); Bay (56,412), and St. Clair 
(52,105). 

For Congressional and city figures see Ajfyendix. 



260 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MINNESOTA. 



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As redistricted in 1891. 



STATES AND TEKRITORIES. 2G1 



MINNESOTA. 

Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 7; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
7. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1873, 89,540; 1876, 124,294; 1880, 150,771; 1884, 190,017; 

1888, 263,285; 1890 (Gov.), 240,893. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 20,694 (R.); 1876, 21,780 (R.); 1880. 40,588 (R.); 1884, 

41,620 (R.); 1888, 38,106 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 2,267 (R.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 173,766. 
New Counties. — Beltrami, Cook, Hubbard, Isanti, Itasca, Kittson, Lake, Le 
Sueur, Lyon, Murray, Marshall, Nobles, Norman, Pipestone, 
Sibley, Traverse and Wadena Counties have been formed since 
1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Cook 38 (R.) 5 (D.) 

Ramsey 1,203 (R.) 932 (D.) 

Hubbard 26 (R.) 12 (D.) 

Var'ialio/is in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- 
idential election are as uuder: 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Hennepin 6,170 (R.) 3,038 (D.) 

Houston 248 (R.) 71 (D.) 

Jackson 542 (R.) 91 (F. A.) 

Le Sueur 194 (R.) 654 (D.) 

Lincoln 304 (R.) 431 (F. A.) 

Olmsted 338 (R.) 86 (D.) 

Polk 1,385 (R.) 3,430 (F. A.) 

Swift 356 (R.) 313 (F. A.) 

Traverse 92 (R.) 291 (F. A.) 

Waseca 328 (R) 114 (D.) 

Benton 235 (D.) 166 (D.) 

Cook 5(D.) 29 (R.) 

Hubbard 12 (D.) 117 (F. A.) 

Itasca 47 (D.) 107 (R.) 

From the above statements it will be seen that 3 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 14 in 1890. 
Cook and Hubbard Counties changed twice. 
No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 80 counties in 

Minnesota. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 780,773; 1890, 1,301,- 
826. 

The five most populous counties are: Hennepin (185,294); 
Ramsey (139,796); St. Louis (44,862); Stearns (34,844), and 
Otter Tail (34,232). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



262 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MISSISSIPPI. 



I ' , - W ^P. v * } 




{MARION iPtRRY i uj , 

6 jjjU 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 263 



MISSISSIPPI. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D), 8; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 
(D.), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— •1872, 129,463; 1876, 164,778; 1880, 117,078; 1884, 120,- 

019; 1888, 115,807; 1889 (Gov.), 84,929 (no opposition). 
Pluralities.— -1872, 34,887 (R.); 1876, 59,568 (D.); 1880, 40,896 (D.); 1884, 

33,001 (D.); 1888, 55,375 (D.). 
Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 13,656. 
New Counties. — Quitman, Sumner, Tate, Webster and Sharkey Counties have 

been formed since 1872. 
Variations in ths County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Attala 53 (R.) 997 (D.) 

Grenada 117 (R.) 455 (D.) 

Panola 849 (R.) 529 (D.) 

Washington 874 (R.) 528 (D.) 

Quitman 3 (D.) 62 (R.) 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 75 counties in 

Mississippi. 
Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,597; 1890, 1,289,- 
600. 

The five most populous counties are: Washington (40,414); 
Hinds (39,279); Yazoo (36,394); Warren (33,164), and Holmes 
(30,970). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



264 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MISSOURI. 



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No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
One member-at-large will be elected. 



I 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 265 



MISSOURI. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
15; 1880, Hancock (D.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 16; 1888, 
Cleveland (D.), 16. There will be 17 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 273,050; 1876,351,604; 1880,397,221; 1884,441,074; 
1888, 511,402. An election for Judge of the Supreme Court 
was held in 1890, but has no political significance for purposes 
of comparison with Presidential votes, although a heavy vote 
(464,336) is recorded. 
Pluralities,— 1872, 29,809 (D.); 1876, 54,389 (D.); 1880, 55,042 (D.); 1884, 
33,059 (D.); 1888, 25,717 (D.). The plurality in 1890, at the 
election of judge of the Supreme Court was 61,788 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 250,148. 
New Counties.— Douglas, Putnam, St. Louis City and St. Louis County have 

been formed as counties since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Barry 76 (R.) 59 (D.) 

Livingston 197 (R.) 51 (D.) 

Linn 111(R.) 88 (D.) 

Daviess 33 (R.). 271 (D.) 

Worth 128 (R.) 18 (D. ) 

Cape Girardeau 6 (D.) 304 (R.) 

Crawford 53 (D.) 83 (R.) 

Carroll 119 (D.) 24 (R.) 

Pettis 410 (D.) 27 (R.) 

St. Louis City 577 (D.) 6,255 (R.) 

Counties as under have recorded a gradually increasing Re- 
publican plurality since 1872: 
County. 1872 

Grundy 649.. 

Stone 226. 

Warren 440., 

Wright 69., 

Putnam . . 

No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 115 counties in 

Missouri. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 2,168,380; 1890, 2,679,- 
184. 

The five most populous counties are: St. Louis City (451,770); 
Jackson (160,510); Buchanan (70,100); Jasper (50,500), and 
- Greene (48,616). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



20B 



1876 


1880 


1884 


1888 


.697. . 


. .815. . 


923 


..981 


.273. . 


. .295. . 


. .439, . 


. .551 


.450. . 


..681.. 


..753.. 


..800 


.107.. 


. .232. . 


. .292. . 


. .601 


.669. . 


. .788. . 


..901.. 


. .940 



266 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



MONTANA. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 26\ 



MONTANA. 



Electoral Vote.— Montana was admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. 

There will be 3 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote— An a basis for comparison, it may be stated that the total 
vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional 
nominees, in 1888, was 40,014. "in 1889 the total vote for Gov- 
ernor was 38,552. In 1890 the Congressional vote was 31,090. 
Pluralities— 1888 (Cong.), 5,126 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 556 (D.); 1890 (ComO, 

283 (D.). 
Decrease in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures, the de- 
crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1889 (rather 
than 1890), was 1,462. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890.— The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1888 (Cong.) 1889 (Gov.) 1890 (Cong.) 

Choteau 222 (D.) 32 (R.) 1 (D.) 

Deer Lodge 1,111 (R.) 546 (D.) 680 (D.) 

Jefferson 169 (R.) 106 (D.) 9 (D.) 

Lewis and Clarke .515 (R.). 311 (D.) 98 (D ) 

Meagher 157 (R.) 36 (D.) 54 (R.) 

Missoula 678 (R.) 27 (R.) 66 (D.) 

Silver Bow 1,533 (R.) 166 (D.) 192 (D.) 

No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 16 counties in 

Montana. 
Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 39,159; 1890, 132,159. 
The five most populous counties are: Silver Bow (23,744); 
Lewis and Clarke (19,145); Deer Lodge (15,155); Missoula (14,- 
427), and Cascade (8,755). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



268 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



NEBRASKA. 






|&iO<UKj 



; - 5 ? 1 

I 



CHtYiNNE 



oaw/cs 



S. [ 




>* 



As redistricted in 18'Jl. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 269 



NEBRASKA. 

Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 5; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
5. There will be 8 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 20,141; 1876, 53,389; 1880,87,355; 1884, 134,204; 

1888, 202,653; 1890 (Gov.), 214,090. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 10,517 (R); 1876, 10,326 (R); 1680, 26,456 (R.); 1884, 

22,512 (R.); 1888, 27,873(R.); 1890 (Gov.), 1,144 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vole, — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 
is 187,949. This number is the difference between the total 
vote cast for President in 1872 and that for Governor in 1890. 
New Counties. — Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Chase, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, 
Dundy, Furnas, Garfield, Gosper, Grant. Greeley, Hayes, 
Hitchcock, Holt, Keith, Keya Paha, Knox, Logan, Loup, Mad- 
ison, Nance, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Sheridan, Sherman, 
Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler Counties have been formed 
since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Dakota 18 (R.) 190 (D.) 

Douglas 392 (R.) 573 (D.) 

Otoe 84 (R.) 98 (D.) 

Pierce 47 (R) 19 (D.) 

Sarpy 6 (R.) 217 (D.) 

Keith 5 (D.) 56 (R.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are on 
record, considering the Presidential vote of 1888 as compared 
with that of Governor in 1890: 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Cass 128 (R.) 250 (D.) 

Hall 398 (R.) 326 (D.) 

Holt 458 (R.) 271 (F. A.) 

Washington 331 (R.) 451 (D.) 

Wayne 173 (R.) 144 (D.) 

Seward 146 (R.) 240 (D.) 

Grant 7 (D.) 2 (R.) 

Greeley 50 (D.) 512 (Ind.) 

Howard 47 (D.) 387 (Ind.) 

Sioux 6 (D.) 3 (R.) 

The counties named as under gave an increasing Republican 
plurality from 1872 to 1888 at Presidential elections: 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Burt 183. . . .364. . . .630. . . .921 . . 1,014 

Dawson 7 95. . . .168. . . .302. . . .473 

Nuckolls 43. . . .119. . . .263. . . .400. . . .509 

From the above statement it will be seen that 6 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 10 in 1890. 
No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 90 counties in 

Population.- -The population of the State, 1880, was 452,402; 1890, 1,058,910. 
The five most populous counties are: Douglas (158,008); 

Lancaster (76,395); Gage (36,344); Otoe (25,403), and Adams 

(24,303.) 
For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



270 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



NEVADA. 



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Nevada having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
districts. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 271 



NEVADA. 



Electoral Vote —In 1872 Grant (R.) received 8 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 

1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 

3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 14,649; 1876, 19,691; 1880, 18,343; 1884, 12,797; 

1888, 12,632; 1890 (Gov.), 12,392. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 2,177 (R.); 1876, 1,075 (R.); 1880, 879 (D.); 1884, 1,615 

(R.); 1888, 1,867 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 810 (R.). 
Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 2,017. 
New Counties. — Eureka County has been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Churchill County gave Blaine 

(R.) a plurality of 8 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a "plurality of 

3 in 1888. 
Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Elko County gave Harrison (R.) 

a plurality of 98 in 1888, and Winters (D.) a plurality of 150 in 

1890 for Governor. 
Nye County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 61 in 1888 and 

Winters (D.) a plurality of 9 in 1890. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 14 counties in 

Nevada. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 62,266; in 1890, 45,701. 
The five most populous counties are: Storey (8,806); Washoe 

(6,437); Ormsby (4,883); Elko (4,794), and Humboldt (3,434). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



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* — — • — tYi Ch 5.5 

No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 273 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 

1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 

4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote— 1872, 68,892; 1876, 80,048; 1880, 86,363; 1884, 84,566; 

1888, 90,829; 1890 (Gov.), 86,240. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 5,444 (R); 1876, 2,954 (R); 1880, 4,058 (R); 1884, 4,063 

(R.); 1888, 2,272 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 93 (R.). 
Increase in thePopular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 21,941. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 

noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Belknap 9(D.) 150 (R) 

Merrimack 493 (R.) 118 (D.) 

Rockingham 480 (R.) 103 (D.) 

Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Grafton County gave Harrison 

(R.) 39 plurality in 1888, and Amsden (D.) a plurality of 414 in 

1890 for Governor; Merrimack County gave Cleveland (D.) a 

plurality of 118 in 1888, and Tuttle(R.)a plurality of 119 in 

1890 for Governor. 
No. of Counties. — There are 10 counties in New Hampshire. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 346,991; 1890, 376,530. 
The five most populous counties are: Hillsborough (93,247); 

Rockingham (49,650); Merrimack (49,435); Strafford (38,442), 

and Grafton (37,217). 



For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



274 



STATES AND TERRITOEIES. 
NEW JERSEY. 




As redistricted in 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 275 



NEW JERSEY. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R) received 9 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 9: 
1880, Hancock (D.), 9; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 
(D.), 9. There will be 10 votes in 1892. 

Total Stale Vole.— 1872, 168,742; 1876,220,236; 1880,245,928; 1884,261,537; 
1888, 303,741; 1889 (Gov.), 269,103. 

Pluralities.— 1872, 14,570 (R); 1876, 11,690 (D.); 1880, 2,010 (D.); 1884, 
4,412 (D.); 1888, 7,149 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 14,253 (D.). 

Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 
and 1888 was 134,999. 

Variations in the County Vote. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, 
comparing results with those of 1884. In considering the vote of 
1888 for President in comparison with the vote of 1889 for Gov- 
ernor, it is noted that Essex County gave Harrison (R.) a plu- 
rality of 116 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 858 in 1890 
for Governor. Morris County gave Harrison (R) a plurality of 
246 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 100 in 1890. 

No. of Counties. — There are 21 counties in New Jersey. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,116; 1890, 1,444,- 
933. 

The five most populous counties are: Hudson (275,126); 
Essex (256,098); Passaic (105,046); Camden (87,687), and Mer- 
cer (79,978). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



276 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



NEW YORK. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES 



277 



NEW YORK. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 35 votes; 1876, Tilden (D ), 35 ; 

1880, Garfield (R.), 35; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 36 ; 1888, Harrison 

(R.), 36. There will be 36 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.- -1872, 829,672; 1876, 1,015,502; 1880, 1,104,605; 1884, 

1,171,312; 1888, 1,321,149 ; 1891 (Gov.), 1,162,853. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 51,800 (R.) ; 1876, 26,568 (D.) ; 1880, 21,033 (R.) ; 1884, 

1,047 (D.) ; 1888, 13,002 (R.) ; 1891 (Gov.), 47,937 (D.). 
Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 490,437. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 

noted : 



County. 
Hamilton . 
Niagara. . 
Oneida. . . 
Otsego . . . 
Suffolk. . . 
Sullivan. . 
Chemung. 



1884. 1888. 

.. 46 (D.) 47 (R.) 

.316 (D.) 457 (R.) 

. 30(D.) 1,965(R.) 

.436 (D.) 857 (R.) 

.553 (D.) 567 (R.) 

.275 (D.) 103 (R.) 

.479 (R.) 570 (D.) 



A complete analysis, as near as may be within the space available, is given 
as under by counties, showing the variations in certain districts for such of 
the counties as show a fluctuation in the popular vote : 



County. 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus. 



Cayuga 

Chautauqua . 
Chemung. . . . 
Chenango . . . 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware — 
Dutchess 



Erie 

Franklin . . 
Fulton 
Genesee . . 

Greene 

Hamilton. 
Jefferson . 
Kings 



Lewis 



Livingston . . 
Montgomery 
Niagara 



Oneida. 



Onondaga., 
Ontario 



Districts giving (D.) plurality in 
1884 and (R.) plurality in 1888. 



Alma, Almond. 



Ellicottville,Franklinville,Ischua, 

Persia 

Mentz 

Charlotte. 

Chemung 

Plymouth, Smyrna 

Beckmanton, Plattsburg 



Colchester 

Clinton, Pleasant Valley, Pough- 

keepsie (ward 2) 

Colden, Holland 

Chateaugay, Constable 



Bergen, Darien 

Coxsackie 

Lake Pleasant, Wells 

Watertown (ward 4), Worth 

Brooklyn (wards 7, 21, 82), Graves- 
end 

Diana, Osceola, Watson, West 
Turin 

Groveland 

Canajoharie, Florida, Glen 

Lewiston, Lockporttown, (wards 
1 , 4), Newf ane 

Annsville, Bridgewater, Floyd, 
Utica (ward 7),Verona,Western. 

Syracuse (ward 2) 

Geneva 



Districts giving (R.) plurality in 
1884 and (D.) plurality in 1888. 



Albany City (wards 7 and 10). 

Wellsville. 

Bingham ton (ward 4). 



Auburn (ward 4). 



Elmira (wards 2, 4 and 5). 
Pitcher. 



Ancram, Greenport, Livingston. 
Truxton . 
Stamford. 
Pine Plains. 



Buffalo (ward 13), Cheektowaga. 
Oppenheim, Stratford. 
Durham, Greenville. 



Gorham, Victor. 



278 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



County. 


Districts giving D. plurality in 
1884 and R. plurality in 1888. 


Districts giving R. plurality 
1884 and D. plurality in 1888. 




Newburg, Newburg City (ward 4) . 
Oswego (ward 4), Redfield, West 














Hartwick,New Lisbon, Roseboom, 




















Schenectady ... . 


Schenectady City (ward 1) 


Rotterdam. 






Ovid 




Addison, Corning, Fremont, Hor- 








Suffolk 


Babylon, East Hampton, Islip, 




















Ulster 


Denning, Kingston (ward 6), Lloyd, 










Whitehall 




Wayne 










Wyoming 







The following statement will show the number of districts in each county 
having increased or decreased pluralities in 1888 : 





Districts. 


Counties. 


Districts. 




Republican 


Democratic 


Republican 


Democratic 


Counties. 


H 


73 i? 

x — 

ft 


a !>> 

D •- 


a >, 

COS 

t'3 
a a, 
Q 


a >> 

•Jl S 

9 h 


a >> 

a) w 

c3 ei 

a; a. 

ft 


-a >> 

COS 

•_ — 


-a !>> 

(OS 

I :- 

S| 

ft 




8 
23 
14 
18 
15 
18 

3 
. 7 

6 

(5 

fi 
13 
13 
13 

2 

8 

9 

13 

(J 

6 
10 
12 
13 

1 

1 

5 

Total . 


5 
3 
3 
4 
13 
5 
3 
5 
5 
^ 

4 
3 
9 
8 
3 
1 
3 
3 

7 
6 
1 

T 
i 

15 

3 


10 

1 
1 
1 

4 
1 
1 
6 

1 
1 
5 
1 

1 

1 

3 

10 
1 

4 

18 


2 

3 
3 

1 

3 
4 

4 

4 

1 
5 

1 

g 
o 

T 
i 

5 




19 

18 
6 
5 
5 

18 
10 

1 

10 

1 

24 

8 

3 

5 

17 
4 
fi 
6 
5 

10 
8 
!) 

10 
3 
8 


o 
5 
4 
5 
3 
2 

3 

5 
1 

(i 
9 
3 

1 

4 

1 

o 

4 
5 


4 

4 
2 

1 

1 

8 
2 

2 

1 

1 
1 

5 

G 

5 


10 


Allegany 


Onondaga 


3 

1 


Cattaraugus 




5 


Cayuga 






Chautauqua 




4 


Chemung 

Chenango 


Otsego 


8 




Rensselaer 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence 


5 


Columbia 

Cortlandt 

Delaware 

Dutchess 


4 

1 




Schoharie 






11 


Fulton 


1 










1 


Hamilton 


Suffolk 




Herkimer 




3 


Jefferson 




1 
1 




Ulster 




Livingston 








Washington 




Monroe 




Montgomery 

New York . '. 

Niagara 


West Chester 

Wyoming 

Yates . 


3 










490 


204 


128 


166 















STATES AND TERRITORIES. 279 

aviations in the County Vote since 1888.— Considering only the Presidential 
vote 1888, as compared with the vote for Governor in 1891, the 
following variations are recorded : 

County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) 

Columbia 410 (R.) 98 (D ) 

Dutchess 1,016 (R.) 75 (D ) 

Erie 2,069 (R.) 1,280 (D.) 

Montgomery 688 (R.) 129 (D.) 

Niagara 457 (R.) 496 (D.) 

Rensselaer 309 (R.) 1,709 (D.) 

Schenectady 304 (R.) 503 (D.) 

Tompkins 1,164 (R.) 880 (D.) 

Ulster 338 (R.) 1,095 (D.) 

Wyoming : 1,733 (R.) 972 (D.) 

From the above statements it may be noted : 

(1) 7 counties changed sides at the Presidential election 
in 1888. Taking the districts in each county, 115 districts 
changed sides in 1888. 

(2) 499 districts gave an increased Republican plurality in 
1888 ; 204 districts gave a decreased Republican plurality; 128 
districts gave an increased Democratic plurality, and 166 dis- 
tricts gave a decreased Democratic plurality. 

(3) 10 counties, considering only the presidential election of 
1888 (as compared with that for Governor in 1891), changed 
sides at the last election. 

Niagara County is recorded as having changed in 1888 and 
in 1891. 
No. of Counties. — There are 60 counties in New York. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 5,082,871 ; 1890 
5,997,853. 

The five most populous counties are : New York (1,515,301) • 
Kings (838,547) ; Erie (322,981) ; Monroe (189,586), and Albany 
(164,555). J 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



280 



STATER AND TERRITORIES. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 







Ml 
to 

As redistricted in 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 281 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



Electoral Vote— In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 10; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 11; 1888, Cleve- 
land (D.), 11. There will be 11 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vole.— 1872, 164,863; 1876, 333,844; 1880, 241,218; 1884, 268,474; 
1888, 285,503. The total vote cast for Chief Justice, 1890, was 
V 2, 303. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 24,675 (R); 1876, 17,010 (D.); 1880, 8,326 (D.); 1884, 17,- 
884 (D.); 1888, 13,118 (D.). The majority at the election for 
Chief Justice, 1890, was 42,329 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 120,610. 
New Counties. — Currituck, Durham, Bender and Vance Counties have been 

formed since 1872. 
Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Ashe 53 (D.) 102 (R.) 

Camden 135 (D.) 26 (R.) 

Forsyth 119 (D.) 375 (R.) 

Granville 74 (D.) 228 (R.) 

Guilford 160 (D.) 259 (R.) 

Richmond 241 (D.) 14 (R.) 

Randolph 78 (D.) 218 (R.) 

Transylvania 122 (D.) 42 (R.) 

Wake 459 (D.) 518 (R.) 

Watauga 128 (D.) 68 (R.) 

Bertie 369 (R.) 109 (I).) 

Bladen 122 (R.) 145 (D.) 

Brunswick 8 (R. ) 58 (D.) 

Hertford 215 (R.) 52(1).) 

Polk 47 (R.) 18 (D.) 

Surry 11 (R.) 61 (D.) 

No. of Counties. — There are 96 counties in North Carolina. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,399,750; 1890, 1,617,- 
947. 

The five most populous counties are: Wake (49,207); Meck- 
lenburg (42, 673); Buncomb (35,266); Robeson (31,483), and Hal- 
ifax (28,908). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



21b 



282 



STATES AND TERRITOEIES. 
NORTH DAKOTA. 



SS-* 




North Dakota having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- 
sional districts. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 283 



NORTH DAKOTA. 



Electoral Vote. — North Dakota was admitted to the Union November 3, 
1889. There will be 3 votes in 18.92. 

Total State Vote.— The total Congressional vote in 1888 was 41,091; vote for 
Governor, 1889, 38,098; vote for Governor, 1890, 36,489. 

Pluralities.— Congressional, 1888, 9,489 (R); for Governor, 1889, 12,632 
(R); for Governor, 1890, 6,449 (R). 

Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1888 
with the vote for Governor, there has been a decrease of 4,602. 

Variations in the County Vote, 1889-1890. — The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1889. (Gov.) 1890. (Gov.) 

Cavalier 113 (11.) 187 (D.) 

Grand Forks 666 (R) 187 (D.) 

Richland 428 (R) 109 (D.) 

The following counties (with population, 1890), do not ap- 
pear in the available election returns, therefore no vote is shown, 
nor is there any information as to their political leaning or ten- 
dency should they vote for President in 1892: Allred (no re- 
turns), Boreman (511), Bowman (6), Buford (803), Church (74), 
Dunn (159), Flannery (72), Garfield (33), Hettinger (81), Mc- 
Kenzie (3), Mountraille (122), Renville (99); Sheridan (5), Ste- 
vens (16), Wallace (24), Wallette (no returns), and Williams 
(100). The figures in parenthesis after each county name show 
the population as recorded in the census returns of 1890. 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in 
North Dakota. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 36,909; 1890, 182,719. 
The five most populous counties are: Cass (19,613); Grand 
Forks (18,357); Walsh (16,587); Pembina (14,334), and Rich- 
land (10,751). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



284 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



OHIO. 




*<- 



h o 

< o 

z z 
5No(\J 

o I S I 
z-g- 



Showing 



Congressional districts prior to act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 285 



OHIO. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 22 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 22; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 22; 1884, Blaine (R.), 23; 1888, Harrison 
(R.), 23. There will be 23 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 529,436; 1876, 658,573; 1880, 724,967; 1884, 784,807; 

1888, 841,941; 1889 (Gov.), 775,721; 1891 (Gov.), 795,635. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 34,268 (R.); 1876, 2,747 (R); 1880, 34,227 (R); 1884, 31,- 
796 (R); 1888, 19,599 (R.); 1889 (Gov.) 10,872 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 
21,511 (R.). 
Increase in tlw Popular Vote— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 312,505. 
Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted: 
County. 1884. 1888. 

Clermont 49 (R.) 83 (D.) 

Montgomery 198 (R.) 651 (D.) 

Stark .... . 320 (R.) 331 (D.) 

Hancock 252 (D.) 95.(R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888.— Considering the vote for Governor, 
1889 and 1891, as compared with the Presidential vote in 1888, 
variations as under are recorded: 

County. 1888. 1889. 1891. 

Adams 152 (D.) 2 (R.) 177 (D.) 

Auglaize. . . . 1,716 (D.).. . .1,978 (R.). . . 1,489 (D.) 

Butler 3,311 (D.). . . ,3,575 (R,). . . 3,266 (D.) 

Erie 601 (D.) 345 (D.) 1 (R.) 

Hamilton. . . 3,846 (R.) .. . 7,253 (D.). . . 5,759 (R) 

Hancock 95 (R.) 74 (D.) 219 (R.) 

Knox 60 (R.) 90 (D.) 32 (R.) 

Muskingum. . .350 (R.) 213 (D.) 206 (R.) 

Noble 428 (R.) 311 (R.) 414 (D.) 

Ottawa 1,335 (D.). . ..1,398 (D.). ...1,331 (R.) 

Paulding 194 (R.) 192 (D.) 112 (R.) 

Perry 54 (R) 467 (D,) 71 (D.) 

Van Wert 13 (R.) 272 (D.) 138 (D.) 

Vinton 33 (D.) 308 (D.) 8 (R.) 

Williams 94 (R) 217 (D.) 178 (R.) 

Logan County recorded a gradually increasing Republican 
plurality for President from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 840, 973, 
1,271, 1,373, 1,582. 

Lucas County recorded a gradually decreasing Republican 
plurality from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 2,171, 1,369, 1,172, 957, 
805. 

The counties as under show a gradually increasing Demo 
cratic plurality from 1872 to 1888: 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Henry 350. . .918. .1,133.. 1,214. .1,536 

Ottawa 317. . .872. .1,049. .1,167. .1.335 

Seneca 334. . .722. . .,837. . ..946. .1,067 

Wyandot 279. . . 540. . . .583. . ..694 .... 725 

No. of Counties.— According to the latest repents there are 88 counties in 

Ohio. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 3,198,062; 1890, 3,672,- 
316. 

The five most populous counties arc: Hamilton (374,573); 
Cuyahoga (309,970); Franklin (124,087); Lucas (102,296 and 
Montgomery (100,852). 
For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



286 



STATES AND TEKRITORIES. 



OREGON. 







As redistricted in 1891. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 281 



OREGON. 



Electoral Vote.— hi 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
3. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 20,121; 1876, 29,873; 1880, 40,816; 1884, 52,682; 

1888, 61,911; 1890 (Gov.), 72,705. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 3,517 (R.); 1876, 547 (R.); 1880, 671 (R.); 1884, 2,256(R.); 

1888, 6,769 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 5,151 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 
and 1890, comparing the Presidential vote of the former year 
with the vote for Governor at the last election, is recorded as 
52,584. 
New Counties. — Crook, Gillian, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow and Wal- 

louia Counties have been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Baker 156 (D.) 96 (R.) 

Grant 34 (D.) 38 (R.) 

Josephine 59 (D.) 7 (R.) 

Union 77 (D.) 80 (R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 
1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
corded: , 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Baker 96 (R.) 190 (D.) 

Benton 237 (R.) 269 (D. ) 

Douglas 188 (R.) 170 (D.) 

Gilliam 161 (R.) 146 (D.) 

Grant 38 (R.) 51 (D.) 

Josephine 7 (R.) 1 (D.) 

Malheur 27 (R.) 25 (D.) 

Morrow 119 (R.) 240 (D.) 

Polk 56 (R.) 335 (D.) 

Tillamook 173 (R.) 22 (D.) 

Union 80 (R.) 723 (D.) 

Wasco 541 (R.) 364 (D.) 

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that -1 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 12 in 1890. 

Baker, Grant, Josephine and Union changed sides twice. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest returns, there are 31 counties in 

Oregon. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 174,768; 1890, 313,767. 
The five most populous counties are: Multnomah (74,884); 
Marion (22,934); Linn (16,265); Clackamas (15,233), and Lane 
(15,198). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890 

Two additional Represent at ives-at-large will be elected. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 289 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 29 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 29; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 29; 1884, Blaine (R.), 30; 1888, Harrison 
(R. ), 30. There will be 32 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— -1872, 563,260; 1876, 758,869; 1880, 874,783; 1884, 899,- 

328; 1888, 997,568; 1890 (Gov.), 927,972. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 135,918 (R.); 1876, 17,964 (R.); 1880, 37,276 (R.); 1884, 

81,019 (R.); 1888, 79,452 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 16,554 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 434,308. 
New Counties. — Lackawanna County has been formed since 1872. 
I 'ttriations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : 
County. 1884. 1888. 

Fayette 779 (D. ) 83 ( R. ) 

Luzerne 952 (D.) 325 (R.) 

Mifflin 3(D.) 237 (R.) 

Northumberland. . . .117 (D.) . . .31 (R.) 

Westmoreland 7 (D.) 324 (R. ) 

Wyoming 67 (D.) 185 (R.) 

Schuylkill 72 (R.) 532 (D.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 
1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
corded : 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Butler 1,372 (R.) 652 (D.) 

Cameron 231 (R.) .4 (D.) 

Crawford 2,076 (R.) 978 (D.) 

Erie 2,261 (R.) 7 (D.) 

Fayette 83 (R.) 1,830 (D.) 

Jefferson 833 (R.) 117 (D.) 

Lackawanna 421 (R.) 2,044 (D.) 

Luzerne 325 (R.) 2,408 (D.) 

McKean 1,144 (R.) 795 (D.) 

Mifflin 237 (R.) 199 (D.) 

Montgomery 863 (R.) 1,130 (D.) 

Northumberland 31 (R.) 1,451 (D.) 

Venango 949 (R.) 250 (D.) 

Warren 1,689 (R.) 571 (D.) 

Washington 1,954 (R.) 32 (D.) 

Westmoreland 324 (R.) 1,387 (D.) 

Wyoming 185 (R.) 132 (D.) 

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 7 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 17 in 1890. 

Fayette, Luzerne, Mifflin, Northumberland, Westmoreland 
and Wyoming changed sides twice. 

Chester County has recorded an increasing Republican plu- 
rality for President since 1872, as follows: 544, 3,088, 3,774, 
3,793, 4,037. Snyder has a corresponding record, as follows: 
160, 383, 541, 726, 867. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 61 counties in 

Pennsylvania. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 4,282,891; 1890, 5,258,- 
014. 

The five most populous counties are: Philadelphia (1,046,- 
964); Allegheny (551,959); Luzerne (201,203); Schuylkill (154,- 
163), and Lancaster (149,095). 
For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



! ( J0 



STATES AXD TERRITORIES. 



RHODE ISLAND. 



C~l 



i 



j ^ 'nort^sockej 

8URRILUVILUE ie MrmF 7?f l ?"\ 

» * o 

jSMITHFIELQ "<. 

FOSTER \bGITUATE. L-<* 

I \ ~& 

1 CRANSTON 





or 
A^w Shoreham. 



STATES AND TEKRIT0R1ES. 291 



RHODE ISLAND. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R), 4; 

1880, Garfield (R)* 4: 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R), 

4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 18,994; 1876, 26,627; 1880, 29,235; 1884, 32,771; 

1888, 40.766; 1889 (Gov.), 43,111; 1890 (Gov.), 42,108; 1891 

(Gov.). 45,457; 1892 (Gov.), 54,661. 
Pluralities.— 4872, 8,336 (R.); 1876, 5,075 (R.); 1880, 7,410 (R.); 1884,6,439 

(R); 1888, 4,438 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 4,419 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 

1,560 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 1,254(D.); 1892 (Gov.), 2,037 (R.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing 

the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1892, 

is 13,895. 
Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The only variations noted since 

1888 are in Providence County. 
No of Counties. — There are 5 counties in Rhode Island. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 276,531; 1890, 345,506. 
The population of the counties is as follows: Providence, 

255,123; Newport, 28,552; Kent, 26,754; Washington, 23,649, 

and Bristol, 11,428. 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



292 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



LINO-'\ *v 

TON / \ ..._,» \ 

, * vMARION . 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 293 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Electoral Vote,— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R). 7; 

1880, Hancock (D.), 7; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland 

(D. ), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— -1872, 95,180; 1876, 183,776; 1880, 170,956; 1884, 91,578; 

1888, 79,941; 1890 (Gov.), 74,124. 
Pluralities.— 1872, 49,400 (R); 1876, 964 (R); 1880, 5,424 (D.); 1884, 4,808 

(D.); 1888, 52,089 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 44,331 (D.). 
Decrease in the Popular Vote.— The decrease in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 15,619. 
New Counties.— Berkeley and Hampton Counties have been formed since 

1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— Berkeley County gave Blaine (R) 

a plurality of 646 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 293 

in 1888. Georgetown County recorded a plurality of 515 for 

Blaine in 1884, and gave Cleveland a plurality of 75 in 1888. 
Florence County (formed since 1888) recorded a Democratic 

majority of 725 at the election for Governor in 1890. 
No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 35 counties in 

South Carolina. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 995,577; 1890, 1,151,- 

149. 
The five most populous counties are: Charleston (59,903); 

Berkeley (55,428); Spartanburgh (55,385); Orangeburgh (49,- 

393), and Edgefield (49,259). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



294 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 
Two members are elected at large. 



STATES AND TEERITORIES. 



295 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Electoral Tote.— South Dakota was admitted to the Uuion November 3, 1889. 

There will be 4 votes iu 1892. 
Total State Tote.— The vote for Governor, 1889, was 77,804; for Governor, 

1890, 77,562. 
Pluralities —1889 (Gov.), 30,124 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 9,896 (R.). 
Increase or Decrease in Slate Tote.— Comparing the total vote cast for Gov- 
ernor in 1889 with that of 1890, there is shown a decrease of 
242. 
New Counties.— The following counties were in 1890 unorganized, or not re- 
turned as voting. This being the case, it is not possible to show 
at present what the political tendencies of these counties are: 
pop. '90. pop. '90. pop. '90. 

Choteau 8 Myer — 

Nowlin...l49 
Presho. ...181 

Pratt 23 

Pyatt 34 

Rinehart. . 

Rusk 

Scobey. ...32 

Shannon. . 

-The following variations in the vote for 



Schuasse. 

Sterling 96 

Todd 188 

Tripp 

Wagner 

Washington ... 40 

Washabaugh . 

Ziebach 510 



Delano 40 

Ewing 16 

Gregoiy. . ..295 
Harding.... 167 

Jackson 30 

Lugenbell . . — 

Lyman 233 

Martin 7 

Variations in the County Vote.- 
Governor are noted: 

County. 1889. 1890. 

Bonhomme 121 (R.) 36 (D.) 

Brule 131 (R.) 161 (D.) 

Hanson 276 (R.) 14 (F. A.) 

McCook 151 (R.) 104 (D.) 

Hughes 25 (D.) 149 (R.) 

Hutchinson 307 (D.) 458 (R.) 

No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 78 counties m 

South Dakota. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 98,268; 1890, 328,808. 
The five most populous counties are: Minnehaha (21,879); 
Brown (16,855); Lawrence (11,673); Spink (10,581), and Hutch- 
inson (10,469). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



296 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



TENNESSEE. 




I- 













\ 







V* 



— ^4*. v — J 

*- \ TON I £ I 



As redistricted in 1891 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 291 



TENNESSEE. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 12 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
12; 1880, Hancock (D.), 12; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 12; 1888, 
Cleveland (D.), 12. There will be 12 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— 1872, 180,046; 1876, 222.732; 1880, 241,827; 1884, 259,- 

468; 1888, 303,784; 1890 (Gov.), 202,712. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 8,736 (D.); 1876, 43,600 (D.); 1880, 20,514 (D.); 1884, 

9,180 (D.); 1888, 19,791 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 37,468 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 123,690. 
New Counties. — Crockett, Moore, Pickett and Unicoi Counties have been 

formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Fayette 908 (R.) 2,833 (D.) 

Haywood 1,426 (R.) 238 (D.) 

Shelby 1,539 (R.) 3,655 (D.) 

Rhea 157 (D.) 237 (R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 
1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- 
corded : 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Carroll 481 (R.) 28 (D.) 

Henderson 260 (R.) 101 (D.) 

Rhea 237 (R.) 38 (D.) 

The following counties are recorded as having given a grad- 
ually increasing Republican plurality for President since 1872: 
County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 



Fentress 79 161. . . .197 234 353 

Grainger 149 263 327 463 485 

Hancock 247 252 455. . . .624. . . .736 

Morgan 110 179 189 307. . . .491 

Roane 782 801 823. . 1,035. . 1,198 

Sevier 1,038. . 1,204. . 1,614. . 1,774. . 2,341 

Van Buren County is recorded as giving a gradually increas 
ing Democratic plurality since 1872, as follows: 131, 207, 221. 
289, 320. 

From the two preceding tabular statements, it will be seen 
that 4 counties changed sides in 1888 and 4 in 1S90. 
Rhea County changed twice. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 96 counties in 

Tennessee 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,359; 1890, 1,707,- 
518. 

The five most populous counties are: Shelby" (112,740): Da- 
vidson (108,174); Knox (59,557); Hamilton (53,482), andMaury 
(38,112). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 
22b 



298 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment i 



act of 1890. 






STATES AND TERRITOEIES. 



299 



TEXAS. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 
8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, 
Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 15 votes in 1892. 

Total State Vote.— 1872, 116,405; 1876, 149,555; 1880, 241,478; 1884, 322 - 
209; 1888, 357,513; 1890 (Gov.), 347,733. 

Pluralities.— 1872, 16,595 (D.); 1876, 59,955 (D.); 1880, 98,383 (D.); 1884, 
131,978 (D.); 1888, 146,461 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 184,690 (D.). 

Increase in tJie Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 
and 1888 was 241,108. 

New Counties.— Sixty-four counties were formed between 1872 and 1888, as 
follows: 



Archer, 

Baylor, 

Brewster, 

Callahan, 

Camp, 

Carson, 

Chilldress, 

Clay, 

Coleman, 

Concho, 

Crosby, 

Dimmitt, 

Donley, 

Duval, 

Eastland, 

Edwards, 



El Paso, 

Fisher, 

Franklin, 

Goliad, 

Greer, 

Gregg, 

Hale, 

Hardeman, 

Haskell, 

Howard, 

Jeff Davis, 

Jones, 

Kimble, 

Knox, 

La Salle, 

Lee, 



Limpscomb, 

Martin, 

McCulloch, 

McMullen, 

Menard, 

Midland, 

Mitchell, 

Morris, 

Nolan, 

Oldham, 

Pecos, 

Potter, 

Presidio, 

Reeves, 

Rockwall, 

Runnels, 



Scurry, 

Shackelford, 

Somerville, 

Stephens, 

Taylor, 

Throckmorton, 

Tom Green, 

Val Verde, 

Waller, 

Webb, 

Wheeler, 

Wichita, 

Wilbarger, 

Wilson, 

Young, 

Zavala. 



Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Austin 217 (R.) 917 (D.) 

Colorado 341 (R.) 226 (D.) 

Comal 63 (R.) 257 (D.) 

Gillespie 10 (R.) 366 (D.) 

Gregcc 113 (R.) 162 (D.) 

Harrison 435 (R.) 1,151 (D.) 

Jackson 13 (R.) 8(D.) 

Kinney 143 (D.) 120 (R.) 

Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890. — Considering the vote for Presi- 
dent in 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, the following vari- 
ations are recorded : 



300 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

County. 1888. 1890. 

Jackson 8 (D.) 129 (R.) 

Kendall 192 (R.) 34 (D.) 

Kinney 122 (R.) 48 (D.) 

La Salle 136 (R.) 403 (D.) 

Robertson 266 (R.) 926 (D.) 

Victoria 120 (R.) 36 (D.) 

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 8 counties 
changed sides in 1888, and 6 in 1890. 
Jackson and Kinney Counties changed sides twice. 
The following counties voted for the first time in 1890, ac- 
cording to the record. The vote cast and plurality are as fol- 
lows: 

County. Total vote 1890. Plurality. 

Armstrong 232 232 (D.) 

Coke 417 417 (D.) 

Deaf Smith 91 91 (D. ) 

Floyd 186 186 (D.) 

Hansford 122 18 (D.) 

Irion 185 183 (D.) 

Kins 25 25 (D.) 

Ochiltree 64 36 (D.) 

Randall 67 67 (D.) 

Roberts 91 55 (D.) 

Sherman 11 9 (D.) 

Stonewall 226 226 (D.) 

Sutton 164 164 (D.) 

Swisher 51 51 (D.) 

According to the latest reports (1891-1892), there are 50 un- 
organized counties. 

Marion County (no vote recorded for 1888) gave a gradually 
increasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1884, as follows: 
263, 367, 661, 731. 

The following counties gave a gradually increasing Demo- 
cratic plurality for President from 1872 to 1888: 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

Angelena 193. . . .193. . . .770. . . .894. . . .968 

Bell 284. . 1,916. . 2,749. . 4,009. . 4,130 

Bexar 194. .. .521 ..1,060.. 1,329.. 1,578 

Bosque 406. . . .682. . 1,413.. 1,658.. 1,671 

Burnet 131. . . .483. . . .599. . 1,010. . 1,082 

Cherokee 596. . . .648. . . .892. . 1,253. . 1,317 

Coleman — . . . .123. . . .414. . . .705. . . .858 

Collin 497. . 1.909. . 3,061. . 4,203. . 5,091 

Dallas 694. . 2,221. . 2,605. . 3,845. .4,030 

Delta 170. . . .416. . . .647. . . .866. . 1,312 

Ellis 543. . 1,781. . 2,731. . 3,681. . 4,031 

Fannin 268. . 1,225. . 2,501. . 2,881. . 3,939 

Franklin 466. . . .639 901 921 

Hayes 216 345 748 790 911 

Hunt 421. . 1,518. . 2,388. . 3,269. . 3,817 

Kaufman 458. . 1,351. . 1,909. . 2,785. . 3,025 

Kimble 9 88. . . .265. . . .319 

Lavaca 447. . . .648. . . .893. . 1,105. 1,890 

Live Oak 120. . . .154. . . .255. . . .292. . . .322 



STATES AND TEKRITORIES. 301 

County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 

McCulloch — . . . .121. . . .169. . . .368. . . .375 

Orange 27 50 145 383 — 

McLennan 237. . 1,201. . 1,726. . 1,760. . 2,234 

Menard — — 141 158 224 

Navarro 684. . 1,099. . 1,707. . 2,294. . 2,545 

Sabine 79. . . .341. . . .429. . . .458. . . .680 

Shelby 245. . . .674. . 1,308. . 1,485. . 1,732 

Tom Green . . . .192 313 460 

Van Zandt 290 579.. 1,204.. 1,801.. 1,854 

Wilson . . . .205. . . .213. . . .888. . 1,416 

Rockwall — 200 518 660 979 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 245 counties in 

Texas. 
Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,591,749; 1890, 2,235,- 
523. 

The five most populous counties are : Dallas (67,042); Gray- 
son (53,211); Bexar (49,266); Tarrant (41,142), and McLennan, 
(39,204). 

Eor Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 



302 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
VERMONT. 




I 

No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 






STATES AND TERRITORIES. 303 



VERMONT. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 
1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 
4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. 

Total State Vote. —1872, 53,001; 1876, 64,460; 1880, 64,593; 1884, 59,382; 1888, 
63,440; 1890 (Gov.), 54,226. 

Pluralities.— 1872, 29,961 (R.); 1876, 23,838 (R.); 1880, 26,909 (R.); 1884, 
22,183 (R.); 1888, 28,404 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 14,163 (R.). 

Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popoular vote between 
1872 and 1888 was 10,439. 

Variations in the County Vote since 1872. — Every county in Vermont has 
given a Republican plurality at each Presidential election since 
1872; and a similar record is shown as the result of the vote tin- 
Governor in 1890. 

No of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Vermont. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 332,286; 1890, 332,422. 
The five most populous counties are Rutland (45,397); Chit- 
tenden (35,389); Windsor (31,706); Franklin (29,755), and Wash- 
ington (29,606). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



304 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



VIRGINIA. 




II 



No change in Congressional districts urder reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 305 



VIRGINIA. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 11; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 12; 1888, Cleve- 
land (D.), 12. There will be 12 votes in 1892. 
Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 185,164; 1876,235,228; 1880,212,135; 1884, 334,505; 

1888, 304,093; 1889 (Gov.), 284,028. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 1,772 (R.); 1876, 44,112 (D.); 1880, 43,956 (D.); 1884, 

6,141 (D.); 1888, 1,539 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 42,177 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 118,929. 
New Counties. — Dickenson County has been formed since 1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 

noted : 
County. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. 

Fluvanna 221 (D.). . . .735 (R.) Rockingham 1 (D.) 280 (R.) 

Montgomerv 108 (D.) 181 (R.) Spottsylvania. . . .24 (D.) 46 (R.) 

Northumberland . 31 (D.). . . .354 (R.) Wise 49 (D.) 20 (R.) 

Orange 228 (D.) 27 (R) Wythe 8 (D.). . , .181 (R.) 

Page 68 (D.). . . .138 (R.) Isle of Wight ... .76 (R.) 84 (D.) 

Princess Anne. . . .15 (D.) 160 (R.) Lunenburg 201 (R.) 399 (D.) 

Rockbridge 102 (D.) 44 (R.) 

Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Considering the vote for President 
in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890, varia- 
tions as under are recorded: 
County. 1888. 1889. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1889.(Gov.) 

Alleghany 236 (R.) 69 (D.) Nansemond 704 (R.) 113 (D.) 

Appomattox 98 (R.) 23 (D.) Norfolk 1,771 (R.). . . .496 (D.) 

Buchanan 65 (D. ) 46 (R. ) Northumberland . 54 (R. ) 163 (D. ) 

Buckingham 336 (R.) 171 (D.) Orange 27 (R.). . . .374 (D.) 

Caroline 146 (R.) 53 (D.) Page ) 138 (R.) 20 (D.) 

Essex 314 (R.) 5 (D.) Princess Anne. . 160 (R.) 217 (D.) 

Fluvanna 735 (R.). . . .475 (D.) Rockbridge 44 (R.) 538 (D.) 

Greenessville. . . .179 (R.) 50 (D.) Rockingham 280 (R.) 784 (D.) 

Henrico 614 (R.) 25 (D.) Southampton. . ..557 (R.) . . .547 (D.) 

King George 178 (R.) 32 (D.) Spottsylvania. . ..46 (R.) 196 (D.) 

Kin-- William. . .347 (R). . . .257 (D.) Stafford 288 (R.) 11 (D.) 

Louisa 520 (R.) 190 (D.) Surrey 440 (R.). . . .152 (D.) 

Lancaster 89 (R.) 94 (D.) Wythe 181 (R.). . . .372 (D.) 

Montgomery . . . .181 (R.). . . .425 (D.) York 477 (R.) 41 (D.) 

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 13 counties 
changed sides in 1888 and 28 in 1890. 

Fluvanna, Montgomery, Northumberland, Orange, Page, 
Princess Anne, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Spottsylvania ami 
Wythe Counties changed twice. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 101 counties in 

Virginia. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,512,565; 1890, 1,655,- 
980. 

The five most populous counties are: Henrico (103,394); Nor- 
folk (77,038); Pittsylvania (59,941); Campbell (41,087), and 
Augusta (37,005). 



For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



306 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



WASHINGTON. 



{__J3NVMOdS 



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Washington having but one Congressman is not divided into Congression- 
al districts. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 307 



WASHINGTON". 



Electoral Vote. — Washington was admitted to the Union November 11, 1889. 

There will be 4 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote.— The vote for Congress, 1888, was 46,353; Governor, 1889, 

58,443; Congress, 1890, 54,803. 
Pluralities.— 1888 (Cong.), 7,371 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 8,979 (R.); 1890 (Cong.), 

6,322 (R,). 
Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — Considering the vote for Congress in 1888, as 
compared with that for Governor in 1889, there has been an in- 
crease of 12,090 in the popular vote. 
Variations in Hie County Vote, 1888-1890.— The following variations are 
noted: 

County. 1888. (cong.) 1889. (cwv.) 1890. (cono.) 

Clallam 21 (R.) 10 (D.) 216 (R.) 

Columbia 1 (D.) 18 (R.) 87 (D.) 

Skamania 30 (D.) 10 (D.) 3 (R.) 

Wahkiakum 85 (R.) 149 (D.) 75 (R.) 

Whitman 244 (R.) 305 (R.) 81 (D.) 

No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 34 counties in 

Washington. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 75,116; 1890, 349,390. 
The five most populous counties are: King (63,989); Pierce 
(50,940); Spokane (37,487); Whitman (19,109), and Whatcom 
(18,591). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



308 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 




No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 309 



WEST VIRGINIA. 



Electoral Vote.— In 1872, Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 5; 
1880, Hancock (D.), 5; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland 
(D.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. 
Total State Vote,— mi, 62,366; 1876, 34,563; 1880, 112,713; 1884, 132,157; 

1888, 159,440. 
Pluralities.— -1872, 2,264 (R.); 1876, 12,384 (D.); 1880, 11,148 (D.); 1884, 

4,221 (D.); 1888, 1,873 (D.). 
Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 

and 1888 was 96,822. 
Neto Comities. — McDowell and Pleasants Counties have been formed since 

1872. 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 
noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Berkeley 77 (D.) 172 (R.) 

Clay 30 (D.) 50 (R.) 

McDowell 17 (D.). 173 (R.) 

Mercer 486 (D.) 28 (R.) 

Mineral 92 (D.) 42 (R.) 

Wyoming 20 (D.) 125 (R) 

Marion , 2 (R.) 23 (D.) 

Logan County is recorded as having given a gradually in- 
creasing Democratic plurality for President since 1872, as fol- 
lows: 98, 622, 743, 862, 1,140. 

Wetzel has a corresponding Democratic record as follows: 
159, 778, 834, 889, 910. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 54 counties in 

West Virginia. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 618,457; 1890, 762,794. 
The five most populous counties are: Kanawha (42,756); 
Ohio (41,557); Wood (28,612); Cabell (23,595), and Mason (22,- 
863). 



For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



310 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



WISCONSIN. 



(FLORENCE.. 




< I | LANGLADE J °0 S ^\ /; 

/ Of 

Mr/ 

ii 



? 



r »MILWAUKEEC0. 



As redistricted in 1890. 



WISCONSIN. 

Electoral, Vole.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Haves (R ) 10- 

1880, Garfield (R), 10; 1884, Blaine (R), 11; 1888, Harrison 

(K.), 11. There will be 12 votes in 1892. 
Total Slate Vote— 1872, 192,308; 1876, 357,312; 1880, 207.172; 1884, 319 942- 

1888, 354,614; 1890 (Gov.), 309,149 
Pluralities.— 1872, 17,686 (R.); 1876, 5,205 (R); 1880, 29,763 (R); 1884 14- 

098 (R); 1888, 21,321 (R.) ; 1890 (Gov.), 28,320 (D ). 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 311 

Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 

1872 and 1888 was 162,306. 
New Counties. — Florence, Forest, Langlade, Lincoln, Marinette, Oneida, 

Price, Sawyer, Taylor and Washburn Counties have been form- 
ed since 1872: 
Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are 

noted : 

County. 1884. 1888. 

Crawford 75 (D.) 235 (R.) 

Dane 189 (D.) 401 (R.) 

Marquette 138 (D.) 114 (R.) 

Sheboygan .475 (D.) 629 (R.) 

Waukesha 57 (D.) 383 (R.) 

Variations in the Count// Vote since 1888. — Considering the Presidential vote 

of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are 

recorded : 

County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) 

Chippewa 179 (R.) 379 (D.) 

Crawford 235 (R.) 147 (D.) 

Dane 401 (R.) 580 (D.) 

Eau Claire 791 (R.) 137 (D.) 

Forest 17 (R.) 14 (D.) 

Green 561 (R.) 23 (D.) 

Green Lake 287 (R.) 390 (D.) 

Iowa 227 (R.) 13 (D.) 

Kenosha 3 (R.) 286 (D.) 

La Crosse 227 (R.) 718 (D.) 

Lincoln 106 (R.) 497 (D.) 

Marinette 8 (R.) 237 (D.) 

Marquette 114 (R.) 442 (D.) 

Milwaukee 4,092 (R.) 6,207 (D.) 

Monroe 557 (R.) 76 (D.) 

Oconto 167 (R.) 253 (D.) 

Portage 281 (R.) 602 (D.) 

Price 295 (R.) 19 (D.) 

Racine 621 (R.) 150 (D.) 

Sauk 762 (R.) 246 (D.) 

Taylor 73 (R.) 315 (D.) 

Washburn 151 (R.) 4 (D.) 

Waukesha 383 (R.) 1,714 (D.) 

Winnebago 327 (R.) 578 (D.) 

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 5 counties 

changed sides in 1888 and 24 in 1890. 

Crawford, Dane, Marquette and Waukesha Counties changed 

sides twice. 

Barron County is recorded as having given an increased Re- 
publican plurality at every Presidential election since 1872, as 

follows: 82, 387, *633, 903, 915. 
No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 68 counties in Wis 

consin. 
Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,315,497; 1890, 1,686,- 

880. 
The five most populous counties arc: Milwaukee (236,101); 

Dane (59,578); Winnebago (50,097); Dodge (44,984), and Fond 

du Lac (44,088). 

For Congressional and city figures see Appendix 



312 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



WYOMING. 



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districts. 



having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 



STATES AND TERKITORIES. 313 



WYOMING. 



Electoral Vols. — Wyoming was admitted to the Union July 11, 1890. There 
will be 3 votes in 1892. 

Total State Vote.— The vote for Congress in 1886 was 9,372; Congress, 1888, 
18,010; Governor, 1890, 16,032. 

Pluralities.— 1886 (Cong.) 7,146 (R.); 1888 (Cong.), 2,894 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 
1,726 (R.). 

Increase in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1886 
with that for Governor in 1890, the increase in the popular vote 
up to the last-named election was 6,660. The Congressional 
vote of 1888 was nearly 2,000 larger than the vote for Governor 
in 1890. 

New Counties — According to the latest available returns, Converse and Sheri- 
dan Counties voted for the first time in 1888; Natrona and 
Weston Counties voted for the first time in 1890. 

Variations in the County Vote. — Fremont County gave a Republican plural- 
ity of 388 in 1886; a Democratic plurality of 126 in 1888, and a 
Republican plurality of 70 in 1890. Johnson County gave a 
Republican plurality of 675 in 1886, a Democratic plurality of 
192 in 1888, and a Republican plurality of 149 in 1890. 

No. of Counties. — There are, according to the last reports, 12 counties in 
Wyoming. 

Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 20,789; 1890. 60,705. 

The five most populous counties are : Laramie (16,777); 
Albany (8,865); Vinta (7,881); Carbon (6,857), and Sweetwater 
(4,941). 

F<y Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 



23b 



314 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



ARIZONA. 




YAVAPAI 



MARICOPA 
PHOENIX^ 



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"COCHISE 



Arizona having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
districts. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



315 



NEW MEXICO. 



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New Mexico having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- 
sional districts. 



316 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



OKLAHOMA. 



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Oklahoma having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional 
districts. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



317 



UTAH. 



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Utah having but one Congressman 
distincts. 



is not divided into Congressional 



318 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

\ 

\ 




Land area, 60 square miles; water, 10 square miles; total, 70 square 
miles. 

O Naval Observatory, the point from which longitude is reckoned from 
Washington. 



APPENDIX. 

THE MILLS BILL. 

Principal Provisions Concerning Imports. 

Be it enacted, etc., That on and after the 1st clay of October, 1888, the 
following articles mentioned in this section, when imported, shall be exempt 
from duty: 

Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building 
wharves. 

Timber squared or sided. 

Wood unmanufactured, not specially enumerated or provided for. 

Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other articles of sawed lumber. 

Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, 
heading-blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough, hewed, or sawed only. 

Staves of wood. 

Pickets and palings. 

Laths. 

Shingles. 

Clapboards, pine or spruce. 

Logs. 

Provided, That if any export duty is laid upon the above-mentioned arti- 
cles, or either of them, by any country whence imported, all said articles 
imported from said country shall be subject to duty as now provided by law. 

Salt, in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, or in bulk, when imported 
from any country which does not charge an import duty upon salt exported 
from the United States. 

Flax straw. 

Flax, not hackled or dressed. 

Tow of flax, or hemp. 

Hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for hemp 

Jute-butts. 

Jute. 

Suun, sisal-grass, and other vegetable fibers. 

Burlaps, not exceeding 60 inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of 
which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the componenl material 
of chief value. 

Bags of jute for grain. 

Machinery designed for the con versi< m of jute or jute hulls into cotton 
bagging, to wit, cards, roving-frames, winding-frames, and softeners. 

Iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron, coated with tin or lead, or 
with a mixture of which these metals is a component part, by the dipping or 
any other process, and commercially known as tin-plates, terne-plates, and 
taggers tin. 

310 



320 APPENDIX. 

Beeswax. 

Glycerine, crude, brown, or yellow, of the specific gravity of 1.25 or less 
at a temperature of 60° Fahr., not purified by refining or distilling. 

Phosphorus. 

Soap-stocks, fit only for use as such. 

Soap, hard and soft, all which are not otherwise specially enumerated or 
provided for. 

Sheep-dip. 

Extract of hemlock, and other bark used for tanning. 

Indigo, extracts of, and carmined. 

Iodine, resublimed. 

Oil, croton. 

Hemp-seed and rape-seed oil. 

Petroleum. 

Alumina — alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of alumina, and 
aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground. 

All imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters. 

Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, unmanufactured. 

Boracic acid, borate of lime, and borax. 

Copper, sulphate of, or blue vitriol. 

Iron, sulphate of, or copperas. 

Potash, crude, carbonate of, or fused, and caustic potash. 

Chlorate of potash and nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. 

Sulphate of potash. 

Sulphate of soda, known as salt-cake, crude or refined, or niter cake, 
crude or refined, and Glauber's-salt. 

Nitrate of soda. 

Sulphur, refined, in rolls. 

Wood-tar. 

Coal-tar, crude. 

Aniline oil and its homologues. 

Coal-tar, products of, such as naphtha, benzine,benzole, dead oil, and pitch. 

All preparations of coal-tar not colors or dyes, and not acids of colors and 
dyes. 

Logwood and other dyewoods, extracts and decoctions of. 

Alizarine, natural or artificial. 

Spirits of turpentine. 

Ocher and ochery earths, umber and umber earths. 

Olive-oil, salad-oil, cotton-seed oil, whale-oil, seal-oil and neat's-foot oil. 

All barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, and ex- 
crescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and 
gum-resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, vegetables, 
seeds, and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, 
and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible and not specially 
enumerated or provided for. 

All non-dutiable crude minerals, but which have been advanced in value 
or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not 
specially enumerated or provided for. 

All earths or clays un wrought or unmanufactured. 

Glass plates or discs unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical in- 
struments, spectacles, and eyeglasses. 

Opium, crude and not adulterated, containing 9 per cent, and over of 
morphia, for medicinal purposes. 

Iron and steel cotton ties for hoops, for baling or other purposes, not 
thinner than No. 20 wire gauge. 

Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and all others not specially enumer- 
ated or provided for in this act. 



THE MILLS BILL. 321 

Copper, imported in the form of ores, regulus of, and black or coarse 
copper and copper cement, old copper fit only for remanufacture. 

Antimony, as regulus or metal. 

Quicksilver. 

Chromate of iron or chromic ore. 

Mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought not specially 
enumerated or provided for. 

Brick, other than tire-brick. 

German looking-glass plates, made of blown glass and silvered. 

Vegetables in all their natural state or in salt or brine, not specially enu- 
merated or provided for. 

Chicory-root, ground or unground, burned or prepared. 

Acorns and dandelion-root, raw or prepared, and all other articles used, 
or intended to be used, as coffee or substitutes therefor, not specially enumer- 
ated or provided for. 

Cocoa, prepared or manufactured. 

Dates. 

Currants, Zante or other. 

Figs. 

Meats, game and poultry. 

Milk, fresh. 

Egg-yolks. 

Beans, pease, and split pease. 

Bibles, books, and pamphlets, printed in other languages than English, 
and books and pamphlets and all publications of foreign governments, and 
publications of foreign societies, historical or scientific, printed for gratuitous 
distribution. 

Bristles. 

Bulbs and bulbous roots, not medicinal. 

Feathers of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored, or manufactured. 

Finishing powder. 

Grease. 

Grindstones, finished or unfinished. 

Curled hair, for beds and mattresses. 

Human hair, raw, uncleaned and not drawn. 

Hemp and rape seed, and other oil-seeds of like character 

Garden seeds. 

Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers' use. 

Broom-corn. 

Brushwood. 

Rags, of whatever material composed. 

Rattans and reeds, manufactured but not made up into finished articles. 

Stones, manufactured or undressed, freestone, granite, sandstone, and all 
building or monumental stone. 

All strings of gut or any other like material. 

Tallow. 

Waste, all not specially enumerated or provided for. 

Sec. 2. That on the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the duties here 
tofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, (here shall he levied, 
collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: 

Glycerine, refined, 3 cents per pound. 

Acid, acetic, acetous, or pyroligneous acid, exceeding the specific gravity 
of 1.047, 5 cents per pound. 

Castor beans or seeds, 25 cents per bushel of 50 pounds. 

Castor-oil, 40 cents per gallon. 

Flaxseed or linseed oil, 15 cents per gallon. 

Licorice, paste or rolls, 5 cents per pound. 



322 APPENDIX. 



Licorice juice, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 

Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, manufactured, one-eighth of 1 cent per 
pound. 

Chromate of potash, 2% cents per pound. 

Bichromate of potash, 2J£ cents per pound. 

Acetate of lead, brown, 2 cents per pound. 

Acetate of lead, white, 3 cents per pound. 

White lead, when dry or in pulp, or when ground or mixed in oil, 2 cents 
per pound. 

Orange mineral, and red lead, 1% cents per pound. 

Litharge, 1% cents per pound. 

Nitrate of lead, 2 cents per pound. 

Magnesia, medicinal, carbonate of, 3 cents per pound. 

Magnesia, calcined, 7 cents per pound. 

Magnesia, sulphate of, or Epsom salts, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. 

Prussiate of potash, red, 7 cents per pound. 

Prussiate of potash, yellow, 3 cents per pound. 

Nitrate of potash, refined, or refined saltpeter, 1 cent per pound. 

Sal-soda, or soda crystals, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. 

Bicarbonate of or supercarbonate of soda, and saleratus, calcined or pearl- 
ash, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. 

Hydrate or caustic soda, one-half of 1 cent per pound. 

Soda silicate or other alkaline silicate, one-fourth- of 1 cent per pound. 

Sulphur, sublimed or flowers of, $12 per ton. 

Ultramarine, 3 cents per pound. 

Paris green, 12}^ per cent, ad valorem. 

Colors and paints, including lakes, whether dry or mixed, or ground 
with water or oil, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Zinc, oxide of, when dry, 1 cent per pound; when ground in oil, IJ2 cents 
per pound. 

All medicinal preparations known as cerates, conserves, decoctions, emul- 
sions, extracts, solid or fluid, infusions, juices, liniments, lozenges, mixtures, 
mucilages, ointments, oleo-resins, pills, plasters, powders, resins, suppositories, 
sirups, vinegars, and waters, of any of which alcohol is not a component part, 
which are not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

All ground or powdered spices not specially enumerated or provided for, 
3 cents per pound. 

Proprietary preparations, to wit: All cosmetics, pills, powders, troches or 
lozenges, sirups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, 
ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or preparations or 
compositions recommended to the public as proprietary articles or prepared 
according to some private formula as remedies or specifics for any disease or 
diseases or affections affecting the human or animal body, including all toi- 
let preparations whatever used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or 
skin, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Morphia or morphine and all salts thereof, 50 cents per ounce. 

Acid, tannic or tannin, 50 cents per pound. 

China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, or crockery ware 
composed of earthy or mineral substance, including plaques, ornaments, 
charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, printed, enameled, or gilded, or other- 
wise decorated in any manner, 50 percent, ad valorem. 

China, porcelain, parian, and bisque ware not decorated in any manner, 
40 per cent, ad valorem. 

While granite, common ware, plain white or cream-colored, lustered or 
printed under glaze in a single color; sponged, dipped, or edged ware, 35 
per cent, ad valorem. 



THE MILLS BILL. 323 

Brown earthenware, common stoneware, gas-retorts, and roofing-tiles, not 
specially enumerated or provided for, and not decorated in any manner, 20 
per cent, ad valorem. 

All other earthen, stone, and crockery ware, white, colored, or bisque, 
composed of earthy or mineral substances, not specially enumerated or pro- 
vided for in this act, and not decorated in any manner, 35 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Paving-tiles, not encaustic, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Encaustic tiles, not glazed or enameled, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

All glazed or enameled tiles, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Slates, slate pencils, slate chimney-pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and 
all other manufactures of slate, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Green and colored glass bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys (covered 
or uncovered), pickle or preserve jars, and other plain, molded, or pressed 
green and colored bottle-glass, not cut, engraved, or painted, and not special- 
ly enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound; if filled, and not otherwise 
provided for, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem duty, or to a rate 
of duty based on their value! the value of such bottles, vials, or other vessels 
shall be added to the value of the contents for the ascertainment of the duti- 
able value of the latter; but if filled and not otherwise provided for, and the 
contents are not subject to an ad valorem duty or to a rate of duty based on 
their value, they shall pay a duty of 1 cent per pound in addition to the duty, 
if any, on their contents. 

Cylinder and crown glass, polished, above 24 by 30 inches square and 
not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 20 cents per square foot; all above 
that, 30 cents per square foot. 

Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 
10 by 15 inches square, 1% cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 
16 by 24 inches square, 1 p 8 cents per pound ; above that and not exceeding 
24 by 30 inches square, 2 cents per pound; all above that 2>y 2 cents per 
pound: Provided, That unpolished cylinder, crown, -and common window- 
glass, imported in boxes containing 50 square feet as nearly as sizes will per- 
mit, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, single 
thick and weighing not to exceed 55 pounds of glass per box, shall be entered 
and computed as 50 pounds of glass only; and that said kinds of glass im- 
ported in boxes containing, as nearly as sizes will permit, 50 feet of glass, 
now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, double thick 
and not exceeding 90 pounds in weight, shall be entered and computed as 80 
pounds of glass only; but in all other cases the duty shall be computed ac- 
cording to the actual weight of glass. 

Cast polished plate-glass, silvered, or looking-glass plates, above 24 by 30 
inches square and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 25 cents per square 
foot; all above that, 45 cents per square foot. 

Porcelain and Bohemian glass, chemical glassware, painted glassware, 
stained glass, and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be 
the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, $6 per ton. 

Iron railway bars, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $1 1 per ton. 

Steel railway bars and railway liars made in part of sled, weighing more 
than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. 

Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than 1 inch wide 
nor less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound; 
comprising round iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, and 
square iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, and Hats less than 1 
inch wide or less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, round iron less than 
three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 



324 APPENDIX. 

eter, and square iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, 1 cent per 
pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less 
finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig-iron, except castings, 
shall be rated as iron in bars, and pay a duty accordingly; and none of the 
above iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 per cent, ad valorem : Pro- 
vided further, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or shapes of any 
kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject 
to a duty of not less than $20 per ton. 

Iron or steel T-rails, weighing not over 25 pounds to the yard, $14 per 
ton; iron or steel flat rails, punched, $15 per ton. 

Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 
eter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, 1 cent per pound. 

Iron or steel, flat with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing, 
four-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 

Sheet-iron, common or black, thinner- than 1 inch and not thinner than 
No. 20 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and 
not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, one and one-tenth of 1 cent per pound; 
thinner than No. 25 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, one 
and one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, and 
all iron commercially known as common or black taggers iron, whether put 
up in boxes or bundles or not, 30 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, That on all 
such iron and steel sheets or plates aforesaid, excepting on what are known 
commercially as tin-plates, terae-plates, and taggers tin, when galvanized or 
coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, one- 
fourth of 1 cent per pound additional when not thinner than No. 20 wire 
gauge; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire 
gauge, one-half cent per pound additional, and when thinner than No. 25' 
wire gauge, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound additional. 

Hoop or band or scroll or other iron, 8 inches or less in width, and not 
thinner than No. 10 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 10 wire 
gauge and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.1 cent per pound; thinner 
than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.3 cent per pound : Provided, That all articles not 
specially enumerated or provided for, whether wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, made from sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron herein provided for, 
or of which such sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron shall be the material 
of chief value, shall pay one-fourth of 1 cent per pound more duty than that 
imposed on the iron from which they are made, or which shall be such ma- 
terial of chief value. 

Cast-iron pipe, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 

Cut nails and spikes, of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound. 

Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 

Iron or steel railway fish-plates or splice burs, eight-tenths of 1 cent per 
pound. 

Wrought-iron or steel spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule, or ox 
shoes, 1 \4> cents per pound. 

Anvils, anchors, or parts thereof, mill-irons and mill cranks, of wrought- 
iron, and wrought-iron for ships, and forgings of iron and steel, for vessels, 
steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 25 pounds 
or more, 1 ' ., cents per pound. 

lnm or steel rivets, bolls, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt-blanks, 
and finished hinges or hinge blanks, 1% cents per pound. 

Imn or steel blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track-tools, wedges, and 
crow bars, l 1 , cents per pound. 

Iron or steel axles, parts thereof, axle-bars, axle-blanks, or forgings for 
axles, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, \% cents per 
pound. 



THE MILLS BILL. 325 

Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and wire nails, and all other wrought-iron or 
steel nails, not specially enumerated or provided for, 2% cents per pound. 

Boiler-tubes or other tubes or flues or stays, of wrought-iron or steel, 1% 
cents per pound. 

Chain or chains, of all kinds, made of iron or. steel, less than three-fourths 
of 1 inch in diameter, l l 4 cents per pound; less than three-fourths of 1 inch 
and not less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 1% cents per pound; 
less i ban three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 2 cents per pound. 

Hand, back, and all other saws, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Files, tile-blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, 35 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Iron or steel beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, 
TT columns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and 
bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of 
iron or steel, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. 

Steel wheels and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly 
or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, and other railway tires, 
or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 2 cents per pound ; iron or 
steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms or blanks for the same without regard to 
the degree of manufacture, \% cents per pound. 

Iron and steel wire and iron and steel wire galvanized, and all manufac- 
tures of iron and steel wire and of iron and steel wire galvanized shall pay 
the duties now provided by law: Provided, That no such duty shall be in ex- 
cess of 60 per cent, ad valorem. 

Clippings from new copper, fit only for manufacture, 1 cent per pound. 

Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not 
manufactured, 2 cents per pound; in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, 
sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Lead-ore and lead-dross, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. 

Lead, in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks, and 
bars and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, 1 )i cents per pound. 
Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2 1 ^ cents per pound. 

Sheathing or yellow metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Nickel, in ore or matte, 10 cents per pound on the nickel contained therein. 

Zinc-ores, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Zinc-spelter, or tutenegue, in blocks or pigs, and old worn-out zinc fit 
only to be remanufactured, 1' 4 ' cents per pound; zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, 
in sheets, 2 cents per pound. 

Hollowware, coated, glazed, or tinned, 2% cents per pound. 

Needles for knitting and sewing-machines, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Pens, metallic, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 

Type metal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 

New type for printing, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 

Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, composed wholly or in part of copper, 35 per cent, ad valorem ; manu- 
factures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, com- 
posed of iron, steel, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or 
any other metal, or of which any of the foregoing metals may be the coin 
ponent material of chief value, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Cabinet and house furniture of wood, finished, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Manufactures of cedar wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, rosewood, 
and satinwood, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the chief component part, 
not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on 
their polariscopic test as follows, namely: 



326 APPENDIX. 

All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, 
sirups of cane-juice or of beet-juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete 
and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five 
degrees, shall pay a duty of 1.15 cents per pound, and for every additional 
degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test they shall pay 
thirty-two thousandths of 1 cent per pound additional. 

All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified by the 
Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: 

All sugars above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 2.20 
cents per pound. 

All sugars above No. 10 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2.40 cents 
per pound. 

All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2 .80 cents per pound. 
Molasses testing not above fifty-six degrees by the polariscope shall pay a 
duty of 2% cents per gallon; molasses testing above fifty-six degrees shall 
pay a duty of 6 cents per gallon: Provided, That if an export duty shall here- 
after be laid upon sugar or molasses by any country whence the same may 
be imported, such sugar or molasses so imported shall be subject to duty as 
provided by law at the date of the passage of this act. 
Sugar-candy, not colored, 5 cents per pound. 
All other confectionery, 40 per cent ad valorem. 
Potato or corn starch, rice-starch, and other starch, 1 cent per pound. 
Rice, cleaned, 2 cents per pound; uncleaned, or rice free of the outer hull 
and still having the inner cuticle on, l 1 ^ cents per pound. 
Rice-flour and rice-meal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 
Paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, 1 cent per pound. 
Raisins, 1}4 cents per pound. 

Peanuts or ground-beans, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; shelled, 1 
cent per pound. 

Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound. 
Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced 
beyond the condition of single by twisting two or more single yarns together, 
whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued 
at not exceeding 40 cents per pound, 35 per cent, ad valorem; valued at over 
40 cents per pound, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
On all cotton cloth, 40 percent, ad valorem. 
Spool-thread of cotton, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 
Flax, hackled, known as dressed line, $10 per ton. 

Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot-bottoms, diapers, 
crash, huckabacks, handkerchiefs, lawns, or other manufactures of flax, 
jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent. 
ad valorem; Provided, That cuffs, collars, shirts, and other manufactures of 
wearing apparel, made in whole or in part of linen, and not otherwise pro- 
vided for, and hydraulic hose, 35 per cent, ad valoi'em. 

Flax, hemp, and jute yarns, and all twines of hemp, jute, jute-butts, 
sunn, sisal-grass, ramie, and China-grass, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 

Flax or linen thread, twine, and packed thread and all manufactures of 
flax, or of which flax shall be the component material of chief value, not 
specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas or burlaps, exceeding 60 inches 
in width, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or 
either of them, shall lie the component material of chief value, 25 per cent, 
ad valorem. 

Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, and on all other oil- 
cloth (excepl silk oil ('loth), and on water-proof cloth, not otherwise provided 
for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 



THE MILLS BILL. 327 

Gunny-cloth, not bagging, 15 per cent, ad valorem. 

Bags and bagging, and like manufactures, not specially enumerated or 
provided for, including bagging for cotton composed wholly or in part of 
flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, three-eighths 
of 1 cent per pound. 

Tarred cables or cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Untarred manila cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

All other untarred cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Seines and seine and gilling twine, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Sail-duck, or canvas for sails, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Russia and other 
sheetings of flax or hemp, brown or white, 25 per cent, ad valorem. All 
other manufactures of hemp or manila, or of which hemp or manila shall be 
a component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Grass-cloth and other manufactures of jute, ramie, China and sisal-grass, 
not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, 
That as to jute, jute-butts, sunn, and sisal-grass, and manufactures thereof, 
except burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, this act shall take effect 
Jan. 1, 1889; and as to flax, hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for 
hemp, and the manufactures thereof, upon July 1, 1889. 

See. 3. On and after Oct. 1, 1888, there shall be admitted, when imported, 
free of duty: All wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals. 
Wools on the skin. Woolen rags, shoddy, mungo, waste, and flocks. 

On and after Jan. 1, 1889, in lieu of the duties heretofore imposed on the 
articles hereinafter mentioned in this section, there shall be levied, collected, 
and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Woolen and 
worsted cloths, shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, 
made wholly or in part of wool or worsted, not specially enumerated or pro- 
vided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. 

Flannels, blankets, hats of wool, knit goods, and all goods made on knit- 
ting-frames, balmorals, woolen and worsted yarns, and all manufactures of 
every description, composed wholly or in part of wool or worsted, the hair 
of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, not specially enumerated or provided 
for, 40 per cent ad valorem: Provided, That from and after the passage of 
this act, and until the 1st day of October, 1888, the Secretary of the Treasury 
be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloth all 
imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth, 
or under the name of "worsteds" or "diagonals," or otherwise. 

Bunting, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Women's and children's dress-goods, 
coat-linings, Italian cloths, and goods of like description, composed in part 
of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, 40 per cent, 
ad valorem. 

Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, not spe- 
cially enumerated or provided for, and balmoral skirts and skirting, and 
goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed wholly or 
in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made 
up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- 
turer, except knit goods, 45 per cent, ad valorem. 

Cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside garments for 
ladies' and children's apparel, and goods of similar description or used for 
like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the 
alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part 
by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer (except knit goods), 45 per cent, 
ad valorem. 

Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal- 
loons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress-trimminus, head-nets, 
buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments 



328 APPENDIX. 

wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, the hair 
of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of 
the alpaca, goat, or other animals is a component material, 50 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Hemp and jute carpeting 6 cents per square yard. 

Floor-matting and floor-mats exclusively of vegetable substances, 20 per 
cent, ad valorem. 

"All other carpets and carpetings, druggets, bockings, mats, rugs, screens, 
covers, hassocks, bed-sides of wool, flax, cotton or parts of either or other 
material, 40 per cent, ad valorem." 

Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 30 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Sec. 4. That on and after the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the du- 
ties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, then' shall be 
levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles sever- 
ally: 

Paper, sized or glued, suitable only for printing paper, 15 per cent, ad 
Valorem. 

Printing paper, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclusively, 12 
per cent, ad valorem. 

Paper boxes, and all other fancy boxes, not otherwise provided for, 25 
per cent, ad valorem. 

Paper envelopes, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Paper hangings, and paper for screens or fire-boards, surface-coated paper, 
and all manufactures of which surface-coated paper is a component material, 
not otherwise provided for, and cardboard, paper antiquarian, demy, draw- 
ing, elephant, foolscap, imperial, letter, note, and all other paper not spe- 
cially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Beads and bead ornaments of all kinds, except amber, 40 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Blacking of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Bonnets, hats, and hoods for men, women, and children, composed of 
hair, whalebone, or any vegetable material, and not specially enumerated or 
provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Brooms of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Brushes of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Canes and sticks, for walking, finished, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Card clothing, 20 cents per square foot; when manufactured from tem- 
pered steel wire, 40 cents per square foot. 

Carriages, and parts of, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per 
cent, ad valorem. 

Dolls and toys, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Fans of all kinds, except palm-leaf fans, of whatever material composed, 
30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Feathers of all kinds, when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including 
dressed and finished birds and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, 
or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially enumerated or 
provided for, 35 per cent, ad valorem. 

Friction and lucifer matches of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Gloves of all descriptions, wholly or partially manufactured, 40 per cent., 
ad valorem: Provided, That gloves made of silk taffeta shall be taxed 50 per 
rent, ad valorem. 

Gun wads of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Gutta-percha, manufactured, and all articles of hard rubber not specially 
enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured, 20 per cent, ad 
valorem. 



THE MILLS BILL. 329 

Bracelets, braids, chains, rings, curls, and ringlets composed of hair, or 
of which hair is the component material of chief value, and all manufactures 
of human hair, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Hats, materials for: Braids, plaits, flats, willow sheets and squares, fit only 
for use in making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, and hoods, composed of 
straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, hair, whalebone, or any vegetable ma- 
terial, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Hat-bodies of cotton, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Hatter's plush, composed of silk or of silk and cotton, 15 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Inks of all kinds, and ink-powders, 20 per cent, ad valorem. 

Japanned ware of all kinds not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 
per cent, ad valorem. 

Kaolin, crude, $1 per ton. 

China clay or wrought kaolin, $2 per ton. 

Marble of all kindsT in block, rough, or squared, 40 cents per cubic foot. 

Marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs and marble 
paving-tiles, 85 cents per cubic foot. 

All manufactures of marble not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 
per cent, ad valorem. 

Papier-mache, manufactures, articles, and wares of, 25 per cent, ad 
valorem. 

Percussion caps, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Philosophical apparatus and instruments, 25 per cent, ad valorem. 

Umbrella and parasol ribs, and stretcher frames, tips, runners, handles, 
or other parts thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel, or any 
other metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem; umbrellas, parasols, and shades, when 
covered with silk or alpaca, 50 per cent, ad valorem; all other umbrellas 30 per 
cent, ad valorem. 

Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches, watch-glasses, 
and watch-keys, whether separately packed or otherwise, and watch materials 
not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 25 percent, ad valorem. 

Webbing, composed of cotton, flax, or a mixture of these materials, not 
specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 30 per cent, ad valorem. 

Sec. 5. That the following amendments to and provisions for existing 
laws shall take effect on and after the passage and approval of this act : 

Section 6 of the act of March 3, 1883, entitled ' 'An act to reduce internal • 
revenue taxation, and for other purposes, " providing a substitute for title 33 
of the Revised Statutes of the United States, is hereby amended as to certain 
of the sections and parts of sections or schedules in such substituted title, so 
that they shall be as follows, respectively : 

"Sec. 2,499. Each and every imported article not enumerated or pro- 
vided for in any schedule in this title, which is similar, either in mate- 
rial, quality, textures, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article 
enumerated in this title as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rale of 
duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in 
any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any non-enumerated article 
equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates 
of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article 
the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles pay- 
ing the highest rate of duty; and on articles, not otherwise provided for, 
manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed al the 
rate at Which the dutiable component material of chief value maybe charge- 
able; and the words ' component material of chief value,' whenever used in 
this title, shall be held to mean that dutiable component material which shall 
exceed in value any other single component material found in the article; 
and the value of each component material shall be determined by the ascer- 
24b 



330 APPENDIX. 

tained value of such material in its last form and condition before it became 
a component material of such article. If two or more rates of duty shall be 
applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at the highest of such 
rates: Provided, That any non-enumerated article similar in material and 
quality and texture and the use to which it may be applied to any article 
on the free list, and in the manufacture of which no dutiable materials are 
used, shall be free of duty." 

Sec. 2,502. Schedule A — Chemical products. — By striking out from this 
schedule the words "distilled spirits containing 50 per cent, of anhydrous 
alcohol, $1 per gallon;" also, by striking out the words "alcohol containing 
1)4 per cent, anhydrous alcohol, $2 per gallon." 

THE FREE LIST. 

Sec. 2, SOB. By striking out the clause in this section commencing with 
the words "articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United 
States," and inserting in lieu thereof the following: 

"Articles the growth, produce and manufacture of the United States, 
when returned after having been exported without having been advanced in 
value by auy process of manufacture or by labor thereon; casks, barrels, car- 
boys, bags, and other vessels of American manufacture exported filled with 
American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign 
products, including shooks when returned as barrels or boxes; but proof of 
the identity of such articles shall be made under general regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secreta*^ of the Treasury; and if any of such articles are 
subject to internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to 
have been paid before exportation, and not refunded: Provided, That this 
clause shall not include any article upon which an allowance of drawback 
has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon 
payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed." 

The clause relating to "wearing apparel," etc. (tariff, paragraph 815), is 
hereby amended so that it shall read as follows : 

"Wearing apparel, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa- 
tion, or employment, professional books, and other personal effects (not mer- 
chandise) of persons, arriving in the United States, not exceeding in value 
$500, and not intended for the use of any other person or persons, nor for 
sale; but I his exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other 
articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale : 
Provided, however, That the limitation in value above specified shall not apply 
to wearing apparel and other personal effects which may have been taken from 
the United States to foreign countries by the persons.returning therefrom : and 
such last-named articles shall, upon production of evidence satisfactory to 
the collector or officer acting as such that they have been previously exported 
from the United States by such persons, and have not been advanced in value 
or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or labor thereon 
since so exported, be exempt from the payment of duty: And provided fur- 
ther, That all articles of foreign production or manufacture which may have 
in en once imported into the United Slates and subjected to the payment of 
duty shall, niton reimportation, if not improved in condition, except by 
repairs, by any means, since their exportation from the United States, be 
entitled to exemption from duly upon their identity being established, under 
such rules and regulations as may he prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

"Theatrical scenery and actors' and actresses' wardrobes brought by the- 
atrical managers and professional actors and actresses arriving from abroad, 
for their temporary use in the United States; works of art, drawings, engrav- 
ings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought 



THE MILLS BILL. 331 

by professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use 
by them temporarily for exhibition, and in illustration, promotion, and encour- 
agement of art, science, or industry in the United States ; and wearing apparel 
and other personal effects of tourists from abroad visiting the United States 
shall be admitted to free entry under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe; and bonds shall be given, whenever required by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, for the payment to the United States of such du- 
ties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be 
exported within six months of such importation: Provided however, That the 
Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a 
further term of six months in cases where application therefor shall be made. 
" Wearing apparel, old and worn, not exceeding $100 in value, upon pro- 
duction of evidence satisfactory to the collector and naval officer (if any) that 
the same has been donated and imported in good faith for the relief or aid of 
indigent or needy persons residing in the United States, and not for sale." 



TEXT OF THE McEXBTLEY BILL. 

(PKOVISIONS KELATING TO IMPORTS.) 

This Law Took Effect From October 6, 1890. 

An Act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for other 
purposes. 

Be it enacted by tJie Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That on aud after the sixth day of 
October, eighteen hundred and ninety, unless otherwise specially provided 
for in this act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles im- 
ported from foreign countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein con- 
tained, the rates of duty which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, re- 
spectively prescribed, namely: 

Schedule A. — Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. 

Acids. — 1. Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity 
of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, one and one-half cents per pound ; 
exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty -seven one-thousandths, four 
cents per pound. 

2. Boracic acid, five cents per pound. 

3. Chromic acid, six cents per pound. 

4. Citric acid, ten cents per pound. 

5. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, not otherwise specially provided for, 
one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

6. Tannic acid or tannin, seventy -five cents per pound. 

7. Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound. 

8. Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and other toilet wate~s, 
two dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem; alcoholic compounds 
not specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

9. Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and 
aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per 
pound. 

Ammonia. — 10. Carbonate of, one and three-fourth cents per pound; 
muriate of, or sal-ammoniac, three fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate 
of, one half of one cent per pound. 

11. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

12. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 

13. Bone-char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugar, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

14. Borax, crude, or borate of soda, or borate of lime, three cents per 
pound; refined borax, five cents per pound. 

15. Camphor, refined, four cents per pound. 

16. Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; 
all other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty 
per centum ad valorem. 

17. Chloroform, twenty-five cents per pound. 

332 




Hon. WILLIAM MrKIXLEY, .Ik. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 333 

Coal-tar preparations. — 18. All coal-tar colors or dyes, by whatever name 
known, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-rive per centum ad 
valorem. 

19. All preparations of coal-tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided 
for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

20. Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 

21. Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, 
fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, 
sixty cents per pound ; if in finished or partly finished articles, sixty cents 
per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

22. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

23. Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 

24. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulb, and bulbous 
roots, and excrescences, such as nutgalls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, 
gums, and gum resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, 
spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid 
growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of 
the foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value 
or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and 
not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 

25. Ethers, sulphuric, forty cents per pound; spirits of nitrous ether, 
twenty-five cents per pound ; fruit ethers, oils, or essences, two dollars and 
fifty cents per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this 
act, one dollar per pound. 

26. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, extract of 
sumac, and extracts of bark, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tan- 
ning, not specially provided for in this act, seven-eighths of one cent per 
pound; extracts of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound. 

27. Gelatin, glue, and isinglass or fish-glue valued at not above seven 
cents per pound, one and one-half cents per pound; valued at above seven 
cents per pound, and not above thirty cents per pound, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem; valued at above thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum 
ad valorem. 

28. Glycerin, crude, not purified, one and three-fourth cents per pound; 
refined, four and one-half cents per pound. 

29. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent per pound ; 
carmiued, ten cents per pound. 

30. Ink and ink-powders,' printers' ink, and all other ink not specially 
provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

31. Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound. 

32. Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 

33. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, five and one halt' 
cents per pound. 

34. Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, 
eight cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, three-tenths of one cent 
per pound. 

35. Morphia, or morphine, and all sails thereof, fifty cents per ounce. 
Oils. — 36. Alizarine assistant, or soluble oil, or oleate of soda, or Turkej 

red oil, containing fifty per centum or more of castor oil, eighty cents per 
gallon; containing less than fifty per centum of castor oil, forty cents per 
gallon; all other, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

37. Castor oil, eighty cents per gallon. 

38. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 

39. Cotton-seed oil, ten cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds 
weight. 

40. Croton oil, thirty cents per pound. 



334 APPENDIX. 

41. Flaxseed or linseed and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, 
thirty-two cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 

42. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, ten per centum ad valorem. 

43. Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil, ten cents per gallon. 

44. Olive oil, tit for salad purposes, thirty-five cents per gallon. 

45. Peppermint oil, eighty cents per pound. 

46. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil not specially provided for in 
this act, eight cents per gallon. 

47. Opium, aqueous extract of, for medicinal uses, and tincture of, as 
laudanum, and all other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided 
for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

48. Opium containing less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium 
prepared for smoking, twelve dollars per pound; but opium prepared for 
smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouse 
shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties 
shall not be refunded. 

Paints, colors, and varnishes. — 49. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, includ- 
ing barytes earth, unmanufactured, one "dollar and twelve cents per ton; 
manufactured, six dollars and seventy-two cents per ton. 

50. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing 
ferrocyanide of iron, dry or ground in or mixed with oil, six cents per pound; 
in pulp or mixed with water, six cents per pound on the material contained 
therein when dry. 

51. Blanc-fixe, or satin white, or* artificial sulphate of barytes, three- 
fourths of one cent per pound. 

52. Black, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable, under whatever name 
known, including bone-black and lampblack, dry or ground in oil or water, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

53. Chrome yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium colors in 
which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry, or 
ground in or mixed with oil, four and one-half cents per pound; in pulp or 
mixed with water, four and one-half cents per pound on the material con- 
tained therein when dry. 

54. Ocher, and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber 
earths not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound; ground in oil, one and one-half cents per pound. 

55. Ultramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 

56. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem ; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one 
dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon additional. 

57. Vermilion red, and colors containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil 
or water, twelve cents per pound. 

58. Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 

59. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground 
in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 

60. Zinc, oxide of, and white paint containing zinc, but not containing 
lead, dry, one and one-fourth cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three- 
fourth cents per pound. 

61. All oilier paints and colors, whether dry or mixed, or ground in water 
or oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided 
for in this act, and artists' colors of all kinds, in tubes or otherwise, twenty- 
live per centum ad valorem; all paints and colors, mixed or ground with 
water or solutions other than oil, and commercially known as artists' water- 
color paints, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

Lead products. — 62. Acetate of lead, while, five and one-half cents per 
pound; brown, three and one half cents per pound. 
0;i. Litharge, three cents per pound. 






TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 335 



64. Nitrate of lead, three cents per pound. 

65. < Mange mineral, three and one-half cents per pound. 

66. Red lead, three cents per pound. 

67. White lead, and white paint containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground 
or mixed with oil, three cents per pound. 

68. Phosphorous, twenty cents per pound. 

Potash. — 69. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 

70. Caustic or hydrate of, refined in sticks or rolls, one per cent, per 
pound. 

71. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, fifty cents per pound. 

72. Nitrate of, or saltpetre, refined, one cent per pound. 

73. Prussiate of, red, ten cents per pound; yellow, five cents per pound. 

Preparations — 74. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal pro- 
prietary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, or in the prepara- 
tion of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents 
per pound. 

75. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary prepara- 
tions, of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided 
for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calomel and other mer- 
curial medicinal preparations, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

76. Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled nils, 
essential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the lure 
going, and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this 
act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

77. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, 
such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, includ- 
ing all known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, 
fifty per centum ad valorem. 

78. Santonine, and all salts thereof containing eighty per centum or over 
of santonine, two dollars and fifty cents per pound. 

79. Soap: Castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound; fancy, per- 
fumed, and all descriptions of toilet soap, fifteen cents per pound ; all other 
soaps, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Soda. — 80. Bicarbonate of soda or supercarbonate of soda or saleratus, 
one cent per pound. 

81. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one cent per pound. 

82. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 

83. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, and soda ash, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound. 

84. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of one cent per 
pound. 

85. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dollar and twenty 
five cents per ton. 

86. Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

87. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all sails thereof, forty cents per ounce. 

88. Sulphur, refined, eight dollars per ton; sublimed, or flowers of, ten 
dollars per ton. 

89. Sumac, ground, four-tenths of one cent per pound. 

90. Tartar, cream of, and patent tartar, six cents per pound. 

91. Tartars and lees crystals, partly relincd. four cents per pound. 

92. Tartrate of soda and potassa, or Rochelle salts, three cents per pound- 

Schedule B. — Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware. 

Brick and Tile. — 93. Fire brick, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or 
decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton; glazed, 
enameled, ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

94. Tiles and brick, other than fire brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted, 



336 APPENDIX. 

enameled, vitrified, or decorated, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; orna- 
mented, glazed, painted, enameled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, 
forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Cement, Lime, and Plaster. — 95. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic 
cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred 
pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one 
hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

96. Lime, six cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel 
or package. 

97. Plaster of Paris or gypsum, ground, one dollar per ton; calcined, one 
dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. 

Clays or Earths. — 98. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for iu this act, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; 
wrought or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, three dol- 
lars per ton; china clay or kaolin, three dollars per ton. 

Earthenware and China. — 99. Common brown earthenware, common 
stoneware, and crucibles, not ornamented or decorated in any manner, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

100. China, porcelain, pariau, bisque, earthen, stone and crockery ware, 
including plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, 
tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or otherwise decorated, or orna- 
mented in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if plain white, and 
nt it ( irnamented or decorated in any manner, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

101. All other china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crock- 
ery ware, and manufactures of the same, by whatsoever designation or name 
known in the trade, including lava tips for burners, not specially provided 
tor in this act, if ornamented or decorated in any manner, sixty per centum 
ad valorem; if not ornamented or decorated, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

102. Gas retorts, three dollars each. 

Glass and Glassware. — 103. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and 
flint and lime glass bottles, holding more than one pint, and demijohns, and 
carboys (covered or uncovered), and other molded or pressed green and col- 
ored and flint or lime bottle glassware, not specially provided for iu this act, 
one cent per pound. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint, and 
lime glass bottles, and vials, holding not more than one pint, and not less 
than one-quarter of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if holding less 
than one-fourth, of a pint, fifty cents per gross. 

104. All articles enumerated in the preceding paragraph, if filled, and 
not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are subject to an ad 
valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based upon the value, the value of 
such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall be added to the value of the con- 
tents for the ascertainment of the dutiable value of the latter; but if filled, 
and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are not subject 
to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to rate of duty based on the value, or are 
free of duty, such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall pay, in addition to the 
duty, if any, on their contents, the rates of duty prescribed in the preceding 
paragraph: Provided, That no article manufactured from glass described in 
the preceding paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

105. Flint and lime, pressed glassware, not cut, engraved, painted, etched, 
decorated, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 

106. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, 
decorated, silvered, or gilded, not including plate glass silvered, or looking- 
glass plates, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

107. Chemical glassware for use in laboratory, and not otherwise specially 
provided for in this act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 337 

108. Thin blown glass, blown with or without a mold, including glass 
chimneys and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the 
component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty 
per centum ad valorem. 

109. Heavy blown glass, blown with or without a mold, not cut or deco- 
rated, finished or unfinished, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

110. Porcelain or opal glassware, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

111. All cut, engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated 
glass bottles, decanters, or other vessels of glass, shall, if filled, pay duty in 
addition to any duty chargeable on the contents, as if not filled, unless other- 
wise specially provided for in this act. 

112. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceed- 
ing ten by fifteen inches square, one and three-eighth cents per pound; above 
that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one and seven- 
eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty 
inches square, two and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not 
exceeding twenty-four by thirty-six inches square, two and seven-eighth 
cents per pound ; all above that, three and one-eighth cents per pound : Pro- 
vided, That unpolished cylinder, crown and common window glass, imported 
in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, and 
the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of 
glass. 

113. Cylinder and crowned glass, polished, not exceeding sixteen by 
twenty-four inches square, four cents per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding twenty -four by thirty inches square, six cents per square foot; 
above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty 
cents per square foot; above that, forty cents per square foot. 

114. Fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, not including crown, cylinder, 
or common window glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, three- 
fourths of one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding sixteen 
by twenty-four inches square, one cent per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, one and one-half cents per 
square foot; all above that, two cents per square foot; and all fluted, rolled, 
or rough plate glass, weighing over one hundred pounds per one hundred 
square feet, shall pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates 
herein imposed : Provided, That all of the above plate glass when ground, 
smoothed, or otherwise obscured, shall be subject to the same rate of duty as 
cast polished plate glass unsilvered. 

115. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not 
exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, five cents per square foul ; 
above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, eight 
cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty -four by sixty 
inches square, twenty -five cents per square foot; all above that, fifty cents 
per square foot. 

116. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates, not ex- 
ceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, six cents per square foot; 
above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents 
per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches 
square, thirty-five cents per square foot; all above that, sixty cents per square 
foot. 

117. But no looking-glass plates, or plate glass silvered, when framed, 
shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like de- 
scription not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the 
rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. 

118. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown, 
or common window glass, when ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enam- 
eled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, stained, colored, or otherwise 



338 APPENDIX. 

ornamented or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of ten per centum ad 
valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 

119. Spectacles and eyeglasses, or spectacles and eyeglass frames, sixty 
per centum ad valorem. 

120. On lenses, costing one dollar and fifty cents per gross pairs, or less, 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

121. Spectacle and eyeglass lenses with their edges ground or beveled to 
fit frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

122. All stained or painted window glass and stained or painted glass win- 
dows, and hand, pocket, or table mirrors, not exceeding in size one hundred 
and forty-four square inches, with or without frames or cases, of whatever 
material composed, lenses of glass or pebble, wholly or partly manufactured, 
and not specially provided for in this act, and fusible enamel, forty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Marble and stone, manufacturers of . — 123. Marble of all kinds in block, 
rough or squared, sixty-five cents per cubic foot. 

121. Veined marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs 
and marble paving-tiles, one dollar and ten cents per cubic foot (but in meas- 
urement no slab shall be computed at less than one inch in thickness). 

125. Manufactures of marble, not specially provided for in this act, fifty 
per centum ad valorem. 

Stone. — 126. Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into millstones, fif- 
teen per centum ad valorem. 

127. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- 
umental stone, except marble, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially 
provided for in this act, eleven cents per cubic foot., 

128. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- 
umental stone, except marble, not specially provided for in this act, hewed, 
dressed, or polished, forty per centum ad valorem. 

129. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five cents 
per ton. 

Slate. — 130. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and 
all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in this act, thirty 
per centum ad valorem. 

131. Roofing slates, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule C. — Metals and Manufactures of. 

Iron and Steel. 

132. Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

133. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residu- 
um from burned pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton. Sulphur ore, as pyrites, 
or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing not more than three and 
one-hall' per centum copper, seventy : fivc cents per ton: Provided, That ore 
containing more than two per centum of copper shall pay, in addition thereto, 
one-half of one cent per pound for the copper contained therein : Provided, 
also, That sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, 
containing in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, shall be free of 
duty, except on the copper contained therein, as above provided: And pro- 
vided further, That in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduc- 
tion shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which 
may be chemically or physically combined I herewith. 

134. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro- 
silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, three-tenths of one cent 
per pound; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except 
waste or refuse iron or steel tit only to be reinanufactured. 

135. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than one inch 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 339 



wide nor loss than three-eighths of one inch thick, eight-tenths of one cent 
per pound; round iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch in diameter, 
and square iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch square, nine-tenths 
of one cent per pound; flats less than one inch wide or less than three-eight lis 
of one inch thick; round iron, less than three-fourths of one inch and not 
less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter; and square iron less than 
three-fourths of one inch square, one cent per pound. 

136. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of one inch 
in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially provided for in 
this act, one and one-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That all iron in slabs, 
blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more ad- 
vanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and be 
subject to a duty of eight-tenths of one cent per pound; and none of the iron 
above enumerated in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem : Provided, further, That all iron bars, blooms, 
lets, or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is 
used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than twenty -two dollars 
per ton. 

137. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT 
columns and posts or parts of sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb 
beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron 
or steel, whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, nine-tenths of one cent 
per pound. 

138. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except saw plates hereinafter pro- 
vided for, not thinner than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, 
and skelp iron or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent per 
pound or less, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and 
not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, sixty-five hundreths of one 
cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above two 
cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two cents 
and not above three cents per pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; val- 
ued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and five- 
tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents 
per pound, two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above 
ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above 
ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents 
per pound; valued above thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all plate iron or steel thinner than number ten wire 
gau^e shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 

139. Forgings of iron or steel, or forged iron and steel combined, of what- 
ever shape, or in whatever stage of manufacture, not specially provided for 
in this act, two and three-tenth cents per pound; Provided, That no forgings 
of iron or steel, or forgings of iron and steel combined, by whatever process 
made, shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

140. Hoop, or band, or scroll, or other iron or steel, valued at three cents 
per pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths 
of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, one cent per 
pound; thinner than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number 
twenty wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number 
twenty wire gauge, one and three-tenth cents per pound: Provided, Thai 
hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to length, or wholly or partial 
ly manufactured into hoops or ties for baling purposes, barrel hoops oi iron 
or steel, and hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel flared, splayed or 
punched, with or without buckles or fastenings, shall pay two tenths ,,1 one 
cent per pound more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron or 
steel from which they are made. 

141. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made m part 



340 APPENDIX. 

of steel, T-rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails, six-tenths of one cent 
per pound. 

142. Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, including all iron or steel 
commercially known as common or black taggers iron or steel, and skelp 
iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less: Thinner than number 
ten and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one cent per pound; 
thinner than number twenty wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty- 
five wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; thinner than number 
twenty -five wire gauge, one and four-tenth cents per pound; corrugated or 
crimped, one and four-tenth cents per pound ; Provided, That all common 
or black sheet iron or sheet steel not thinner than number ten wire gauge 
shall pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. 

143. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron 
or steel, excepting what are known commercially as tin plates, terne plates, 
and taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, when galvanized or coated 
with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay 
three-fourths of one cent per pound more duty than the rates imposed by 
the preceding paragraph upon the corresponding gauges, or forms, of com- 
mon or black sheet or taggers iron or steel; and on and after July 1st, eight- 
een hundred and ninety-one, all iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron 
coated with tin or lead or with a mixture of which these metals or either of 
them is a componeut part, by the dipping or any other process, and com- 
mercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, shall pay two 
and two-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That on and after July first, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-one, manufactures of which tin, tin plates, 
terne plates, taggers tin, or either of them, are component materials of chief 
value, and all articles, vessels, or wares manufactured, stamped or drawn 
from sheet iron or sheet steel, such material being the component of chief 
value, and coated wholly or in part with tin or lead or a mixture of which 
these metals or either of them is a component part, shall pay a duty of fifty- 
five per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That on and after October 
first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, tin plates and terne plates lighter 
in weight than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet shall be admitted 
free of duty, unless it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- 
ident (who shall thereupon by proclamation make known the fact) that the 
aggregate quantity of such plates lighter than sixty-three pounds per hun- 
dred square feet produced in the United States during either of the six years 
next preceding June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, has 
equaled one-third the amount of such plates imported and entered for con- 
sumption during any fiscal year after the passage of this act, and prior to 
said October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven: Provided, That the 
amount of such plates manufactured into articles exported, and upon which 
a drawback shall be paid, shall not be included in ascertaining the amount 
of such importations: And provided further, That the amount or weight of 
sheet iron or sheet steel manufactured in the United States and applied or 
wrought in the manufacture of articles of wares tinned or terne plated in the 
United Stales, with weight allowance as sold to manufacturers or others, 
shall be considered as tin and terne plates produced in the United States with- 
in the meaning of this act. 

144. Sheet iron or sheet steel, polished, planished, or glanced, by what- 
ever name designated, two and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That 
plate or sheet or taggers iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other 
than the polished, planished, or glanced herein provided for, which has been 
pickled or cleaned by acid, or by any other material or process, or which is 
cold rolled, smoothed only, not polished, shall pay one-quarter of one cent 
per pound more duty than the corresponding gauges of common or black 
sheet or taggers iron or steel. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 341 

145. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with 
tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a 
component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially 
known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, one cent per pound until 
July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 

146. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by whatever process 
made; die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; 
steamer, crank, and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting 
rods and piston rods; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes; saw plates, whol- 
ly or partially manufactured; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel 
molds not in 'bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel tools; all descriptions 
and shapes of dry sand, 'loam, or iron-molded steel castings; sheets and plates 
not specially provided for in this act; and steel in all forms and shapes not 
specially provided for in this act; all of the above valued at one cent per 
pound or less, four-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above one cent and 
not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per 
pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above one and eight- 
tenth cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above one 
and eight-tenth cents and not above two and two-tenth cents per pound, nine- 
tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and two-tenth cents, and 
not above three cents per pound, one and two-tenth cents per pound; valued 
above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and six-tenth 
cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, 
two cents per pound ; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per 
pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and 
not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; val- 
ued above thirteen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, four and 
two-tenth cents per pound; valued above sixteen cents per pound, seven 
cents per pound. 

Wire.— 141. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire 
rods, and nail rods, whether round, oval, flat, square, or in any other shape, 
in coils or otherwise, not smaller than number six wire gauge, valued at three 
and one-half cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; and 
iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs for the manufacture of fencing, val- 
ued at three cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound: Pro- 
vided, That all iron or steel rods, whether rolled or drawn through dies, 
smaller than number six wire gauge, shall be classed and dutiable as wire. 

148. Wire: Wire made of iron or steel, not smaller than number ten Avire 
gauge, one and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number ten, and 
not smaller than number sixteen wire gauge, one and three-fourth cents per 
pound; smaller than number sixteen and not smaller than number twenty 
six wire gauge, two and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number 
twenty-six wire gauge, three cents per pound: Provided, That iron or sled 
wire covered with cotton, silk, or other material, and wires or strip sled, 
commonly known as crinoline wire, corset wire, and hat wire, shall pay a 
duty of five cents per pound: And provided further, That Hat steel wire, or 
sheet steel in strips, whether drawn through dies or rolls, untempered or 
tempered, of whatsoever width, twenty-five one-thousandths of an inch thick 
or thinner (ready for use or otherwise), shall pay a duty of titty per centum 
ad valorem: And provided further, That no article made from iron or steel 
wire, or of which iron or steel wire is a component part of chief value, shall 
pay a less rate of duty than the iron or steel wire from which it is made 
either wholly or in part: And provided further. That iron or steel wire cloths, 
and iron or steel wire nettings made in meshes of any form, shall pay a duty 
equal in amount to that imposed on iron or steel wire used in the manufac- 
ture of iron or steel wire cloth, or iron or steel wire nettings, and two cents 
per pound in addition thereto. 



342 APPENDIX. 

There shall be paid on iron or steel wire coated with zinc or tin, or any 
other metal (except fence wire and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, 
for the manufacture of fencing), one-half of one cent per pound in addition 
to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on iron wire rope and 
iron strand, one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire 
of which it is made; on steel wire rope and wire strand, two cents per pound 
in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which they or either of them 
are made: Provided further, That all iron or steel wire valued at more than 
four cents per pound shall pay a duty of not less than forty-five per centum 
ad valorem, except that card wire for the manufacture of card clothing shall 
pay a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

General Provisions. 

149. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in 
consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description 
of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or 
steel, or upon any manufacture of iron and steel. 

150. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, 
of whatever description or form, without regard to the percentage of carbon 
contained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or 
made from iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffiths, pneu- 
matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth process, or 
by the equivalent of either, or by a combination of two or more of the 
processes, or their equivalents, or by any fusion or other process which pro- 
duces from iron or its ore a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, 
which is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable-iron cast- 
ings shall be classed and denominated as steel. 

151. No article not specially provided for in this act, wholly or partly 
manufactured from tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or 
scroll iron or steel herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne 
plate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of 
chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, 
terne plate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it 
is made, or of which it shall be the component thereof of chief value. 

152. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section, which 
are cold rolled, cold hammered, or polished in any way, in addition to the 
ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth 
of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this act; and on 
all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the 
polished, planished or glanced sheet iron, or sheet steel hereinbefore pro- 
vided tor, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, blued, brightened, tem- 
pered, or polished by any process to such perfected surface finish or polish 
better than the grade of cold rolled, smooth only, hereinbefore provided for, 
there shall he paid one and one-fourth cents per pound in addition to the 
rates provided in this net upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of 
common or black finish; and on steel circular saw-plates there shall be paid 
our cent per pound in addition to the rate provided in this act for steel saw 
plates. 

Manufactures of Iron mid Steel. 

153. Anchors, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, mill irons and mill cranks 
of wrought iron, and wroughl iron for ships, and forgings of iron or steel, 
or of combined iron and steel, for vessels, steam engines, and locomotives, 
or parts thereof, weighing each twenty live pounds or more, one and eight- 
tenth cents per pound. 

154 Axles, or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks, or forgings for axles, 
Whether of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufac- 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 343 



ture, two cents per pound: Provided, That when iron or steel axles are im- 
ported fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be 
dutiable at the same rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 

155. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever 
process made, or in whatever stage of manufacture, two and one-half cents 
per pound. 

156. Blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- 
bars, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 

157. Boiler or other tubes, pipes, flues, or stays of wrought iron or steel, 
two and one-half cents per pound. 

158. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks and finished 
hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents 
per pound. 

159. Card clothing, manufactured from tempered-steel wire, fifty cents 
per square foot; all other, twenty-five cents per square foot. 

160. Cast iron pipe of every description, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 

161. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove plates, andirons, sad-irons, tailors' 
irons, hatters' irons, and castings of iron, not specially provided for in this 
act, one and two-tenth cents per pound. 

162. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for in this act, one 
and three-fourth cents per pound. 

163. Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, three cents per pound. 

164. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- 
fourths of one inch in diameter, one and six-tenth cents per pound; less than 
three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diam- 
eter, one and eight-tenth cents per pound ; less than three-eighths of one incli 
in diameter, two and one-half cents per pound, but no chain or chains of any 
description shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Cutlery. — 165. Pen-knives or pocket-knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, 
and erasers or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, valued at not 
more than fifty cents per dozen, twelve cents per dozen; valued at more than 
fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, 
fifty cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per doz- 
en and not exceeding three dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued 
at more than three dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen; and in addition 
thereto on all the above, fifty per centum ad valorem. Razors and razor 
blades finished or unfinished, valued at less than four dollars per dozen, one 
dollar per dozen; valued at four dollars or more per dozen, one dollar and 
seventy-five cents per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above razors 
and razor blades, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

166. Swords, sword blades and side arms, thirty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem. 

167. Table knives, forks, steels, and all butchers', hunting, kitchen, bread, 
butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers', painters', palette, and artists' 
knives, of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than one dol- 
lar per dozen pieces, ten cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and 
not more than two dollars, thirty-five cents per dozen; valued at more than 
two dollars and not more than three dollars, forty cents per dozen; valued at 
more than three dollars and not more than eight dollars, one dollar per doz- 
en; valued at more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen; and in addition 
upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ail valorem. Allearv- 
ing and cooks' knives and forks of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at 
not more than four dollars per dozen pieces, one dollar per dozen; valued at 
more than four dollars and not more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen 
pieces; valued at more than eight dollars and not more than twelve dollars, 
three dollars per dozen pieces: valued at more than twelve dollars, fivedol- 






344 APPENDIX. 

lars per dozen pieces; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 

168. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and kinds, four inches 
in length and under, thirty-five cents per dozen; over four inches in length 
and under nine inches, seventy -five cents per dozen; nine inches in length 
and under fourteen inches, one dollar and thirty cents per dozen; fourteen 
inches in length and over, two dollars per dozen. 

Fire- Arras. — 169. Muskets and sporting rifles, twenty -five per centum ad 
valorem. 

170. All double-barreled, sporting, breech-loading shot gxins valued at not 
more than six dollars each, one dollar and fifty cents each ; valued at more 
than six dollars and not more than twelve dollars each, four dollars each; val- 
ued at more than twelve dollars each, six dollars each; and in addition there- 
to on all the above, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Single-barrel, breech- 
loading shot-guns, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Re- 
volving pistols valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents each, forty 
cents each; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents, one dollar each; and 
in addition thereto on all the above pistols, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

171. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed with 
vitreous glasses, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

172. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed as 
above with more than one color, or ornamented, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

Nails, spikes, tacks, and needles. — 173. Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or 
steel, one cent per pound. 

174. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails, 
not specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound. 

175. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, two inches long and lon- 
ger, not lighter than number twelve wire gauge, two cents per pound; from 
one inch to two inches in length, and lighter than number twelve and not 
lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, two and one-half cents per pound; 
shorter than one inch and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, four 
cents per pound. 

176. Spikes, nuts, and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, of wrought 
iron or steel, one and eight-tenth cents per pound. 

177. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- 
sand, two and one-fourth cents per thousand; exceeding sixteen ounces to the 
thousand, two and three-fourth cents per pound. 

178. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, crochet needles and tape 
needles, and bodkins of metal, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

179. Needles, knitting, and all others not specially provided for in this act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Plates. — 180. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, 
and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, for printing, twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

181. Railway fish plates or splice bars, made of iron or steel, one cent per 
pound. 

182. Rivets of iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 

183. Saws: Cross-cut saws, eight cents per linear foot; mill, pit, and 
drag saws, notovernine inches wide, ten cents per linear toot ; over nine inch- 
es wide, fifteen cents per linear foot; circular saws, thirty per centum ad 
valorem; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for in this 
act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

184. Screws, commonly called wood screws, more than two inches in 
length, five cents per pound; over one inch and not more than two inches in 
length, seven cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than one 
inch in length, ten cents per pound; one-half inch and less in length, four- 
teen cents per pound, 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 345 

185. Wheels, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels 
for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel lo- 
comotive, car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manu- 
factured, two and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms, or blanks for the same, without regard to the degree of manufacture, 
one and three-fourth cents per pound: Provided, That when wheels or parts 
thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, 
the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided 
for the wheels when imported separately. 

Miscellaneous Metals and Manufactures of. 

186. Aluminium or aluminum, in crude form, alloys of any kind in which 
aluminum is the component material of chief value, fifteen cents per pound. 

187. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

188. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

189. Brass, in bars or pigs, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch met- 
al, and old sheathing, or yellow metal, fit only for remanufacture, one and 
one-half cents per pound. 

190. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or Dutch metal, or 
aluminum, in leaf, eight cents per package of one hundred leaves. 

Copper. — 191. Copper imported in the form of ores, one-half of one cent 
per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 

192. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, clippings from new copper, 
and all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. 

193. Regulus of copper, and black or coarse copper, and copper cement, 
one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 

194. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, 
not manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-fourth 
cents per pound. 

195. Copper in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, 
and copper bottoms, also sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the 
component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of 
iron, ungalvanized, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 

Gold and Silver. — 196. Bullions and metal thread of gold, silver, or other 
metals, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

197. Gold leaf, two dollars per package of five hundred leaves. 

198. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five hundred leaves. 
Lead. — 199. Lead ore and lead dross, one and one-half cents per pound: 

Provided, That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall pay a duty 
of one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein, according 
to sample and assay at the port of entry. 

200. Lead in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead ruu into blocks and 
bars, and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, two cents per pound. 

201. Lead in sheets, pipes, shot, glaziers' lead, and lead wire, two and one 
half cents per pound. 

202. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrou^ht, 
not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; mica, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Nickel. — 203. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the 
component material of chief value, ten cents per pound. 

204. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross. 

205. Penholder tips, penhofders, or parts thereof, and gold pens, thirty 
per centum ad valorem. 

206. Pins, metallic, solid head or other, including hair pins, safety pins, 
and hat, bonnet, shawl, and belt pins, thirty per centum ad valorem. 



346 APPENDIX. 

207. Quicksilver, ten cents per pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- 
sels in which quicksilver is imported, shall be subject to the same rate of duty 
as they would be subjected to if imported empty. 

208. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for the lead contained 
therein; new types, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

209. Tin: On and after July 1, 1893, there shall be imposed and paid 
upon cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, and pig tin, a 
duty of four cents per pound: Provided, That unless it shall be made to ap- 
pear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States (who shall make 
known the fact by proclamation) that the product of the mines of the United 
States shall have exceeded five thousand tons of cassiterite, and bar, block, 
and pig tin in any one year prior to July 1, 1895, then all imported cassiter- 
ite, bar, block, and pig tin shall after July 1, 1895, be admitted free of duty. 

Watches.— 210. Chronometers, box or ship's and parts thereof, ten per 
centum ad valorem. 

211. Watches, parts of watches, watch cases, watch movements, and 
watch glasses, whether separately packed or otherwise, twenty-five per cent- 
um ad valorem. 

Zinc or Spelter.— 212. Zinc in blocks or pigs, one and three-fourth cents 
per pound. 

213. Zinc in sheets, two and one-half cents per pound. 

214. Zinc, old and worn out, fit only to be remanufactured, one and one- 
fourth cents per pound. 

215. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or pro- 
vided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, 
nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or any other metal, 
and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Schedule D.— Wood and Manufactures op. 

216. Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building 
wharves, ten per centum ad valorem. 

217. Timber, squared or sided, not specially provided for in this act, one- 
half of one cent per cubic foot. 

218. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, white- 
wood, sycamore, white pine, and basswood, one dollar per thousand feet 
board measure; sawed lumber, not specially provided for in this act, two dol- 
lars per thousand feet board measure; but when lumber of any sort is 
planed or finished, in addition to the rates herein provided, there shall be lev- 
ied and paid for each side so planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet 
board measure; and if planed on one side and tongued and grooved, onedol- 
la r per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on two sides, and tongued 
and grooved, one dollar and fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and 
in estimating board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be made 
on hoard measure on account of planing, tonguing and grooving: Provided, 
That in case any foreign country shall impose an export duty upon pine, 
spruce, elm, or other logs, or upon stave bolts, shingle wood, or heading 
blocks'exported to the United Slates from such country, then the duty upon 
the sawed lumber herein provided for, when imported from such country, 
shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force prior to the passage of this 

219. Cedar: That on and after March 1, 1891, paving posts, railroad ties, 
and telephone and telegraph poles of cedar, shall be dutiable at twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

220. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum 
vitaa, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, 
and all oilier cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 347 

centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, and wood, unmanufactured, not spe- 
cially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

221. Pine clapboards; one dollar per one thousand. 

222. Spruce clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand. 

223. Hubs for wheels, posts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, gun 
blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewed or sawed 
only, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

224. Laths, fifteen cents per oue thousand pieces. 
22."). Pickets and palings, ten per centum ad valorem. 

226. White-pine shingles, twenty cents per one thousand; all other, thirty 
cents per one thousand. 

227. Staves of wood of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. 

228. Casks and barrels (empty), sugar-box shooks, and packing boxes and 
packing-box shooks, of wood, not specially provided for in this act, thirty 
per centum ad valorem. 

229. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, 
and whether round, square, or in any other shape, ten per ceutum ad valorem. 

230. House or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly, or partly finished 
manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule E. — Sugar. 

231. That on and after July 1, 1891, and until July 1, 1905, there shall be 
paid, from any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, under 
the provisions of Section 3,689 of the Revised Statutes, to the producer of 
sugar testing not less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, from beets, 
sorghum, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap 
produced within the United States, a bounty of two cents per pound; and 
upon such sugar testing less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, and not 
less than eighty degrees, a bounty of one and three-fourth cents per pound, 
under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 
with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. 

232. The producer of said sugar to be entitled to said bounty shall have 
first filed prior to July 1st of each year with the Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue a notice of the place of production, with a general description of 
the machinerv and methods to be employed by him, with an estimate of the 
amount of sugar proposed to be produced in the current or next ensuing year, 
including the number of maple-trees to be tapped, and an application for a 
license to so produce, to be accompanied by a bond in a penalty, and with 
sureties to be approved by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, conditioned 
that he will faithfully observe all rules and regulations that shall be pre- 
scribed for such manufacture and production of sugar. 

233. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, upon receiving the applica- 
tion and bond hereinbefore provided for, shall issue to the applicant a license 
to produce sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United 
States, or from maple sap'produced within the United Stales al the place and 
with the machinery and by the methods described in the application; but 
said license shall not extend beyond one year from the date thereof. 

234. No bounty shall be paid to any person engaged in refining sugars 
which have been imported into the United States, or produced in the United 
States upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or 
applied for, nor to any person unless he shall have first been licensed as herein 
provided, and only upon su«-ar produced by such person from sorghum, 
beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United Slates, or from maple sap pro- 
duced within the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 
with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to time 



348 APPENDIX. 



make all needful rules and regulations for the manufacture of sugar from 
sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple 
sap produced within the United States, and shall, under the direction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, exercise supervision and inspection of the manu- 
facture thereof. 

235. And for the payment of these bounties the Secretary of the Treasury 
is authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the United States for such 
sums as shall be necessary, which sums shall be certified to him by the Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue, by whom the bounties shall be disbursed, and 
no bounty shall be allowed or paid to any person licensed as aforesaid in any 
one year, upon any quantity of sugar less than five hundred pounds. 

236. That any person who shall knowingly refine or aid in the refining of 
sugar imported into the United States or upon which the bounty herein 
provided for has already been paid or applied for, at the place described in 
(lie license issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and any person 
not entitled to the bounty herein provided for, who shall apply for or receive 
the same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, 
shall pay a fine not exceeding $5,000, or be imprisoned for a period not ex- 
ceeding five years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

237. All sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay a 
duty of five-tenths of one cent per pound: Provided, That all such sugars 
above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay one-tenth of one 
cent per pound in addition to the rate herein provided for, when exported 
from, or the product of any country when and so long as such country pays 
or shall hereafter pay, directly or indirectly, a bounty on the exportation of 
any sugar that may be included in this grade which is greater than is paid on 
raw sugars of a lower saccharine strength; and the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe suitable rules and regulations to carry this provision into effect: 
And provided further , That all machinery purchased abroad and erected in a 
beet-sugar factory and used in the production of raw sugar in the United 
States from beets produced therein shall be admitted duty free until the first 
day of July, 1892: Provided, That any duty collected on any of the above- 
described "machinery purchased abroad and imported into the United States 
for the uses above indicated since Jan. 1, 1890, shall be refunded. 

238. Sugar candy and all confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, 
made wholly or in part of sugar, valued at twelve cents or less per pound, 
and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way 
adulterated, five cents per pound. 

239. All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not 
specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

240. Glucose, or grape sugar, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

241. That the provisions of this act providing terms for the admission of 
imported sugars and molasses and for the payment of a bounty on sugars of 
domestic production shall take effect on the first day of April, 1891: Pro- 
vided, That on and alter the first day of March, 1891, and prior to the first 
day of April, 1891, sugars not exceeding number sixteen Dutch standard in 
color may lie refined in bond without payment of duty, and such refined sugars 
may be transported in bond and stored in bonded warehouse at such points of 
destination as are provided in existing laws relating to the immediate trans- 
portation of dutiable goods in bond, under such rules and regulations as shall 
be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Schedule P. — Tobacco and Manufactures op. 

242. Leaf tobacco suitable for cigar wrappers, if not stemmed, two dol- 
lars per pound; it' stemmed, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound: 
Provided, That it any portion of any tobacco imported in any bale, box, or 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 349 

package, or in bulk shall be suitable for cigar wrappers, the entire quantity 
of tobacco contained in such bale, box, or package, or bulk shall be dutiable; 
if not stemmed, at two dollars per pound ; if stemmed, at two dollars and 
seventy-five cents per pound. 

243. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty- 
five cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 

244. Tobacco manufactured, of all descriptions, not specially enumerated 
or provided for in this act, forty cents per pound. 

245. Snuff and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, 
and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all descriptions, fifty cents per pound. 

246. Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty 
cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; and paper cigars and 
cigarettes, including wrappers, and shall be subject to the same duties as are 
herein imposed upon cigars. 

Schedule G.— Agricultural Products and Provisions. 

Animals, Live— -247 '. Horses and mules, thirty dollars per head: Provided, 
That horses valued at one hundred and fifty dollars and over shall pay a duty 
of thirty per centum ad valorem. 

248. Cattle more than one year old, ten dollars per head; one year old or 
less, two dollars per head. 

249. Hogs, one dollar and fifty cents per head. 

250. Sheep, one year old or more, one dollar and fifty cents per head; less 
than one year old, seventy-five cents per head. 

251. All other live animals, not specially provided for in this act, twenty 
per centum ad valorem. 

Breadstuff* and Farinaceous Substances.— 252. Barley, thirty cents per 
bushel of forty-eight pounds. . 

253. Barley malt, forty-five cents per bushel 'of thirty-four pounds. 

254. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. 

255. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 

256. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 

257. Corn meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 

258. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, two cents per 
pound. 

259. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 

260. Oatmeal, one cent per pound. 

261. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, one and one- 
quarter cents per pound; paddy, three-quarters of one cent per pound; rice 
Hour, rice meal, and rice, broken, which will pass through a sieve known 
commercially as number twelve wire sieve, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

262. Rye, ten cents per bushel. 

263. Rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 

264. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 

265. Wheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Dairy Products. — 266. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per 
pound. 

267. Cheese, six cents per pound. 

268. Milk, fresh, five cents per gallon. 

269. Milk, preserved or condensed, including weight ot packages, three 
cents per pound; sugar of milk, ei«;ht cents per pound. _ 

Farm and Field Products— -270. Beans, forty cents per bushel of sixty 
pounds. .... 

271. Beans, pease, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, in tins, jars, 
bottles, or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. 

272. Broom-corn, eight dollars per ton. 



350 APrENDix. 

273. Cabbages, three cents each. 

274. Cider, five cents per gallon. 

275. Eggs, five cents per dozen. 

276. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

277. Hay, four dollars per ton. 

27S. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 

279. Hops, fifteen cents per pound. 

280. Onions, forty cents per bushel. 

281. Pease, green, in bulk or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, forty 
cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease, dried, twenty cents per bushel; split 
pease, fifty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or 
other small packages, one cent per pound. 

282. Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, commonly known as 
nursery stock, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

283. Potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. 

Seeds. — 284. Castor beans or seeds, fifty cents per bushel of fifty pounds. 

285. Flaxseed or linseed, poppy seed and other oil seeds, not specially 
provided for in this act, thirty cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; but no 
drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from imported seed. 

286. Garden seeds, agricultural seeds, and other seeds, not specially pro- 
vided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

287. Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, including pickles and 
sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this act, forty -five per centum 
ad valorem. 

288. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this 
act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

289. Straw, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

290. Teazles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

Fish. — 291. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin 
boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and three 
and one-half inches deep, ten cents per whole box; in half-boxes, measuring 
not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and one and five-eighth 
inches deep, five cents each; in quarter-boxes, measuring not more than four 
and three-fourth inches long, three and one-half inches wide, and one and 
one-fourth inches deep, two and one-half cents each; when imported in any 
other form, forty per centum ad valorem. 

292. Fish, pickled, in barrels or half-barrels, and mackerel or salmon, 
pickled or salted, one cent per pound. 

293. Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or other- 
wise prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially provided for in 
this act, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

294. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per pound ; herrings, 
fresh, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

295. Fisli in cans or packages made of tin or other material; except an- 
chovies and sardines and fish packed in any other manner, not specially 
enumerated or provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

296. Cans or packages, made of tin or other metal, containing shell fish 
admitted free of duty, not exceeding one quart in contents, shall be subject 
to a duty of eight cents perdozen cans or packages; and when exceeding one 
quart, shall be subjecl to an additional duty of four cents per dozen for each 
additional half-quart or fractional pari thereof: Provided, That until June 30, 
1891, such cans or packages sh,d] he admitted as now provided by law. 

Fruits mill Xiitx. — 297. Fruits: Apples, green or ripe, twenty-five cents 
per bushel. 

298. Apples, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, 
and not otherwise provided for in this act, two cents per pound. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 3'51 

299. Grapes, sixty cents per barrel of three cubic feet capacity or frac- 
tional part thereof; plums and prunes, two cents per pound. 

300. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound. t 

301 Oranges, lemons, and limes, in packages of capacity of one and one- 
fourth cubic feet or less, thirteen cents per package; in packages of capacity 
exceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-halt 
cubic feet, twenty-five cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding 
two and one-half cubic feet and not exceeding five cubic feet titty cents per 
package; in packages of capacity exceeding five cubic feet for every addi- 
tional cubic foot or fractional part thereof, ten cents; in bulk, one dollar and 
fifty cents per one thousand; and in addition thereto a duty •! thirty per 
centum ad valorem upon the boxes or barrels containing such oranges, lemons, 
or limes. 

302. Raisins, two and one-half cents per pound. 

303. Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, sirup, molasses, 
or spirits, not specially provided for in this act, and jellies of all kinds, tlurty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

304. Fruits preserved in their own juices, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

305. Orange peel and lemon peel, preserved or candied, two cents per 

306. Nuts: Almonds, not shelled, five cents per pound; clear almonds, 
shelled, seven and one-half cents per pound. 

307. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three cents per pound; 
shelled, six cents per pound. 

308. Peanuts or ground beans, unshelled, one cent per pound ; shelled, one 
and one-half cents per pound. . 

309. Nuts of all kiuds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided tor in 
this act. one and one-half cents per pound. 

Meat Products— 310. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 

311. Beef, mutton, and pork, two cents per pound. 

312. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided tor 
in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. _ 

313 Extract of meat, all not specially provided for in this act, thirty-nve 
cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per pound; and no sep- 
arate or additional duty shall be collected on such coverings unless as such 
they are suitable and apparently designed for use other than in the importa- 
tion of meat extracts. 

314. Lard, two cents per pound. 

315. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; dressed, five cents per pound. 
316 Tallow, one cent per pound; wool grease, includingthat known com- 
mercially as degras or brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. 

Miscellaneous Products.— 317. Chicory root, burned or roasted, ground 
or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared,, and not specially provided 
for in this act, two-cents per pound. 

318. Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate coin 
mercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents per pound 

319. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided tor in tins 
act, two cents per pound. , . 

• 320. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, three and one-half cents per pound. 

321. Dandelion root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as eot 
fee, or as substitutes for coffee, not specially provided for in tins act, one and 
one-half cents per pound. 

Salt.— 322. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, twelve cents 
per one hundred pounds; in bulk, eighl cents per one hundred pounds: 
Provided, That imported salt in bond may be used in curing fish taken 
by vessels licensed to engage in the fisheries and in curing fish on the 
shores of the navigable waters of the United States, under such regula- 



352 APPENDIX. 

tions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe ; and upon proof 
that the salt has been used for either of the purposes stated in this pro- 
viso, the duties on the same shall be remitted: Provided, further, That ex- 
porters of meats, whether, packed or smoked, which have been cured in the 
United States with imported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that such meats 
have been cured with imported salt, have refunded to them from the Treasury 
the duties paid on the salt so used in curing such exported meats, in amounts 
not less than one hundred dollars. 

323. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever substance pro- 
duced, fit for use as starch, two cents per pound. 

324. Dextrine, burned starch, gum substitute, or British gum, one and 
one-half cents per pound. 

325. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per 
pound. 

326. Spices, ground or powdered, not specially provided for in this act, 
four cents per pound; cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound, 
unground; sage, three cents per pound. 

327. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per gallon. The standard for vin- 
egar shall be taken to be that strength which requires thirty-five grains of 
bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 

328. There shall be allowed on the imported tin plate used in the manu- 
facture of cans, boxes, packages, and all articles of tinware exported, either 
empty or filled with domestic products, a drawback equal to the duty paid 
on such tin plate, less one per centum of such duty, which shall be retained 
for the use of the United States. 

Schedule H. — Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages. 

Spirits. — 329. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from 
grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this act, two dol- 
lars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

330. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be 
counted as at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the 
proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of any kind imported shall be 
the same as that which is defined in the laws relating to internal revenue; 
but any brandy or other spirituous liquors, imported in casks of less capacity 
than fourteen a;allons, shall be forfeited to the United States: Provided, That 
it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, to 
authorize the ascertainment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, 
by distillation or otherwise, in case where it is impracticable to ascertain such 
proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regulations. 

331. On all compounds or preparations, of which distilled spirits are a 
component part of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, there 
shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 

332. Cordials, liquors, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other 
spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and not specially 
provided for in this act, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

:::',::. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid 
on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages, than that fixed bylaw for 
the description of first proof; hut it shall be increased in proportion for any 
greater strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy 
or spirits or wines imported by any names whatever shall be subject to the 
highest rate of duty provided "for the genuine articles respectively intended 
to be represented, "and in no case less than one dollar and fifty cents per 
gallon. 

334. Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or compounded, of first 



TEXT OP THE McKINLEY BILL. 353 

proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar 
and fifty cents per gallon. 

Wines. — 335. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles con- 
taining each not more than one quart and more than one pint, eight dollars 
per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and more than one-half 
pint, four dollars per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, two dol- 
lars per dozen; in bottles or other vessels, containing more than one quart 
each, in addition to eight dollars per dozen bottles on the quantity in excess 
of one quart, at the rate of two dollars and fifty cents per gallon. 

336. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial and vermuth, in 
• casks, fifty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles 

or jugs, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, 
or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one 
dollar and sixty cents per case; and any excess beyond these quantities found 
in such bottles or jugs, shall be subject to a duy of five cents per pint or 
fractional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed 
on the bottles or jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth im- 
ported containing more than twenty-four per centum of alcohol shall be forfeit- 
ed to the United States: And provided further, That there shall be no construc- 
tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, 
cordials, or distilled spirits. Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous 
liquors imported in bottles or jugs shall be packed in packages containing 
not less than one dozen bottles or jugs in each package; and all such bottles 
or jugs shall pay an additional duty of three cents for each bottle or jug un- 
less specially provided for in this act. 

337. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon, but no 
separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs; otherwise 
than in bottles or jugs, twenty cents per gallon. 

338. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty cents per gallon; in bottles or 
jugs, forty cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty per centum ad valorem. 

339. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and other fruit juice, 
not specially provided for in this act, containing not more than eighteen per 
centum of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon ; if containing more than eighteen 
per centum of alcohol, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

340. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other similar 
waters, in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, containing 
each not more than three-fourths of a pint, thirteen cents per dozen; con- 
taining more than three-fourths of a pint each and not more than one and 
one-half pints, twenty-six cents per dozen; but no separate or additional duty 
shall be assessed on the bottles; if imported otherwise than in plain green or 
colored molded or pressed glass bottles, or in such bottles containing more 
than one and one-half pints each, fifty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto, 
duty shall be collected on the bottles, or other coverings, at the rates which 
would be chargeable thereon if imported empty. 

341. All mineral waters, and all imitations of natural mineral waters, 
and all artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this act, in 
green or colored glass bottles containing not more than one pint, sixteen cents 
per dozen bottles. If containing more than one pint and not more than oik; 
quart, twenty-five cents per dozen bottles. But no separate duty shall be 
assessed upon the bottles. If imported otherwise than in plain green or col- 
ored glass bottles, or if imported in such bottles containing more than one 
quart, twenty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto duty shall be collected 
upon the bottles or other covering at the same rates that would be charged 
if imported empty or separately. 



354 APPENDIX. 

Schedule I.— Cotton Manufactures. 

342. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced 
beyond the condition of single, by grouping or twisting two or more single 
yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any 
other form, except spool thread of cotton, hereinafter provided for, valued 
at not exceeding twenty-five cents per pound, ten cents per pound; valued at 
over twenty-five cents per pound and not exceeding forty cents per pound, 
eighteen cents per pound; valued at over forty cents per pound and not ex- 
ceeding fifty cents per pound, twenty-three cents per pound; valued at over . 
fifty cents per pound and not exceeding sixty cents per pound, twenty-eight 
cents per pound; valued at over sixty cents per pound and not exceeding- 
seventy cents per pound, thirty-three cents per pound; valued at over sev- 
enty cents per pound and not exceeding eighty cents per pound, thirty-eight 
cents per pound; valued at over eighty cents per pound and not exceeding- 
one dollar per pound, forty-eight cents per pound; valued at over one dollar 
per pound, fifty per centum ad valorerh. 

343. Spool thread of cotton, containing on each spool not exceeding one 
hundred yards of thread, seven cents per dozen; exceeding one hundred yards 
on each spool, for every additional one hundred yards of thread or fractional 
part thereof in excess of one hundred yards, seven cents per dozen spools. 

344. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, two cents "per square yard; if bleached, two and one-half cents per 
square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per 
square yard. 

345. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; if 
bleached, three cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, four cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth not 
exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at 
over six and one-half cents per square yard ; bleached, valued at over nine 
cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, val- 
ued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid a duty of thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 

346. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to 
the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three cents per square yard; 
if bleached, four cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, five cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth ex- 
ceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, valued at over seven and one-half cents per 
square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; dyed, col- 
ored. Stained painted, or printed, valued at over twelve and one halt cents 
per square yard, there shall he levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty per 
centum ad valorem. 

347. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, orprmted, 
exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to 
the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three and one-half cents per 
Bquareyard; if bleached, four and one-hall' cents per square yard; if dyed, 
colored^ stained, painted, or printed, five and one-half cents per square yard: 
Provided, Thai on all cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not 
exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 355 



over eight cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per 
square yard ; dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over 
twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty 
of forty-rive per centum ad valorem. 

348. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and 
tilling, four and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, five and one-half 
cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, six and 
three-fourth cents per square yard: Provided, That on all such cotton cloths 
not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over ten 
cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over twelve cents per square yard; 
and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over fifteen cents 
per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five 
per centum ad valorem: Provided farther, That on cotton cloth, bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, containing an admixture of silk, 
and not otherwise provided for, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a 
duty of ten cents per square yard, and in addition thereto thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

349. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, handkerchiefs, and neckties or neckwear, composed of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, made up or manufactured wholly or in part 
by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, all of the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
such clothing ready-made and articles of wearing apparel having India rub- 
ber as a component .material (not including gloves or elastic articles that are 
specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of fifty cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 

350. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics composed 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, ten cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad val- 
orem; on all such goods if bleached, twelve cents per square yard and twenty 
per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four- 
teen cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; but none of 
the foregoing articles in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than 
forty per centum ad valorem. 

351. Chenille curtains, table covers, and all goods manufactured of cot- 
ton chenille, or of which cotton chenille forms the component material of 
chief value, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

352. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, made on knitting machines or frames, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in this act, and shirts and drawers composed of cotton, valued at 
not more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

353. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, selvaged, fashioned, narrowed, or 
shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand. 
including such as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose or 
half-hose, all of the above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, tin 
ished or unfinished, valued at not more than sixty cents per dozen pairs, 
twenty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto twenty per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than sixty cents per dozen pairs and not more than 
two dollars per dozen pairs, fifty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition there 
to thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than two dollars per dozen 
pairs and not more than four dollars per dozen pairs, seventy five cents per 
dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than four dollars per dozen pairs, one dollar per dozen pairs, and in 
addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; and all shirts and drawers 



356 APPENDIX. 



composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at more than one dollar 
and fifty cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one dol- 
lar per dozen, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than three dollars per dozen and not more than five dollars 
per dozen, one dollar and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition thereto 
forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dollars per dozen and 
not more than seven dollars per dozen, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen; 
and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
seven dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto forty 
per centum ad valorem. 

354. Cotton cords, braids, boot, shoe, and corset lacings, thirty-five cents 
per pound ; cotton gimps, galloons, webbing, goring, suspenders, and braces, 
any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, forty per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That none of the articles included in this paragraph shall 
pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 

355. Cotton damask, in the piece or otherwise, and all manufactures of 
cotton, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures op. 

356. Flax straw, five dollars per ton. 

357. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 

358. Flax, hackled, known as "dressed line," three cents per pound. 

359. Tow, of flax or hemp, one-half of one cent per pound. 

360. Hemp, twenty-five dollars per ton; hemp, hackled, known as line of 
hemp, fifty dollars per ton. 

361. Yarn, made of jute, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

362. Cables, cordage, and twine (except binding twine composed in whole 
or in part of istle or Tampico fiber, manila,. sisal grass, or sunn), one and 
one-half cents per pound; all binding twine manufactured in whole or in 
part from istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn, seven-tenths of 
one cent per pound; cables and cordage made of hemp, two and one-half 
cents per pound; tarred cables and cordage, three cents per pound. 

363. Hemp and jute carpets and carpeutings, six cents per square yard. 

364. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, 
or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component 
material of chief value (except such as may be suitable for bagging for cot- 
ton), one and five-eighth cents per pound. 

365. Bags for grain made of burlaps, two cents per pound. 

366. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and all similar material suitable 
for covering cotton, composed in whole or in part of hemp, flax, jute, or jute 

1 butts, valued at six cents or less per square yard, one and six-tenth cents per 
square yard; valued at more than six cents per square yard, one and eight- 
tenth cents per square yard. 

367. Flax gill-netting, nets, webs, and seines, when the thread or twine of 
which they are composed is made of yarn of a number not higher than twenty, 
fifteen cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; when made 
of threads or twines, the yarn of which is finer than number twenty, twenty 
cents per pound, and in addition thereto forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

368. Linen hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, or 
jute, twenty cents per pound. 

369. Oil-cloth for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, including linoleum, 
corticene, cork carpets, figured or plain, and all other oil-cloth (except silk 
oil-cloth), and water-proof cloth, not specially provided for in this act, valued 
at twenty -five cents or less per square yard, forty per centum ad valorem; 
valued above twenty-five cents per square yard, fifteen cents per square yard 
and thirty per centum ad valorem. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 357 

370. Yarns or threads composed of flax or hemp, or of a mixture of either 
of these substances, valued at thirteen cents or less per pound, six cents per 
pound; valued at more than thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

371. All manufactures of flax or hemp, or of which these substances, or 
either of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That until Jan- 
uary 1st, 1894, such manufactures of flax, containing more than one hun- 
dred threads to the square inch, counting both warp and filling, shall be 
subject to a duty of twenty-five per.centum ad valorem, in lieu of the duty 
herein provided. 

372. Collars and cuffs, composed entirely of cotton, fifteen cents per dozen 
pieces and thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; composed in whole or in part 
of linen, thirty cents per dozen pieces and forty per centum ad valorem; 
shirts, and all articles of wearing apparel of every description, not specially 
provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of linen, fifty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

373. Laces, edgings, embroideries, insertings, neck rufflings, ruchings, 
trimmings, tuckings, lace window curtains, and other similar tamboured 
articles,, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, embroidered and 
hemstitched handkerchiefs, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, ruf- 
flings, tuckings, or ruchings, all of the above-named articles, composed of 
flax, jute, cotton, or other vegetable fiber, or of which these substances or 
either of them, or a mixture of any of them, is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valo- 
rem : Provided, That articles of wearing apparel, and textile fabrics, when 
embroidered by hand or machinery, and whether specially or otherwise pro- 
vided for in this act, shall not pay a less rate of duty than that fixed by the 
respective paragraphs and schedules of this act upon embroideries of the 
materials of which they are respectively composed. 

374. All manufactures of jute, or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, 
or cotton, or of which jute or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or 
cotton, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for 
in this act, valued at five cents per pound or less, two cents per pound; val- 
ued above five cents per pound, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule K. — Wool and Manufactures of Wool. 

375. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, 
shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, 
into the three following classes: 

376. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, or 
other wools of merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, 
and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including such as 
have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Buenos 
Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain. 
Canada, and elsewhere, and also including all wools not hereinafter described 
or designated in classes two and three. 

377. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down 
combing wools, Canada long wo<51s, or other like combing wools of English 
blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the 
camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 

378. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South American, Cordo- 
va, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel's hair, and including all such 
wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the 
United States from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting 
improved wools hereinafter provided lor. 



35S APPENDIX. 

379. The standard samples of all wools which are now or may be hereaf- 
ter deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United States, under the 
authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standard for the 
classification of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
nave the authority to renew these standards and to make such additions to 
them from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to be depos- 
ited like standards in other custom-houses of the. United States when they 
may be needed. 

380. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- 
mixture of merino or English blood from their present character as repre- 
sented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the 
principal custom-houses of the United States, such improved wools shall be 
classified for duty either as class one or as class two. as the case may be. 

381. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed 
shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if 
imported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the firsl and second classi - 
which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they 
would be subjected if imported unwashed. 

382. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn 
from the sheep without any cleansing — that is, in their natural condition. 
Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water on 
the sheep's back. Wool washed in any other manner than on the sheep's 
back shall be considered as scoured wool. 

383. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, 
and other like animals, which shall be imported in any oilier than ordinary 
condition, or which shall be changed in its character or condition for the 
purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the ad- 
mixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, or which has been sorted or 
increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be 
twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject: Provided, That 
skirted wools as now imported are hereby excepted. Wools on which a duty 
is assessed amounting to three times or more than that which would he 
assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, such duty shall not be doubled 
on account of its being sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair spec- 
ified in this act imported as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer 
to he dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or hair subject 
to a higherrate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or package 
shall be subject to the' highest, rate of duty chargeable on wool of the class 
subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed 
by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, Hocks. 'wool, hair, or other material 
of any class specified in this act, and such bale contain any admixture of any 
one or more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or 
package shall be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article 
in said hale or package. 

384. The duty upon all wools and hair of the tirsj rl;i- shall be eleven 
cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class twelve cents 
per pound. 

385. On wools of the third class and on camel's hair of the third class. 
the value whereof shall be thirteen cents or less per pound, including charg s, 
the duty shall be thirty two per centum ad valorem. 

386. On wools ,,!' the third class, and on camel's hair of the third class, 
the value whereof shall exceed thirteen cents per pound, including charges, 
the duty shall be fifty per cent, ad valorem. 

387. Wools on the skin shall pay the same rate as other wools, the quan- 
tity and value to he ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe. 

388. On noils, shoddy, top waste, slabbing waste, roving waste, ringwaste, 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 359 

yarn waste, garneted waste, and all other wastes composed wholly or in part 
of wool, the duty shall be thirty rents per pound. 

389. On woolen rags, mungo, and Clocks, the duty shall he ten cents pei- 
pound. 

390. Wools and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or Other like animals, in 
the form of roping, roving or tops, and all wool and hair which have been 
advanced in any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed 
or scoured condition, not specially provided lor in this act, shall he subject 
to the same duties as an' imposed upon manufactures of wool not specially 
provided lor in this act. 

391. On woolen and worsted yarns made wholly or in part of wool, 
worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not 
more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound shall he two and one- 
half times the duty imposed by tins act on a pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, and in addition thereto thirty-live per centum ad valorem; valued 
al more than thirty cents and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall he three times the duly imposed by this act on a pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than forty cenls per pound, the duty per pound 
shall he three and one-half times fche duty imposed hy this act on a pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

392. On woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics, and all fabrics 
made on knitting-machines or frames, and all manufactures of every descrip- 
tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, 
alpaca, or other animals, not specially provided for in this act, valued at not 
more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound shall be three limes 
the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall he three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem; valued at above forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall 
be four times the duly imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of 
the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 

393. On blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear composed 
wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- 
mals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound 
shall be the same as the duly imposed by this act on one pound and one half 

of unwashed wool of the firsi class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and nol more than forty cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall he twice the duty imposed by liiis act on a 
pound of unwashed wool of the fust class; valued at more I han forty cenls 
and not more than filly cents per pound, the duly per pound shall be three 
times tin" duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class; and in addition thereto upon all the above-named articles thirt\ five 
per centum ad valorem. On blankets and hats of wool composed wholly or 
iu part of wool, the hair of the camel, goal, alpaca, or other animal, valued 
al more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall he three and a 
half times the duty imposed hy this act on a pound of unwashed wool of ihe 
first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Flannels 
composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goal, alpaca, or 
other animals, valued at above fifty cenls per pound, shall he classified and 
pay the same duty as women's and children's dress goods, coat linings. Italian 
cloths, and goods of similar character and description provided by this act. 

394. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Ilahan cloths, 
and goods of similar character or description of which the warp consists 



360 APPENDIX. 



wholly of cotton or other vegetable material, with the remainder of the fabric 
composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, 
alpaca, or other animals, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per square 
yard, seven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem; valued at above fifteen cents per square yard, eight cents per 
square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty 
per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- 
washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

395. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloth, 
bunting, and goods of similar description or character composed wholly or in 
part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, 
and not specially provided for in this act, the duty shall be twelve cents per 
square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
Tbat on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty 
per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- 
washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

396. On clothing, ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, not specially pro- 
vided for in this act, felts not woven and not specially provided for in this 
act, and plushes and other pile fabrics, all the foregoing, composed wholly or 
in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- 
mals, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty imposed 
by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 
thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 

397. On cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside gar- 
ments for ladies' and children's apparel and goods of similar description, or 
used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair 
of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly 
or in part, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty im- 
posed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, aud in addi- 
tion thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 

398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, 
galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, laces and em- 
broideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for 
tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, any of 
the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, made of wool, worsted, the 
hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, 
the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, 
the duty shall be sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto sixty per 
centum ad valorem. 

399. Aubusson, Axminster, rnoquctte, and chenille carpets, figured or 
plain, carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, and Oriental, Berlin, and other similar rugs, sixty 
cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem, 

400. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and 
all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, sixty cents per square 
yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

401. Brussels carpet, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, forty-four cents per square yard, and in addition 
thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

402. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the 
warp or otherwise, and all carpet or carpeting of like character or descrip- 
tion, forty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 361 

403. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- 
ing of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, twen- 
ty-eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem. 

404. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian carpets, nineteen 
cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

405. Wool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, fourteen cents per square 
yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

406. Druggets and bockings, printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty-two 
cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 
Felt carpeting, figured or plain, eleven cents per square yard, and in addition 
thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

407. Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax, or cotton, or composed in part 
of either, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

408. Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, art squares, and other 
portions of carpet or carpeting made wholly or in part of wool, and not spe- 
cially provided for in this act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein 
imposed on carpets or carpetings of like character or description. 

Sciiedule L. — Silk and Silk Goods. 

409. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not 
further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, fifty cents 
per pound. 

410. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, organzine sew- 
ing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description, except 
spun silk, thirty per centum ad valorem; spun silk in skeins or cops or on 
beams, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

411. Velvets, plushes, or other pile fabrics, containing, exclusive of sel- 
vages, less than seventy -five per centum in weight of silk, one dollar and 
fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; containing, exclu- 
sive of selvages, seventy-five per centum or more in weight of silk, three 
dollars and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but in 
no case shall any of the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

412. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, 
galloons, fringes, cords and tassels, any of the foregoing which are elastic or 
non-elastic, buttons, and ornaments, made of silk, or of which silk is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

413 Laces and embroideries, handkerchiefs, neck Turnings and ruchirigs, 
clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, 
including knit goods, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the 
tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, composed of silk, or of which silk is the 
component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, 
sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all such clothing ready made 
and articles of wearing apparel when composed in part of India-rubber (not 
including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), 
shall be subject to a duty of eight cents per ounce, and in addition thereto 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

414. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, tilt v per centum ad va- 
lorem: Provided, That all such manufactures of which wool, or the hair of 
the camel, goat, or other like animals, is a component material, shall be 
classified as manufactures of wool. 



36b 



362 APPENDIX. 

Schedule M.— Pulp, Papers and Books. 

Pulp and Paper. — 415. Mechanically ground wood pulp, two dollars and 
fifty cents per ton dry weight; chemical wood pulp unbleached, six dollars 
per ton dry weight; bleached, seven dollars per ton dry weight. 

416. Sheathing; paper, ten per centum ad valorem. 

417. Printing "paper unsized, suitable only for books and newspapers, fif- 
teen per centum ad valorem. 

418. Printing paper sized or glued, suitable only for books and newspa- 
pers, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

419. Papers known commercially as copying paper, filtering paper, silver 
paper, and all tissue paper, white or colored, made up in copying books, 
reams, or in any other form, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto, 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; albumenized or sensitized paper, thirty -five 
per centum ad valorem. 

420. Papers known commercially as surface-coated papers, and manufac- 
tures thereof, cardboards, lithographic prints from either stone or zinc, bound 
or unbound (except illustrations when forming a part of a periodical, news- 
paper, or in printed books accompanying the same), and all articles produced 
either in whole or in part by lithographic process, and photograph, auto- 
graph, and scrap albums, wholly or partially manufactured, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Manufactures of Paper. — 421. Paper envelopes, twenty-five cents per 
thousand. 

422. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fireboards, writing paper, 
drawing paper, and all other paper not specially provided for in this act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

423. Books, including blank books of all kinds, pamphlets and engrav- 
ings, bound or unbound, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, and all printed 
matter not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

424. Playing cards, fifty cents per pack. 

425. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

Schedule N. — Sundries. 

426. Bristles, ten cents per pound. 

427. Brushes, and brooms of all kinds, including feather dusters and hair 
pencils in quills, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Buttons, and Button Forms. — 428. Button forms: Lastings, mohair, cloth, 
silk, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, 
shape, or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, ten 
per centum ad valorem. 

429. Buttons commercially known as agate buttons, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. Pearl and shell buttons, two and one half cents per line button 
measure of one fortieth oi one inch per gross, and in addition thereto twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

430. Ivory, vegetable ivory, bone or horn buttons, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

431. Shoe buttons, made of paper, board, papier-mache, pulp, or other 
similar material not specially provided for in this act, valued at not exceeding 
three cents per gross, one cent per gross. 

432. Coal, bituminous, and shale, seventy -five cents per ton of twenty- 
eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel: coal slack or culm, such as will 
pass through a half-inch screen, thirty cents per ton of twenty -eight bushels, 
eighty pounds to the bushel. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 363 

433. Coke, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

434. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, ten cents per pound; manu- 
factured corks, fifteen cents per pound. 

435. Dice, draughts, chess men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, and baga- 
telle balls, of ivory, bone or other materials, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

436. Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever material composed, and 
all other toys not composed of rubber, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, 
earthen, or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

437. Emery grains, and emery manufactured, ground, pulverized, or re- 
fined, one cent per pound. 

Explosive Substances. — 438. Firecrackers of all kinds, eight cents per 
pound, but no allowance shall be made for tare or damage thereon. 

439. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, not specially pro- 
vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

440. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, 
artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per 
pound, five cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, eight 
cents per pound. 

441. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per 
box, ten cents per gross; when imported otherwise than in boxes contain 
ing not more than one hundred matches each, one cent per one thousand 
matches. 

442. Percussion caps, forty per centum ad valorem. 

443. Feathers and downs of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored or 
manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
valorem; when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including quilts of down 
and other manufactures of down, and also including dressed and finished 
birds suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial and ornamental feathers 
and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially 
provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

444. Furs, dressed on the skin but not made up into articles, and furs not 
on the skin, prepared for hatters' use, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

445. Glass beads, loose,unthreaded or unstrung, ten per centum ad valorem. 

446. Gun-wads of all descriptions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

447. Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufactured, twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

448. Haircloth, known as "crinoline cloth," eight cents per square yard. 

449. Hair cloth, known as "hair seating," thirty cents per square yard. 

450. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, fifteen per centum ad 
valorem. 

451. Hats for men's, women's, and children's wear, composed of (lie fur 
of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, or of which such fur is the compo- 
nent material of chief value, wholly or partially manufactured, including fur- 
hat bodies, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Jewelry and Precious Stones.- — 452. Jewelry: All articles, not elsewhere 
specially provided for in this act, composed of precious metals or imitations 
thereof, whether set with coral, jet, or pearls, or with diamonds, rubies, 
cameos, or other precious stones, or imitations thereof, or otherwise, and 
which shall be known commercially as "jewelry," and cameos in frames, 
fifty per centum ad valorem. 

453. Pearls, ten per centum ad valorem. 

454. Precious stones of all kinds, cut but not set, ten per centum ad va- 
lorem; if set, and not specially provided for in this act. twenty live per 
centum ad valorem; imitations of precious stones composed of paste or glass 
not exceeding one inch in dimensions, not set, ten per centum ad valorem , 



364 APPENDIX. 



Leather and Manufacture* of. — 455. Bend or belting leather and sole 
leather, and leather not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
valorem. 

456. Calf skins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, dressed upper leather, in- 
cluding patent, enameled, and japanned leather, dressed or undressed, and 
finished; chamois or other skins not specially enumerated or provided for in 
this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; book-binders' calf skins, kangaroo, 
sheep, and goat skins, including lamb and kid skins, dressed and finished, 
twenty per centum ad valorem; skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, 
ten per centum ad valorem ; pianoforte leather and pianoforte action leather, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem; japanned calf skins, thirty per centum ad 
valorem; boots and shoes, made of leather, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

457. But leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms, suitable 
for conversion into manufactured articles, shall be classified as manufactures 
of leather, and pay duty accordingly. 

458. Gloves of all descriptions, composed wholly or in part of kid or other 
leather, and whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the rates 
fixed in connection with the following specified kinds thereof, fourteen inches 
in extreme length when stretched to the full extent, being in each case hereby 
fixed as the standard, and one dozen pairs as the basis, namely: Ladies' and 
children's schmaschen of said length or under, one dollar and seventy-five 
cents per dozen; ladies' and children's lamb of said length or under, two 
dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and children's kid of said 
length or under, three dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and 
children's Suedes of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all 
other ladies' and children's leather gloves, and all men's leather gloves of said 
length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all leather gloves over fourteen 
inches in length, fifty per centum ad valorem; and in addition to the above 
rates there shall be paid on all men's gloves one dollar per dozen, on all lined 
gloves, one dollar per dozen ; on all pique or prick seam gloves, fifty cents 
per dozen; on all embroidered gloves, with more than three single strands or 
cords, fifty cents per dozen pairs: Provided, That all gloves represented to 
lie of a kind or grade below their actual kind or grade shall pay an additional 
duty of five dollars per dozen pairs: Provided further, That none of the arti- 
cles named in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Miscellaneous Manufactures. — 459. Manufactures of alabaster, amber, 
asbestos, bladders, coral, catgut, or whipgut or wormgut, jet, paste, spar, 
wax, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem; osier or willow prepared for basket-makers' use, thirty per 
cciil uni ad valorem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad 
valorem. 

460. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, India-rubber, palm-leaf, 
straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of which these substances or either of them is 
the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 

461. Manufactures of leather, fur, gutta-percha, vulcanized India-rubber, 
known as hard rubber, human hair, papier-mache, indurated-fiber wares and 
other manufactures composed of wood or other pulp, or of which these sub- 
stances or either of them is the component material of chief value, all of the 
above not specially provided forin this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

462. Manufactures of ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl, and shell, 
or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

463. Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 365 

464. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, twelve cents per square yard; 
mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, eight cents per square foot. 

465. Paintings, in oil or water colors, and statuary, not otherwise provided 
for in this act, fifteen per centum ad valorem; but the term "statuary" as 
herein used shall be understood to include only such statuary as is cut, 
carved, or otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, 
stone, or alabaster, or from metal, and is the professional production of a 
statuary or sculptor only. 

466. Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead, 
fifty cents per gross and thirty per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, four 
cents per gross. 

467. Pencil leads not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. 

Pipes and Smokers' Articles. — 468. Pipes, pipe bowls, of all materials, and 
all smokers' articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this act, in- 
cluding cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, pouches for smoking or chew- 
ing tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, seventy per centum ad valorem ; 
all common tobacco pipes of clay, fifteen cents per gross. 

469. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters' plush, composed of 
silk, or of silk and cotton, and used exclusively for making men's hats, ten 
per centum ad valorem. 

470. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, covered with silk or alpaca, 
fifty-five per centum ad valorem; if covered with other material, forty -five 
per centum ad valorem. 

471. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, sticks for, if plain, finished or 
unfinished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if carved, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

472. Waste, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad 
valorem. 

FREE LIST. 

Sec. 2. On and after the sixth day of October, 1890, unless otherwise 
specially provided for in this act, the following articles when imported shall 
be exempt from duty: 

473. Acids used for medicinal, chemical, or manufacturing purposes, not 
specially provided for in this act. 

474. Aconite. 

475. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 

476. Agates, unmanufactured. 

477. Albumen. 

478. Alizarine, natural or artificial, and dyes commercially known as ali- 
zarine yellow, alizarine orange, alizarine green, alizarine blue, alizarine brown, 
alizarine black. 

479. Amber, unmanufactured, or crude gum. 

480. Ambergris. 

481. Aniline salts. 

482. Any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit- 
ted free- Provided, That no such animal shall lie admitted free unless pure bred 
of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established 
for that breed: And -provided further, That certificate of such record and of 
the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and submitted to the customs 
officer, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, 
together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal 
is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. 
The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as 
may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. 

483. Animals brought into the United States temporarily for a period not 
exceeding six months, "for the purpose of exhibition or competition for prizes 



36G APPENDIX. 

offered by any agricultural or racing association; but a bond shall be given 
in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury ; 
also, teams of animals, including their harness and tackle and the wagons or 
other vehicles actually owned by persons emigrating from foreign countries 
to the United States with their families, and in actual use for the purpose of 
such emigration under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe; and wild animals intended for exhibition in zoological collections 
for scientific and educational purposes, and not for sale or profit. 

484. Anuatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 

485. Antimony ore, crude sulphite of. 

486. Apatite. 

487. Argal, or argol, or crude tartar. 

488. Arrow root, raw or unmanufactured. 

489. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 

490. Arseniate of aniline. 

491. Art educational stops, composed of glass and metal and valued at not 
more than six cents per gross. 

492. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- 
vided for in this act. 

493. Articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, 
when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in 
value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other 
means; casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other vessels of American manu- 
facture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and re- 
turned filled with foreign products, including shooks when returned as bar- 
rels or boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign 
manufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the United 
States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general 
regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; and if any 
such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation such tax 
shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded: Pro- 
vided, That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an al- 
lowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby 
prohibited, except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; 
or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any 
provision of law: And provided further, That when manufactured tobacco 
which has been exported without payment of internal-revenue lax shall be 
reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs mil il 
internal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon. 

494. Asbestos, unmanufactured. 

495. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 

496. Asphallum and bitumen, crude. 

497. Asafcetida. 

498. Balm of Gilead. 

499. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be extracted. 

500. Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite. 

501. Bauxite, or beauxite. 

502. Beeswax. 

503. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanu- 
factured. 

504. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments, and bird skins, 
prepared for preservation, but not further advanced in manufacture. 

505. Birds and land and water fowls. 

506. Bismuth. 

507. Bladders, including fish bladders or fish sounds, crude, and all in- 
teguments of animals not specially provided for in this act. 

008. Blood, dried. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 367 



509. Bologna sausages. 

510. Bolting cloths, especially for milling purposes, but not suitable for 
the manufacture of wearing apparel. 

511. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or other- 
wise manufactured, and bone dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only 
for fertilizing purposes. 

513. Books, engravings, photographs, bound or unbound etchings, maps, 
and charts, which shall have been printed and bound or manufactured more 
than twenty years at the date of importation. 

513. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than 
English; also books and music, in raised print, used exclusively by the blind. 

514. Books, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps 
and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for 
the use of the Library of Congress. 

515. Books, maps, lithographic prints, and charts, specially imported, not 
more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use of any 
society incorporated or established for educational, philosophical, literary, or 
religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or 
by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the 
United States, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe. 

516. Books, or libraries, or parts of libraries, and other household effects 
of persons or families from foreign countries, if actually used abroad by 
them not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or per- 
sons, nor for sale. 

517. Brazil paste. 

518. Braids, plaits, laces, and similar manufactures composed of straw, 
chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or orna- 
menting hats, bonnets, and hoods. 

519. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or unmanufactured. 

520. Breccia, in block or slabs. 

521. Bromine. 

522. Bullion, gold or silver. 

523. Burgundy pitch. 

524. Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiquities, 
but the term "antiquities" as used in this act shall include only such articles 
as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections, and which shall have been 
produced at any period prior to the year 1700. 

525. Cadmium. 

526. Calamine. 

527. Camphor, crude. 

528. Castor or castoreum. 

529. Catgut, whipgut, or wormgut, unmanufactured, or not further 
manufactured than in strings or cords. 

530. Cerium. 

531. Chalk, unmanufactured. 

532. Charcoal. 

533. Chicory root, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 

534. Civet, crude. 

535. Clay — common blue clay in casks suitable for the manufacture of 
crucibles. 

536. Coal, anthracite. 

537. Coal stores of American vessels; but none shall be unloaded. 

538. Coal tar, crude. 

539. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 

540. Cocculus indicus. 

541. Cochineal. 



368 APPENDIX. 

542. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and fiber, leaves, and shells of. 

543. Coffee. 

544. Coins, gold, silver, and copper. 

545. Coir, and coir yam. 

546. Copper, old, taken from the bottom of American vessels compelled 
by marine disaster to repair in foreign ports. 

547. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 

548. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured. 

549. Cotton, and cotton waste or nocks. 

550. Cryolite, or kryolith. 

551. Cudbear. 

552. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 

553. Curry, and curry powder. 

554. Cutch. 

555. Cuttle-fish bone. 

556. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 

557. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, including 
glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, not set, and diamond dust or bort, and 
jewels to be used in the manufacture of watches. 

558. Diyi-divi. 

559. Dragon's blood. 

560. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, and bul- 
bous roots, excrescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, and 
dried insects, grains, gums, and gum-resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, 
nuts, roots, and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of mor- 
bid growth, weeds, and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the forego- 
ing which are not edible and are in a crude state, and are not advanced 
in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- 
facture, and not specially provided for in this act. 

561. Eggs of birds, fish, and insects. 

562. Emery ore. 

563. Ergot. 

564. Fans, common palm leaf and palm leaf unmanufactured. 

565. Farina. 

566. Fashion plates, engraved on steel or copper or on wood, colored or 
plain. 

567. . Feathers and downs for beds. 

568. Feldspar. 

569. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 

570. Fibrin in all forms. 

571. Fish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish 
(except salmon) caught in fresh waters by American vessels, or with nets or 
other devices owned by citizens of the United States. 

572. Fish for bait. 

573. Fish skins. 

574. Flint, flints, and ground flint stones. 

575. Floor matting manufactured from round or split straw, including 
what is commonly known as Chinese matting. 

576. Fossils. 

577. Fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propaga- 
tion or cultivation. 

Fruits and Nuts. — 578. Currants, Zante or other. 

579. Dates. 

580. Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, not specially provided for in this act. 

581. Tamarinds. 

582. Cocoanuts. 

583. Brazil nuts. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 309 



584. Cream nuts. 

585. Palm nuts. 

586. Palm-nut kernels. 

587. Furs, undressed. 

588. Fur skins of all kinds, not dressed in any manner. 

589. Gambier. 

590. Glass, broken, and old glass, which can not be cut for use, aud fit 
only to be remanufactured. 

591. Glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, for use in the manu- 
facture of optical instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable only 
for such use: Provided, however, That such disks exceeding eight inches in 
diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to 
be determined. 

Grasses and Fibers.— 592. Istle or Tampico fiber. 

593. Jute. 

594. Jute butts. 

595. Manila. 

596. Sisal grass. 

597. Sunn, and all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act. 

598. Gold beaters' molds and gold beaters' skins. 

599. Grease, and oils, such as are commonly used in soap-making, or in 
wire-drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for 
such uses, not specially provided for in this act. 

600. Guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure. 

601. Gunny bags and gunny cloths, old or refuse, fit only for remanufac- 
ture. 

602. Guts, salted. 

603. Gutta percha, crude. 

604. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn 
or undrawn, but unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act; 
and human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn. 

605. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora 
goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or un- 
manufactured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on. 

606. Hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all other glue-stock. 

607. Hide rope. 

608. Hones and whetstones. 

609. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 

610. Hop roots for cultivation. 

611. Horns and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn strips and tips. 

612. Ice. 

613. India-rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or refuse India-rub- 
ber which has been worn out by use, and is fit only for remanufacture. 

614. Indigo. 

615. Iodine, crude. 

616. Ipecac. 

617. Iridium. 

618. Ivory and vegetable ivory, not sawed, cut, or otherwise manufac- 
tured. 

619. Jalap. 

620. Jet, unmanufactured. 

621. Joss-stick or joss light. 

622. Junk, old. 

623. Kelp. 

624. Kieserite. 

625. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. 



370 APPENDIX. 

626. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell. 

627. Lac spirits. 

628. Lactarine. 

629. Lava, unmanufactured. 

630. Leeches. 

631. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour-orange juice. 

632. Licorice root, unground. 

633. Life-boats and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies 
incorporated or established to encourage the saving of human life. 

634. Lime, citrate of. 

635. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. 

636. Lithographic stones not engraved. 

637. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 

638. Loadstones. 

639. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and 
all extracts of. 

640. Magnesite, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia. 

641. Magnesium. 

642. Magnets. 

643. Manganese, oxide and ore of, 

644. Manna. 

645. Manuscripts. 

646. Marrow, crude. 

647. Marsh-mallows. 

648. Medals of gold, silver, or copper, such as trophies or prizes. 

649. Meerschaum, crude or manufactured. 

650. Mineral waters, all not artificial. 

651. Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or 
grinding, or by other process of manufacture not specially provided for in 
this act. 

652. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, includ- 
ing patterns for machinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern 
which can be fitted for use otherwise. 

653. Moss, sea-weeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 

654. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 

655. Myrobolau. 

656. Needles, hand-sewing and darning. 

657. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term " periodicals " as herein 
used shall be understood to embrace onty unbound or paper-covered publica- 
tions, containing current literature of the day, and issued regularly at stated 
periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. 

658. Nux Vomica. 

659. Oakum. 

660. Oil cake. 

661. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise 
seed, aniline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, 
cinnamon, cedrat, camomile, citrouella or lemon grass, civet, fennel, jasmine 
or jasimine, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli or 
orange flower, nut oil or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in 
this act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical purposes unfit 

. for eating and not otherwise provided for in this act, ottar of roses, palm 
and cocoanut, rosemary or anthoss, sesame or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, 
origanum red or white, valerian, and also spermaceti, whale and other 
fish oils of American fisheries, and all other articles the produce of such 
fisheries. 

662. Olives, green or prepared. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 371 

663. Opium, crude or unmanufactured, and not adulterated, containing 
nine per centum and over of morphia. 

664. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 

665. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 

666. Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms, and other plants used for 
forcing under glass for cut flowers or decorative purposes. 

667. Ores of gold, silver, and nickel, and nickel matte: Provided, That 
ores of nickel, and nickel matte, containing more thau two per centum of cop- 
per, shall pay a duty of one-half of one cent per pound on the copper con- 
tained therein. 

668. Osmium. 

669. Palladium. 

670. Paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, 
rags (other than wool), waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, 
waste rope, waste bagging, old or refuse gunny bags, or gunny cloth, and 
poplar or other woods fit only to be converted into paper. 

671. Paraffine. 

672. Parchment and vellum. 

673. Pearl, mother of, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured. 

674. Peltries and other usual goods and effects of Indians passing or re- 
passing the boundary line of the United States, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That this exemption shall 
not apply to goods in bales or other packages unusual among Indians. 

675. Personal and household effects not merchandise of citizens of the 
United States dying in foreign countries. 

676. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 

677. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, instruments and preparations; 
statuary, casts of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of Paris; paintings, 
drawings, and etchings, specially imported in good faith for the use of any 
society or institution incorporated or established for religious, philosophical, 
educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for encouragement of the fine 
arts, and not intended for sale. 

678. Phosphates, crude or native. 

679. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds, all of the foregoing 
imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic 
Garden. 

680. Plaster of Paris and sulphate of lime, unground. 

681. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire. 

682. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, 
vessels, and parts thereof composed of platinum for chemical uses. 

683. Plumbago. 

684. Polishing stones. 

685. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or "black salts." Caustic potash, or 
hydrate of, not including refined in sticks or rolls. Nitrate of potash, or 
saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash, crude or refined. Chlorate of potash. 
Muriate of potash. 

686. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, oc- 
cupation, or emplo} r ment, in the actual possesssion at the time of persons 
arriving in the United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to 
include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing 
establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale. 

687. Pulu. 

688. Pumice. 

689. Quills, prepared, or unprepared, but not made up into complete 
articles. 

690. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. 

691. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this act 



372 APPENDIX. 



692. Regalia and gems, statues, statuary and specimens of sculpture, 
where specially imported in good faith for the use of any society incorporated 
or established solely for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious pur- 
poses, or for the encouragement of fine arts, or for the use or by order of 
any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, or public library in 'the 
United States; but the term "regalia" as herein used shall be held to em- 
brace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems, as may be worn upon 
the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or 
institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular 
wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. 

693. Rennets, raw or prepared. 

694. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake. 

695. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 

696. Salacine. 

697. Sauerkraut. 

698. Sausage skins. 

699. Seeds: anise, canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, cum- 
min, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, Saint John's bread 
or bene, sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar-cane for seed, and all 
flower and grass seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all the foregoing 
not specially provided for in this act. 

700. Selep, or saloup. 

701. Shells of all kinds, not cut, ground, or otherwise manufactured. 

702. Shot-gun barrels, forged, rough bored. 

703. Shrimps, and other shell fish. 

704. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted, or 
advanced in manufacture in any way. 

705. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 

706. Silk-worms' eggs. 

707. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 

708. Snails. 

709. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate, and chlorate of. 

710. Sodium. 

711. Sparterre, suitable for making or ornamenting hats. 

712. Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy, when im- 
ported for cabinets or as objects of science, and not for sale. 

Spices. — 713. Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds, unground. 

714. Cinnamon, and chips of, unground. 

715. Cloves, and clove stems unground. 

716. Ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied. 

717. Mace. 

718. Nutmegs. 

719. Pepper, black or white, unground. 

720. Pimento, unground. 

721. Spunk. 

722. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and 
stone ware. 

723. Stone and sand : Burr stone in blocks, rough or manufactured, and 
not bound up into millstones; cliff stone, unmanufactured, pumice stone, 
rottenstone, and sand, crude or manufactured. 

724. Storax, or styrax. 

725. Strontia, oxide of, and protoxide of strontian, and strontianite, or 
mineral carbonate of strontia. 

726. Sugars, all not above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, all 
tank bottoms, all sugar drainings and sugar sweepings, sirups of cane juice, 
melada, concentrated melada, and concrete and concentrated molasses, and 
molasses. 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 373 

727. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimsLone crude, in 
bulk, sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, con- 
taining in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur (except on the copper 
contained therein) and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 

728. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit 
does not exceed the specific gravity of one and three hundred and eighty 
thousandths, for use in manufacturing superphosphate of lime or artificial 
manures of any kind, or for any agricultural purposes. 

729. Sweepings of silver and gold. 

730. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 

731. Tar and pitch of wood, and pitch of coal tar. 

732. Tea and tea plants. 

733. Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 

734. Terra alba. 

735. Terra japonica. 

736. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, 
pigs, or grain or granulated, until July the first, 1893, and thereafter as 
otherwise provided for in this act. 

737. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn. 

738. Tobacco stems. 

739. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans. 

740. Tripoli. 

741. Turmeric. 

742. Turpentine, Venice. 

743. Turpentine, spirits of. 

744. Turtles. 

745. Types, old and fit only to be remanufactured. 

746. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 

747. Vaccine virus. 

748. Valonia. 

749. Verdigris, or subacetate of copper. 

750. "Wafers, unmedicated. 

751. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 

752. Wearing apparel and other personal effects (not merchandise) of per- 
sons arriving in the United States, but this exemption shall not be held to 
include articles not actually in use and necessary and appropriate for the use 
of such persons- for the purposes of their journey and present comfort and 
convenience, or which are intended for any other person or persons, or for 
sale: Provided, however, That all such wearing apparel and other personal 
effects as may have been once imported into the United States and subjected 
to the payment of duty, and which may have been actually used and taken 
or exported to foreign countries by the persons returning therewith to the 
United States, shall, if not advanced in value or improved in condition by 
any means since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to ex- 
emption from duty, upon their identity being established, under such rule 
and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 

753. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 

754. Wood. — Logs, and round unmanufactured timber not specially enu- 
merated or provided for in this act. 

755. Fire wood, handle bolts, heading bolls, stave bolts and shingle bolts, 
hop poles, fence posts, railroad ties, ship timber, and ship planking, not 
specially provided for in this act. 

756. Woods, namely, cedar, lignum vitse, lance-wood, ebony, box. gran- 
adilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in 
the log, rough, or hewed; bamboo and rattan unmanufactured; brier root or 
brier wood, and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further manufactured 
than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are intended to 



374 APPENDIX. 

be converted ; bamboo, reeds, and sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, 
orange, myrtle, and other woods not otherwise specially provided for in this 
act, in the rough, or not further manufactured than cut into lengths suitable 
for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, or walking canes; and 
India malacca joints, not further manufactured than cut into suitable lengths 
for the manufactures into which they are intended to be converted. 

757. Works of art, the production of American artists residing tempo- 
rarily abroad, or other works of art, including pictorial paintings on glass, 
imported expressly for presentation to a national institution, or to any state 
or municipal corporation, or incorporated religious society, college, or other 
public institution, except stained or painted window glass or stained or 
painted glass windows; but such exemption shall be subject to such regula- 
tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 

758. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lectur- 
ers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for ex- 
hibition and in illustration, promotion and encouragement of art, science, or 
industry in the United States, and not for sale, and photographic pictures, 
paintings, and statuary, imported for exhibition by any association established 
in good" faith and duly authorized under the laws of the United States, or of 
any State, expressly and solely for the promotion and encouragement of 
science, art, or industry, and not intended for sale, shall be admitted free of 
duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; 
but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties 
as may be imposed by law upon any and all of such articles as shall not be 
exported within six months after such importation: Provided, That the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a 
further term of six months in cases where applications therefor shall be 
made. 

759. Works of art, collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, 
science, or manufactures, photographs, works in terra -cotta, parian, pottery, 
or porcelain, and artistic copies of antiquities in metal or other material here- 
inafter imported in good faith for permanent exhibition at a fixed place by 
any society or institution established for the encouragement of the arts or of 
science, and all like articles imported in good faith by any society or asso- 
ciation for the purpose of erecting a public monument, and not intended for 
sale, nor for any other purpose than herein expressed ; but bonds shall be 
given under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe, for the payment of lawful duties which may accrue should any of 
the articles aforesaid be sold, transferred, or used contrary to this provision, 
and such articles shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspection 
by the proper officers of the customs: Provided, That the privileges of this 
and the preceding section shall not be allowed to associations or corpora- 
linns engaged in or connected with business of a private or commercial 
character. 

760. Yams. 

761. Zaffer. 

Sec. 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries pro- 
ducing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and jitter the first day 
of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be satisfied 
that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars,_ molas- 
ses, coffee, tea, and hides," raw and' unciired, or any of such articles, imposes 
duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United 
States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, 
coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally 
unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty 
to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 375 

to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the 
production of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such 
case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected, and paid 
upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from 
such designated country as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay 
duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank 
bottoms, sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, 
concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 
seventy-five degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; and for every ad- 
ditional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two 
hundredths of one cent per pound additional. 

All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- 
fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All 
sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard 
of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. 

All sugars above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch 
standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. 

All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per 
pound. 

Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. 

Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as 
molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. 

On coffee, three cents per pound. 

On tea, ten cents per pound. 

Hides, raw or un cured, whether dry, salted or pickled; Angora goat 
skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or unmanu- 
factured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, one and one-half 
cents per pound. 

Sec. 4. That there shall be levied, collected and paid on the importation 
of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in 
this act, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem; and on all articles manufac- 
tured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this act, a duty of twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Sec. 5. That each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, 
which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it 
may be applied, to any article enumerated in this act as chargeable with 
duty shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated arti- 
cle which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned: and 
if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated 
articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable there shall be levied 
on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on I he 
article which it resembles paying the highest rate o'f duty; and on articles 
not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be 
assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be chargeable if com- 
posed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value; and the 
words, "component material of chief value," wherever used in this act, shall 
be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any 
other single component material of the article; and the value of each com 
ponent material shall be determined by the ascertained value of such mate- 
rial in its condition as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty 
shall be applicable to any imported article it shall pay duty at the highest of 
such rates. 

Sec. 6. That on and after the first day of March, 1891, all articles of 
foreign manufacture, such as are usually or ordinarily marked, stamped, 
branded, or labeled, and all packages containing such or other imported 



376 APPENDIX. 

articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, branded, or labeled 
in legible English words, so as to indicate the country of their origin; and 
unless so marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, they shall not be admitted 
to entry. 

Sec. 7. That on and after March first, 1891, no article of imported mer- 
chandise which shall copy or simulate the name or trade-mark of any domes- 
tic manufacture or manufacturer, shall be admitted to entry at any custom- 
house of the United States. And in order to aid the officers of the customs 
in enforcing this prohibition, any domestic manufacturer who has adopted 
trade-marks may require his name and residence and a description of his 
trade-marks to be recorded in books which shall be kept for that purpose in 
the Department of the Treasury under such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department fac-similes 
of such trade-marks; and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause 
one or more copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or other 
proper officer of the customs. 

Sec. 8. That all lumber, timber, hemp, manila, wire rope, and iron and 
steel rods, bars, spikes, nails, plates, ties; angles, beams, and bolts and cop- 
per and composition metal which may be necessary for the construction and 
equipment of vessels built in the United States for foreign account and own- 
ership or for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including 
the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, after 
the passage of this act, may be imported in bond, under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and upon proof that such ma- 
terials have been used for such purpose no duties shall be paid thereon. But 
vessels receiving the benefit of this section shall not be allowed to engage in 
the coastwise trade of the United States more than two months in any one 
year, except upon the payment to the United States of the duties on which a 
rebate is herein allowed: Provided, That vessels built in the United States for 
foreign account and ownership shall not be allowed to engage in the coast- 
wise trade of the United States. 

Sec 9. That all articles of foreign production needed for the repair of 
American vessels engaged in foreign trade, including the trade between the 
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, may be withdrawn from 
bonded warehouses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may prescribe. 

Sec. 10. That all medicines, preparations, compositions, perfumery, cos- 
metics, cordials, and other liquors manufactured wholly or in part of domes- 
tic spirits, intended for exportation, as provided by law, in order to be man- 
ufactured and sold or removed, without being charged with duty and with- 
out having a stamp affixed thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may prescribe, be made and manufactured in ware- 
houses similarly constructed to those known and designated in Treasury 
regulations as bonded warehouses, class two: Provided, That such manufac- 
turer shall first give satisfactory bonds to the collector of internal revenue 
for the faithful observance of all the provisions of law and the regulations as 
aforesaid, in amount not less than half of that required by the regulations of 
the Secretary of the Treasury from persons allowed bonded warehouses. 
Such goods, when manufactured in such warehouses, may be removed for 
exportation under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof, 
who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury without being 
charged with duty, and without having a stamp affixed thereto. Any man- 
ufacturer of the articles aforesaid, or any of them, having such bonded ware- 
houses as aforesaid, shall heat liberty, under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe, to convey therein any materials to be 
used in such manufacture which are allowed by the provisions of law to be 
exported free .from tax or duty, as well as the necessary materials, imple- 



TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 377 



ments, packages, vessels, brands, and labels, for tbe preparation, putting up, 
and export of the said manufactured articles: and every article so used shall 
be exempt from the payment of stamp and excise duty by such manufac- 
turer. Articles and materials so to be used may be transferred from any 
bonded warehouse in which the same may be, under such regulation as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, into any bonded warehouse in 
which such manufacture may be conducted, and may be used in such manu- 
facture, and when so used shall be exempt from stamp and excise duty; and 
the receipt of the officer in charge as aforesaid shall be received as a voucher 
for the manufacture of such articles. Any materials imported into the Unit- 
ed States may, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe, and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in original 
packages from on shipboard, or from the bonded warehouse in which the 
same may be, into the bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be 
carried on, for the purpose of being used in such manufacture, without pay- 
ment of duties thereon, and may there be used in such manufacture. No article 
so removed, nor any article manufactured in said bonded warehouse, shall 
be taken therefrom except for exportation, under the direction of the proper 
officer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the 
articles by their mark or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, 
and name of vessel, with such additional particulars as may from time to 
time be required, shall be received by the collector of customs in cancel- 
lation of the bond or return of the amount of foreign import duties. All 
labor performed and services rendered under these regulations shall be un- 
der the supervision of an officer of the customs, and at the expense of the 
manufacturer. 

Sec. 11. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United 
States from any foreign country any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writ- 
ing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, 
figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or 
other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article 
whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. 
No such articles, whether imported separately or contained in packages with 
other goods entitled to entry, shall be admitted to entry; and all such arti- 
cles shall be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. 
All such prohibited articles and the package in which they are contained in 
the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of customs, and 
proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following section, 
unless it appears to the satisfaction of the collector of customs that the 
obscene articles contained in the package were inclosed therein without the 
knowledge or consent of the importer, owner, agent, or consignee: Provided, 
That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put 
up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the 
operation of this section. 

Sec. 12. That whoever, being an officer, agent, or employe of the gov 
eminent of the United States, shall knowingly aid or abet any person engaged 
in any violation of any of the provisions of law prohibiting importing, adver 
tising, dealing in, exhibiting or sending or receiving by mail obscene or inde- 
cent publications or representations, or means for preventing conception or 
procuring abortion, or other articles of indecent or immoral use or tendency, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall for every offense he pun 
ishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment 
at hard labor for not more than ten years, or both. 

Sec. 13. That any judge of any district or circuit court of the United 

States, within the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any 

violation of the two preceding sections is made, to the satisfaction of such 

judge, and founded on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth 

27b 



378 APPENDIX. 

the grounds of such belief, and supported by oath or affirmation of the com- 
plainant may issue, conformably to the Constitution, a warrant directed to 
the marshal or any deputy marshal, in the proper district, directing him to 
search for, seize, and take possession of any such article or thing mentioned 
in the two preceding sections, and to make due and immediate return thereof 
to the end that the same may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, 
which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in the 
case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. 

Sec. 14. That machinery for repair may be imported into the United 
States without payment of duty, under bond, to be given in double the 
appraised value thereof, to be withdrawn and exported after said machinery 
shall have been repaired; and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
and directed to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to 
protect the revenue against fraud, and secure the identity and character of 
all such importations when again withdrawn and exported, restricting and 
limiting the export and withdrawal to the same port of entry where import- 
ed, and also limiting all bonds to a period of time of not more than six 
months from the date of the importation. 

Sec. 15. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the 
Saint John River and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed 
or hewed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same 
being unmanufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into the 
ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted 
under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to 
time prescribe. 

Sec. 16. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the 
Saint Croix river and its tributaries owned by American citizens, and sawed 
in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, tbe same being 
unmanufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the ports of the 
United States free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall, from time to time, prescribe. 

Sec. 17. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad valorem, in 
addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
all goods, wares, or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of 
the United States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, 
wares, and merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United 
States, entitled, by treaty or any act of Congress, to be entered in the ports 
of the United States on payment of the same duties as shall then be paid on 
goods, wares, and merchandise imported in vessels of the United States. 

Sec. 18. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, unless in cases provided 
for by treaty, shall be imported into the United States from any foreign port 
or place, except in vessels of the United States, or in such foreign vessels as 
truly and wholty belong to the citizens or subjects of that country of which 
the goods are the growth, production, or manufacture, or from which such 
goods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped 
for transportation. All goods, wares," or merchandise imported contrary to 
this section, and the vessel wherein the same shall he imported, together with 
her cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the United 
States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or vessel, and cargo 
shall he liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in like manner, and 
under the same regulations, restrictions, and provisions as have been hereto- 
fore established for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of 
forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. 

Sec 19. That the preceding section shall not apply to vessels or goods, 
wares, or merchandise imported in vessels of a foreign nation which does not 
maintain a similar regulation against vessels of the Untied States. 

Sec. 20. That, the importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle 



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TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 379 

from any foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, 
That the operation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign coun- 
try or countries, or any parts of such country or countries, whenever the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public notice 
thereof that such importation will not tend to the introduction or spread of 
contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United States: and 
the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it 
shall be bis duty, to make all necessary orders and regulations to carry this 
section into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to send 
copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers 
or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge neces- 
sary. 

Sec. 21. That any person convicted of a willful violation of any of the 
provisions of the preceding section shall be lined not exceeding five hundred 
dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of 
the Court. 

Sec. 22. That upon the reimportation of articles once exported of the 
growth, product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no inter- 
nal tax has been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and 
refunded by allowance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid a duty equal to the tax imposed by the internal-revenue laws upon such 
articles, except articles manufactured in bonded warehouses and exported 
pursuant to law, which shall be subject to the same rate of duty as if origi- 
nally imported. 

Sec. 23. That whenever any vessel laden with merchandise in whole or 
in part subject to duty has been sunk in any river, harbor, bay, or waters 
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and within its limits, for the 
period of two years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who 
may raise such vessel shall be permitted to bring any merchandise recovered 
therefrom into the port nearest to the place where such vessel was so raised, 
free from the payment of any duty thereupon, and without being obliged to 
enter the same at the custom-house; but under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe. 

Sec. 24. That the works of manufactures engaged in smelting or refining 
metals in the United States may be designated as bonded warehouses under 
such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, 
That such manufacturers shall first give satisfactory bonds to the Secretary 
of the Treasury. Metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to 
make them readily available in the arts, imported into the United States to 
be smelted or refined and intended to be exported in a refined but unmanu- 
factured state, shall, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may 
prescribe and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in origi- 
nal packages or in bulk from the vessel or other vehicle on which it lias been 
imported, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be into die 
bonded warehouse in which such smelting and refining may be carried on, 
for the purpose of being smelted and refined without payment of duties 
thereon, and may there be smelted and refined, together with other metals 
of home or foreign production : Provided, That each day a quantity of re- 
fined metal equal to the amount of imported metal refined Ilia) day shall be 
set aside, and such metal so set aside shall not, be taken from said works 
except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge 
thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their marks 
or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and the name of vessel or 
other vehicle by which it was imported, with such additional particulars as 
may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of cus- 
toms as sufficient evidence of the exportation of the metal, or it may be 
removed, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre. 



380 APPENDIX. 

scribe, to any other bonded warehouse, or upon entry for and payment of 
duties, for domestic consumption. All labor performed and services ren- 
dered under these regulations shall be under the supervision of an officer of 
the customs, to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and at the 
expense of the manufacturer. 

Sec. 25. That where imported materials on which duties have been paid, 
are used in the manufacture of articles manufactured or produced in the 
United States, there shall be allowed on the exportation of such articles a 
drawback equal in amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one 
per centum of such duties: Provided, That when the articles exported are 
made in part from domestic materials, the imported materials, or the parts of 
the articles made from such materials shall so appear in the completed arti- 
cles that the quantity or measure thereof may be ascertained: And "provided 
further, That the drawback on any article allowed under existing law shall 
be continued at the rate herein provided. That the imported materials used 
in the manufacture or production of articles entitled to drawback of customs 
duties when exported shall in all cases where drawback of duties paid on 
such materials is claimed, be identified, the quantity of such materials used 
and the amount of duties paid thereon shall be ascertained, the facts of the 
manufacture or production of such articles in the United States and their 
exportation therefrom shall be determined, and the drawback due thereon 
shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or exporter, to the agent of 
either or to the person to whom such manufacturer, producer, exporter or 
agent shall in writing order such drawback paid under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 



THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 

ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE AND SUB- 
MITTED TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JUNE 19, 1890. 

Department of State, ) 
Washington, June A, 1890. ) 
To the President: 

I beg leave to submit herewith the report upon " Customs Union " adopted 
by the International American Conference. 

The act of Congress, approved May 24, 1888, authorizing the President to 
invite delegates to "this conference, named as one of the topics to be consid- 
ered, "Measures toward the formation of an American Customs Union, un- 
der which the trade of the American nations shall, so far as possible and prof- 
itable, be promoted." 

The committee of the conference to which this topic was referred inter- 
preted the term "Customs Union" to mean an association or agreement 
among the several American nations for a free interchange of domestic prod- 
ucts, a common and uniform system of tariff laws, and an equitable divis- 
ion of the customs dues collected under them. 

Such a proposition was at once pronounced impracticable. Its adoption 
would require a complete revision of the tariff laws of all the eighteen na- 
tions, and most, if not all, of our sister republics are largely, if not entirely, 
dependent upon the collection of customs dues for the revenue to sustain 
their governments. But the conference declared that partial reciprocity be- 
tween the American republics was not only practicable, but " must necessa- 
rily increase the trade and the development of the material resources of the 
countries adopting that system, and it would in all probability bring about as 
favorable results as those obtained by free trade among the different States of 
this Union." 

The conference recommended, therefore, that the several governments rep- 
resented negotiate reciprocity treaties "upon such a basis as would be accept- 
able in each case, taking into consideration the special situations, conditions, 
and interests of each country, and with a view to promote their common wel- 
fare." 

The delegates from Chili and the Argentine Republic did not concur in 
these recommendations, for the reason that the attitude of our Congress at 
that time was not such as to encourage them to expect favorable responses 
from the United States in return for concessions which their government 
might offer. They had come here with an expectation that our government 
and people desired to make whatever concessions were necessary and possible 
to increase the trade between the United States and the two countries named. 
The President of the Argentine Republic, in communicating to his Congress 
the appointment of delegates to the International Conference, said: 

"The Argentine Republic feels the liveliest interest m the subject, and 
hopes that its commercial relations with the United Stales may find some 
practical solution of the question of the interchange of products between the 
two countries, considering that this is the most efficacious way of strengthen- 
ing the ties which bind this country with that grand republic whose institu- 
tions serve us as a model." 

It was therefore unfortunate that the Argentine delegates, shortly after 
their arrival in Washington, in search of reciprocal trade, should have read 

381 



382 APPENDIX. 

in the daily press that propositions were pending in our Congress to impose a 
heavy duty upon Argentine hides, which for many years had heen upon the 
free list, and to increase the duty on Argentine wool. Since the adoption 
of the recommendations of the conference, which I herewith inclose, hides 
have been restored to the free list, but the duty upon carpet wool remains, 
and, as the Argentine delegates declared, represents the only concession we 
have to offer them in exchange for the removal of duties upon our peculiar 
products. 

Only those who have given the subject careful study realize the magni- 
tude of the commerce of these sister nations. In 1888 the combined imports 
of Chili and the Argentine Republic reached the enormous sum of $233,127,- 
G98. The statistics of Chilian commerce for 1889 have not yet been received, 
but the imports of the Argentine Republic for that year were $143,000,000. 
These imports consisted in the greater part of articles that could have been 
furnished by the manufacturers of the United States; yet in 1888, of the total 
of $233,000,000 imports, we contributed but $13,000,000; while England con- 
tributed $90,000,000; Germany, $43,000,000; and France, $34,000,000. 

With our extraordinary increase in population, and even more extraordi- 
nary increase in material wealth, our progress in trade with South America 
has been strangely hindered and limited. 

In 1868 our total exports to all the world were $375,737,000, of which $53,- 
197,000 went to Spanish America — 14 per cent. 

In 1888 our exports to all the world were $742,368,000, an increase of 100 
per cent,, while but $69,273,000 went to Spanish America, little more than 9 
per cent. ; and the greatest gain (nine millions) has been noticed during the 
last two years. 

It was the unanimous judgment of the delegates that our exports to these 
countries and to the other republics could be increased to a great degree by 
the negotiation of such treaties as are recommended by the conference. The 
practical, every -day experience of our merchants engaged in the trade demon- 
strates beyond a question that in all classes of merchandise which we have 
long and 'successfully produced for export, they are able to compete with 
their European rivals in quality and in price; and the reiterated statement 
that our Latin- American neighbors do not buy of us because we do not buy 
of them, or because we tax their products, has been annually contradicted by 
the statistics of our commerce for a quarter of a centuiy. The lack of means 
for reaching their markets has been the chief obstacle in the way of increased 
exports. The carrying trade has been controlled by European merchants 
who have forbidden an exchange of commodities. The merchandise we sell 
in South America is carried there in American ships, or foreign ships char- 
tered by American commission houses. The merchandise we buy in South 
America is brought to us in European vessels that never take return cargoes, 
but sail for Liverpool, Havre, Bremen, or Hamburg with wheat, corn and 
cotton. There they load again with manufactured goods for the South Amer- 
ican markets, and continue their triangular voyages, paying for the food they 
are compelled to buy of us with the proceeds of the sale of their manufactures 
in markets that we could and would supply if we controlled the carrying 
trade. 

France taxes imports as we do, and in 1880, her merchants suffered, as 
ours do now, for the lack of transportation facilities with the Argentine Re- 
public. Under liberal encouragement from the government , direct and regu- 
lar steamship lines were established between Havre and Buenos Ayres, and 
as a direct and natural result, her exports increased from $8,292,872 in 1880 
to $22,996,000 in 1888. 

The experience of Germany furnishes an even more striking example. In 
1880 the exports from Germany to the Argentine Republic were only $2,365,- 
152. In 1888 they were $13, 310, 000. ' ' This result, " writes Mr. Baker, our most 



THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 



383 



useful and intelligent consul at Buenos Ayres, "is due, first, to the establish- 
ment of quick and regular steam communication between the two countries; 
second, to the establishment of branch houses by German merchants and 
manufacturers; and third, to the opening of a German Argentine bank to fa- 
cilitate exchange." _ 

There is no'direct steamship communication whatever between the United 
States and the Argentine Republic; and there are no direct banking facili- 
ties. The International American Conference has earnestly recommended the 
establishment of both; but reciprocal exchanges of tariff concessions will be 
equally effective in stimulating commerce and in increasing the export of the 
products of which we have the largest surplus not only to the progressive re- 
public named, but to all the other American nations. 

The conference believed that while great profit would come to all the 
countries if reciprocity treaties should be adopted, the United States would be 
by far the greatest gainer. Nearly all the articles we export to our neighbors 
are subjected to heavy customs taxes; so heavy, in many cases, as to prohibit 
their consumption by the masses of the people. On the other hand, more 
than 87 per cent, of our imports from Latin America are admitted free, leav- 
ing but 12 per cent, upon which duties may still be removed. But mindful 
of the fact that the United States has, from time to time, removed the duties 
from coffee, cocoa, India-rubber, hides, cinchona bark, dye and cabinet 
woods, and other Latin-American products, our government may confidently 
ask the concession suggested. 

The increased exports would be drawn alike from our farms, our facto- 
ries, and our forests. None of the Latin- American countries produce building 
lumber; the most of them are dependent upon foreign markets for their 
breadstuff s and provisions; and in few is there any opportunity or inclination 
for mechanical industry. 

The effect of such reciprocity would be felt in every portion of the land. 
Not long ago the Brazilian Mail Steamship Company took the trouble to 
trace to its origin every article that composed the cargo carried by one of its 
steamers to Rio de Janeiro, and the investigation disclosed the fact that thirty- 
six States and Territories contributed to the total, as follows: 



New York $74,546 00 

Vermont 96 00 

Delaware 20,908 00 

Illinois 19,331 47 

New Jersey 17,054 40 

Pennsylvania 43,065 00 

Connecticut 11,874 00 

Kansas 11,332 00 

Indiana 9,098 00 

Massachusetts 7,190 00 

Ohio 6,230 00 

New Hampshire 6,035 00 

Missouri 5,773 00 

Georgia 5,096 00 

Rhode Island 4,020 00 

Michigan 3,732 00 

Virginia 3,704 54 

Maine 2,765 00 

Minnesota 2,668 00 



North Carolina $2,647 00 

Maryland 2,359 00 

Mississippi 2,056 00 

Louisiana 2,111 00 

Wyoming 1,800 00 

Oregon 1,183 00 

Tennessee 1,150 00 

Iowa 807 00 

South Carolina 587 00 

Kentucky 781 00 

Wisconsin 576 00 

California 239 00 

Dakota 220 00 

Texas 162 00 

Nebraska 125 00 

Alabama 56 00 

Florida 40 00 



Total $301,417 41 



The 12 per cent, of our imports from Latin America upon which duties 
are still assessed consists only of raw sugar and the coarse grades of wool 
used in the manufacture of carpets. 



384 APPENDIX. 

The sugar-growing nations comprise four-fifths or forty millions, of Latin 
America; but with geographical conditions against them, their free labor 
can not successfully compete with the coolie labor of the European colonies. 
A slight discrimination in their favor would greatly stimulate their agricul- 
tural interests, enlarge their purchasing power, and tend to promote friendly 
sentiments and intercourse. 

The wool-growing nations are Chili, Uruguay, and the Argentine Repub- 
lic, and from them our manufacturers of carpets receive a great portion of 
their supply. It was most strongly urged by the delegates who had carefully 
studied this subject that the free admission of coarse wools from these coun- 
tries could not prove injurious to the wool growers of the United States, be- 
cause the greater profit derived by them from the higher grades discourages, 
if it docs not actually prohibit, their production. On the contrary, they 
maintained that the free importation of the coarse wool would result in a 
large reduction in the cost of the cheaper grades of carpets, and enable the 
manufacturers of the United States to secure an enormous export trade in 
these fabrics. It was also suggested that the use of the coarse wools fur the 
purpose of adulteration in the manufacture of clothing might be prevented 
by requiring that imports withdrawn for the manufacture of carpets should 
be so designated to exempt them from customs dues, and the existing duty 
retained upon those used for other purposes. 

The wool growers of the Argentine Republic protest against what they 
consider a serious discrimination against their products in the tariff laws of 
the United States, which impose a duty upon the gross weight instead of the 
value of the article. 

The Argentine wools are much heavier in grease and dirt than those from 
Australia and New Zealand, which is said to be due to unavoidable climatic 
conditions, and sell at a lower price. But the imports from the three coun- 
tries are subject to the same duty. This fact was very strongly urged, to the 
end that at least equal advantages should be given to the products of a 
friendly country with which we are endeavoring to build up a trade. 

The Argentines desire the free admission of their coarse wool, and other 
Latin- American states desire the free admission of their sugar to the ports of 
this country, with the understanding that our peculiar products shall, in turn, 
be admitted free into their ports. At present, by reason of the high duties 
levied by them, the chief articles of our production are beyond the purchas- 
ing power of the great mass of the people in those countries, and are luxuries 
which only the wealthy can enjoy. 

Excepting raw cotton, our four largest exports during the last fiscal year 
were breadstuffs, provisions, refined petroleum, and lumber. 

The following statement shows the total exports of each of said articles in 
1889, and the proportion exported to Latin America: 

Exported to 
AKTICLES. Total Exports. Latin America. 

Breadstuffs $123,876,423 $5,123,528 

Provisions 104,122,328 2,507.375 

Refined Petroleum 44,830,424 2,94S, 14!> 

Wood and Lumher 26,907, 161 5,039,886 

These figures should be closely studied. It would be difficult to under- 
stand, but for the explanations given in the conference, why, out of the three 
hundred millions of staples exported from this country, only fifteen millions 
should be consumed in all Latin America with its population of 50,000,000 
people, when the United States is the only source of supply for those articles 
which are regarded by us as the necessaries of life. 

The foreign delegates all agreed that this proportion could be increased 
many fold by extending to their people the ability to purchase; and the abil- 
ity to purchase rests, in their opinion, upon reciprocal concessions. 



THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 385 

Attached hereto is a statement showing the duties charged by the South 
American countries of the largest commerce upon the articles which they 
import chiefly from the United States, and also a statement showing the 
meagre amounts of our peculiar exportable products shipped to the several 
Latin- American states. By a comparison of these statements the effect of the 
removal of the duties upon these articles by the countries of Latin America 
will at once be apparent. 

Fifteen of the seventeen republics with which we have been in conference 
have indicated, by the votes of their representatives in the International 
American Conference, and by other methods which it is not necessary to de- 
fine, their desire to enter upon reciprocal commercial relations with the United 
Slates; the remaining two express equal willingness, could they be assured 
that their advances would be favorably considered. 

To escape the delay and uncertainty of treaties it has been suggested that 
a practicable and prompt mode of testing the cpiestion was to submit an 
amendment to the pending tariff bill, authorizing the President to declare 
the ports of the United States free to all the products of any nation of the 
American hemisphere upon which no export duties are imposed whenever 
and so long as such nation shall admit to its ports free of all national, pro- 
vincial (State), municipal, and other taxes, our flour, corn meal, and other 
breadstuffs, preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits, cotton-seed oil, rice, 
and other provisions, including all articles of food, lumber, furniture, and 
all other articles of wood, agricultural implements and machinery, mining 
and mechanical machinery, structural steel and iron, steel rails, locomotives, 
railway cars and supplies, street cars, and refined petroleum. I mention 
these particular articles because they have been most frequently referred to 
as those with which a valuable exchange could be readily effected. The list 
could no doubt be profitably enlarged by a careful investigation of the needs 
and advantage of both the home and foreign markets. 

The opinion was general among the foreign delegates that the legislation 
herein referred to would lead to the opening of new and profitable markets 
for the products of which we have so large a surplus, and thus invigorate 
every branch of agriculture and mechanical industry. Of course, the ex- 
changes involved in these propositions would be rendered impossible if Con- 
gress, in its wisdom, should repeal the duty on sugar by direct legislation 
instead of allowing the same object to be attained by the reciprocal arrange- 
ment suggested. v Respectfully submitted, James G. Blaine. 






THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. 



APPROVED BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JULY 14, 1890. 



"The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to purchase, from 
time to time, silver bullion to the aggregate amount of 4,500,000 ounces, or 
so much thereof as may be offered in each month, at the market price 
thereof, not exceeding $ 1 for 371.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in pay- 
ment for such purchases of silver bullion, Treasury notes of the United States 
to be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury in such form and of such 
denominations, not less than $1 nor more than $1,000, as he may prescribe, 
and a sum sufficient to carry into effect the provisions of this act, is hereby 
appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. 

" Sec. 2. That the Treasury notes issued in accordance with the provi- 
sions of this act shall be redeemable on demand, in coin, at the Treasury of 
the United States or at the office of any assistant treasurer of the United 
States, and when so redeemed, may be reissued; but no greater or less 
amount of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the 
silver bullion, and the standard silver dollars coined therefrom, then held in 
the Treasury purchased by such notes; and such Treasury notes shall be a 
legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where other- 
wise expressly stipulated in the contract, and shall be receivable for customs, 
taxes, and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued; and such 
notes, when held by any national banking association, may be counted as a 
part of its lawful reserve. That upon demand of the holder of any of the 
Treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, 
under such regulations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or 
silver coin, at his discretion, it being the established policy of the United 
States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the pres- 
ent legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law. 

" Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall each month coin two 
million ounces of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this 
act into standard silver dollars until the 1st day of July, 1891, and after that 
time he shall coin of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this 
act as much as may be necessary to provide for the redemption of the Treas- 
ury notes herein provided for, and any gain or seigniorage arising from 
such coinage shall be accounted for and paid into the Treasury. 

" Sec. 4. That the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this 
act shall be subject to the requirements of existing law and the regulations of 
the mint service governing the methods of determining the amount of pure 
silver contained, and the amount of charges or deductions, if any, to be 
made. 

" Sec. 5. That so much of the act of Feb. 28, 1878, entitled 'An act to 
authorize the coinage of the standard silver dollar and to restore its legal- 
tender character,' as requires the monthly purchase and coinage of the same 
into silver dollars of not less than $2,000',000nor more than $4,000,000 worth 
of silver bullion, is hereby repealed. 

" Sec. 6. That upon the passage of this act the balances standing with the 
Treasurer of the United States to the respective credits of national banks for 

386 



THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. 387 

deposits made to redeem the circulating notes of such banks, and all depos- 
its thereafter received for like purpose, shall be covered into the Treasury as 
a miscellaneous receipt, and the Treasurer of the United States shall redeem 
from the general cash in the Treasury the circulating notes of said banks 
which may come into his possession subject to redemption; and upon the cer- 
tificate of tbe Comptroller of the Currency that such notes have been received 
by him, and that they have been destroyed, and that no new notes will be 
issued in their place, reimbursement of their amount shall be made to the 
Treasurer, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe, from an appropriation hereby created, to be known as ' National bank 
notes: Redemption account,' but the provisions of this act shall not apply to 
the deposits received under section 3 of the act of June 20, 1874, requiring 
every national bank to keep in lawful money with the Treasurer of the 
United States a sum equal to 5 per cent, of its circulation, to be held and 
used for the redemption of its circulating notes; and the balance remaining 
of the deposits so covered shall, at the close .of each month, be reported on 
the monthly public debt statement as debt of the United States bearing no 
interest. 

"Sec. 7. That this act shall take effect thirty days from and after its 



THE MILLS BILL. 

EXTRACTS FROM MR. MILLS'S SPEECH, 1889, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- 
POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. 

"Mr. Chairman, during our late civil war the expenditures required by 
an enormous military establishment made it necessary that the burdens of 
taxation should be laid heavily in all directions authorized by the Constitu- 
tion. The internal-revenue and direct taxes were called into requisition to 
supplement the revenues arising from customs, to aid the Treasury to respond 
to the heavy demands which were being daily made upon it. The duties on 
imports were raised from an average on dutiable goods of 18.84 per cent. 
in 1861 to an average of 40.29 per cent, on dutiable goods during the five 
years from 1862 to 1866, inclusive. This was recognized at the time as an 
exceptionally heavy burden. It was stated by the distinguished gentlemen 
who then presented to the House the bill so largely increasing the duties, and 
which to-day bears his honored name, that it was demanded by the exigencies 
of war, and must cease on the return of peace. In his own words he said : 
' This is intended as a war measure, a temporary measure, and we must as 
such give it our support.' More than twenty years have elapsed since the 
war ended. A generation has passed away and a new generation has appeared 
on the stage since peace has returned to bless our common country; but these 
war taxes still remain; and they are heavier to-day than they were on an 
average during the five years of the existence of hostilities. The average rate 
of duty during the last five years— from 1883 to 1887 inclusive — on dutiable 
goods, amounts to 44.51 per cent., and during the last year the average is 
47.10 per cent. Instead of the rate of taxation being reduced to meet the 
wants of an efficient administration of government in time of peace, it con- 
tinues to grow and fill the coffers of the government with money not required 
for public purposes, and which rightfully should remain in the pockets of 
the people. 

• ' The greatest evil that is inflicted by it is in the destruction of the values 
of our exports. Remember that the great body of our exports are agricul- 
tural products. It has been so through our whole history. From 75 to over 
80 per cent, of the exports of this country, year by year, are agricultural 
products. Cotton is first, then bread-stuffs, pork, beef, butter, cheese, lard. 
These are the things that keep up our foreign trade, and when you put on or 
keep on such duties as we have now — war duties, winch were regarded as so 
I enormous even in the very midst of hostilities that they were declared to be 
' temporary — when you put on or retain those duties, they limit and prohibit 
importation, and that limits or prohibits exportation. It takes two to make 
a trade. All the commerce of all the countries of the world is carried on by 
an exchange of commodities — commodities going from the country where they 
are produced at the least cost to seek a market in those countries where they 
can either not be produced at all or where they can be produced only at the 
highest cost of production. We are the great agricultural country of the 
world, and we have been feeding the people of Europe, and the people of 
Europe have got to give us in exchange the products of their labor in their 
shops; and when we put on excessive duties for the purpose of prohibiting 
the importations of their goods, as a necessary result we put an excessive 
duty upon the exportation of our own agricultural products. And what does 
that do ? It throws our surplus products upon our own markets at home, 
which becomes glutted and oversupplied, and prices go down. So it is with 

388 



THE MILLS BILL. 389 

the people of Europe who are manufacturing and producing things that we 
can not produce, but which we want. Their products are thrown upon their 
home markets, which are glutted and oversupplied, and their prices likewise 
go down. And whenever, from any cause, prices start up in Europe, our 
tariff being levied mainly by specific duties upon quantity, not upon value, 
the tariff goes down, and then we see large importation, and, as a result, 
large exportation. Then we see a rise in agricultural products; then we see 
the circulation of money all thi-ough the whole of our industrial system; we 
see our people going to work, our manufactories starting up, and prosperity 
in every part of the land. 

"We are the greatest agricultural people in the world. We exceed all 
others in the products of manufacture, but we export next to nothing of our 
product. Why should we not export the three hundred and seventy-live 
millions of cotton goods which England is now exporting? She buys her 
cotton from us, pays the cost of transportation to her factories, makes the 
goods, and sends them all over the world. That trade, at least the most of it, 
is ours whenever we get ready to take it. Why should we not make and send 
out the hundred millions of woolen goods which she is annually exporting? 
We have the advantage of her in almost everything except cost of materials. 
Why should we not make and export the hundred millions of iron and steel 
which she is making and sending away annually? There is no reason except 
that high tariff and trusts and combinations are in our way, and they muster 
all their forces to prevent us from taking the place which our advantages 
entitle us to take. We are the greatest people in the world. We have the 
highest standard of civilization; we have the highest and best diffusion of 
knowledge among our people. We utilize the power of machinery more 
than any people in the world. We produce by our labor more than any 
people in the world. We have everything to command success in any con- 
test over any rival. We are the first cotton-producing country. We have 
wool, flax, hemp; our country is full of coal and ores and lumber, and yet 
with all these advantages over all others we have pursued a suicidal policy 
of protection, which has closed the markets of the world against us; and not 
content to stop here, we have plundered the great body of our agricultural 
people out of a large part of their wealth. We must make a departure. In- 
stead of laying the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead 
of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would 
encoiu - age our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary bur- 
den. We should lay taxes to obtain revenue, but not restrict importation. 
We should place every material of manufacture on the free list, start up our 
fires, put our wheels in motion, and put all our people to work at good wages." 

After arguing that it is increased production that makes cheap goods and 
high wages, Mr. Mills said, in regard to the effect of the existing tariff on 
labor: "I have taken from the first annual report of the Commissioner of 
Labor and the report of the census on wages some figures given by manufac- 
turers themselves of the total cost of the product and the labor cost of the 
articles they are making. I have put the tariff duty by the side of them to 
show whether in the little reductions we are asking in tins hill we have gone 
beyond that pledge we as a party have made that we would not reduce taxation 
so low as to injure our laborers, or as not to cover the difference in cost of labor 
between American and foreign products. This will show, and 1 ask your 
attention to it, that the tariff is not intended to, and does not. benefil labor. 
It will show that the benefit of the tariff never passes beyond the pocket of 
the manufacturer, and to the pockets of his workmen. 

"I find in this report one pair of five-pound blankets. The whole cost, 
as stated by the manufacturer, is $2.51. The labor cost lie paid for making 
them is 35 cents. The present tariff is $1.90. Now here is $1.55 in this I a r 
iff over and above the entire labor cost of these blankets. Why did not that 



390 APPENDIX. 

manufacturer go and give that money to the laborer? He is able to do it. 
Here is a tariff that gives him $1.90 on that pair of blankets for the benefit 
of his laborer; but notwithstanding that the tariff was imposed for the bene- 
fit of American labor and to preserve high wages, every dollar of that tariff 
went into the manufacturer's pocket. The poor fellow who made the blankets 
got 35 cents and the manufacturer kept the ft 1.90. 

"Here is one yard of flannel, weighing four ounces; it cost 18 cents, of 
which the laborer got 3 cents; the tariff on it is 8 cents. How is it that the 
whole 8 cents did not get into the pockets of the laborer? Is it not strange 
that those who made the tariff and fastened upon the people these war rates 
in a time of profound peace, and who are now constantly assailing the Dem- 
ocratic party because it is untrue to the workingman, did not make some 
provision by which the generous bounty they gave should reach the pocket 
of him for whom they said it was intended? They charge that we are trying 
to strike down the labor of the country. Why do they not see that the money 
they are taking out of the hard earnings of the people is delivered in good 
faith to the workman? One yard of cassimere, weighing 16 ounces, cost 
$1.38; the labor cost is 29 cents; the tariff duty is 80 cents. One pound of 
sewing-silk costs $5.66; the cost for labor is 85 cents; the tariff is $1.69. One 
gallon of linseed-oil costs 46 cents; the labor cost is 2 cents; the tariff cost is 
25 cents. One ton of bar-iron costs $31; the labor cost is $10; the tariff fixes 
several rates for bar-iron. I give the lowest rate, $17.92. One ton of foun- 
dry pig-iron costs $11; the labor costs $1.64; the tariff is $6.72. 

"Now, Mr. Chairman, I have gone through with a number of articles 
taken from these official reports made by the manufacturers themselves, and 
I have shown that the tariff was not framed for the benefit of the laborer, or 
that if it was so intended by those who framed it, the benefit never reaches 
the laborer, not a dollar of it. The working people are hired in the market 
at the lowest rates at which their services can be had, and all the ' boodle ' 
that has been granted by these tariff bills goes into the pockets of the manu- 
facturers. It builds up palaces; :t concentrates wealth; it makes great and 
powerful magnates; but it distributes none of its beneficence in the homes 
of our laboring poor." 

As to the spirit of the protective system which is sometimes called the 
American policy, Mr. Mills said: "I repel it, sir; it is not American. It is 
the reverso of American. That policy is American which clings most closely 
to the fundamental idea that underlies our institutions and upon which the 
whole superstructure of our government is erected, and that idea is freedom — 
freedom secured by the guarantees of government; freedom to think, to speak, 
to write; freedom to go where we please, select our own occupations; free- 
dom to labor when we please and where we please; freedom to receive and 
enjoy all the results of our labor; freedom to sell our products, and freedom 
to buy the products of others, and freedom to markets for the products of 
our labor, without which the freedom of labor is restricted and denied; free- 
dom from restraints in working and marketing the products of our toil, ex- 
cept such as may be necessary in the interest of the government; freedom 
from all unnecessary burdens; 'freedom from all exactions upon the citizen 
except such as may be necessary to support an honest, efficient and econom- 
ical administration of the government that guarantees him protection to 
' life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;' freedom from all taxation ex- 
cept that which is levied for the support of the government; freedom from 
taxation levied for the purpose of enriching favored classes by the spoliation 
and plunder of the people; freedom from "all systems of taxation that do not 
fall with 'equal and exact justice upon all' — that do not raise the revenues 
of government in the way that is least burdensome to the people and with 
the least possible disturbance to their business. That, sir, is the American 
policy." 



TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 



SENT TO CONGRESS DECEMBER 6, 1887. 

To the Congress of the United States: 

You are confronted at the threshold of your legislative duties with a con- 
dition of the national finances which imperatively demands immediate and 
careful consideration. The amount of money annually exacted through the 
operation of present laws from the industries and necessities of the people 
largely exceeds the sum necessary to meet the expenses of the government. 

When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every 
citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with 
only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical 
maintenance of the government which protects him, it is plain that the exac- 
tion of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of 
American fairness and justice. This wrong, inflicted upon those who bear 
the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil 
consequences. The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit 
conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, be- 
comes a hoarding-place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the 
people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's 
development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening fin- 
ancial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. 

This condition of our Treasury is not altogether new; and it has more than 
once of late been submitted to the people's representatives in the Congress, 
who alone can apply a remedy. And yet the situation still continues, with 
aggravated incidents, more than ever presaging financial convulsion and wide- 
spread disaster. It will not do to neglect this situation because its dangers 
are not now palpably imminent and apparent. They exist none the less cer- 
tainly, and await the unforeseen and unexpected occasion when suddenly they 
will be precipitated upon us. 

On the 30th day of June, 1885, the excess of revenues over public expen- 
ditures after complying with the annual requirement of the sinking-fund act. 
was $17,859,735.84. During the year ended June 30, 1886, such excess 
amounted to $49,405,545.20, and during the vear ended June 30, 1887, it 
reached the sum of $55,567,849.54. The annual contributions to the sinking 
fund during the three years above specified, amounting in the aggregate to 
$138,058,320.94 and deducted from the surplus as stated, were made by call- 
ing in for that purpose outstanding threc-per-cent. bonds of the government. 
During the six months prior to June 30, 1887, the surplus revenue had grown 
so large by repeated accumulation and it was feared the withdrawal of this 
great sum of money needed by the people would so affect the business of the 
country, that the sum of $79,864,100 of such surplus was applied to the pay- 
ment of the principal and interest of the three-per-cent. bonds still outstand- 
ing, and which were then payable at the option of the government. 

The precarious condition of financial affairs among the people still need- 
ing relief, immediately after the 30th day of June, 1887, the remainder of the 
threeqDer-cent. bonds then outstanding, amounting with principal and inter- 
est to the sum of $18,877,500, were called in and applied to the sinking-fund 
contribution for the current fiscal year. Notwithstanding these operations of 
the Treasury Department, representations of distress in business circles not 

391 



392 APPENDIX. 

only continued but increased, and absolute peril seemed at hand. In these 
circumstances the contribution to tbe sinking fund for the current fiscal year 
was at once completed by the expenditure of $27,684,283.55 in the purchase 
of government bonds not yet due, bearing four and four and one half per 
cent, interest, the premium paid thereon averaging about twenty-four per 
cent, for the former and eight per cent, for the latter. 

In addition to this the interest accruing during the current year upon the 
outstanding bonded indebtedness of the government was to some extent an- 
ticipated, and banks selected as depositories of public money were permitted 
to somewhat increase their deposits. 

_ While the expedients thus employed to release to the people the money 
lying idle in the Treasury served to avert immediate danger, our surplus 
revenues have continued to accumulate, the excess for the present year 
amounting on the 1st day of December to $55,258,701.19, and estimated to 
reach the sum of $113,000,000 on the 30th of June next, at which date it is 
expected that this sum, added to prior accumulations, will swell the surplus 
in the Treasury to $140,000,000. 

There seems to be no assurance that, with such a withdrawal from use of 
the people's circulating medium, our business community may not in the near 
future be subjected to the same distress which was quite lately produced from 
the same cause. And while the functions of our national Treasury should be 
few and simple, and while its best condition would be reached, I believe, by 
its entire disconnection with private business interests, yet when, by a per- 
version of its purposes, it idly holds money uselessly subtracted from the chan- 
nels of trade, there seems to be reason for the claim that some legitimate 
means should be devised by the government to restore in an emergency, with- 
out waste or extravagance, such money to its place among the people. 

If such an emergency arises there now exists no clear and undoubted Ex- 
ecutive power of relief. Heretofore the redemption of three-per-cent. bonds, 
which were payable at the option of the government, has afforded a means 
for the disbursement of the excess of our revenues; but these bonds have all 
been retired, and there are no bonds outstanding, the payment of which we 
have the right to insist upon. The contribution to the sinking fund which 
furnishes the occasion for expenditure in the purchase of bonds has been al- 
ready made for the current year, so that there is no outlet in that direction. 

In the present state of legislation the only pretense of any existing Exec- 
utive power to restore, at this time, any part of our surplus revenues to the 
people by its expenditure consists in the supposition that the Secretary of the 
Treasury may enter the market and purchase the bonds of the government 
not yet due, at a rate of premium to be agreed upon. The only provision of 
law from which such a power could be derived is found in an appropriation 
bill passed a number of years ago; and it is subject to the suspicion that it 
was intended as temporary and limited in its application, instead of confer- 
ring a continuing discretion and authority. No condition ought to exist 
which would justify the grant of power to a single official, upon his judg- 
ment of its necessity, to withhold from or release to the business of the peo- 
ple, in an unusual manner, money held in the Treasury, and thus affect, at 
liis will, the financial situation of the country; and if it is deemed wise to 
lodge in the Secretary of the Treasury the authority in the present juncture 
to purchase bonds, it' should he plainly vested, and* provided as tar as possi- 
ble, with such checks and limitations as will define this official's right and dis- 
cretion, and at the same time relieve him from undue responsibility. 

In considering the question of purchasing bonds as a means of restoring to 
circulation the surplus money accumulating in the Treasury, it should be 
borne in mind that premiums must, of course, be paid upon such purchase, 
that there may be a large part of these bonds held as investments which can 
not be purchased at any price, and that combinations among holders, who are 



TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 393 

willing to sell, may unreasonably enhance the cost of such bonds to the gov- 
ernment. 

It has been suggested that the present bonded debt might be refunded at 
a less rate of interest, and the difference between the old and new security 
paid in cash, thus finding use for the surplus in the Treasury. The success 
of this plan, it is apparent, must depend upon the volition of the holders of 
the present bonds; and it is not entirely certain that the inducement which 
must be offered them would result iu more financial benefit to the Govern- 
ment than the purchase of bonds, while the latter proposition would reduce 
the principal of the debt by actual payment, instead of extending it. 

The proposition to deposit the money held by the government in banks 
throughout the country, for use by the people, is,' it seems to me, exceeding- 
ly objectionable in principle, as establishing too close a relationship betweeu 
the operations of the government Treasury and the business of (he country, 
and too extensive a commingling of their money, thus fostering an unnatural 
reliance in private business upon public funds. If this scheme should he 
adopted it should only be done as a temporary expedient to meet an urgent 
necessity. _ Legislative and Executive effort should generally be in the oppo- 
site direction, and should have a tendency to divorce, as much and as fast as 
can safely be done, the Treasury Department from private enterprise. 

Of course it is not expected that unnecessary and extravagant appropria- 
tions will be made for the purpose of avoiding the accumulation of an excess 
of revenue. Such expenditure, besides the demoralization of all just concep- 
tions of public duty which it entails, stimulates a habit of reckless improvi- 
dence not in the least consistent with the mission of our people or the high 
and beneficent purposes of our government. 

I have deemed it my duty to thus bring to the knowledge of my country- 
men, as well as to the attention of their representatives charged with the re- 
sponsibility of legislative relief, the gravity of our financial situation. The 
failure of the Congress heretofore to provide against the dangers which it was 
quite evident the very nature of the difficulty must necessarily produce, 
caused a condition of financial distress and apprehension since your last ad- 
journment, which taxed to the utmost all the authority and expedients with- 
in Executive control; and these appear now to be exhausted. If disaster re- 
sults from the continued inaction of Congress, the responsibility must rest 
where it belongs. 

Though the situation thus far considered is fraught with danger which 
should be fully realized, and though it presents features of wrong to 1 he peo- 
ple as well as peril to the country, it is but a result growing out of a perfect 
ly palpable and apparent cause, constantly reproducing the same alarming 
circumstances— a congested national Treasury and a depleted monetary con 
dition in the business of the country. It need hardly he staled that while t he 
present situation demands a remedy, we can only be saved from a like predic- 
ament in the future by the removal of its cause.' 

Our scheme of taxation, by means of which this needless surplus is taken 
from the people and put into the public treasury, consists of a tariff or duty 
levied upon importations from abroad, and internal revenue taxes levied up- 
on the consumption of tobacco and spirituous and malt liquors. It, must he 
conceded that none of the things subjected to internal revenue taxation are 
strictly speaking, necessaries; there appears to be no just complaint of this 
taxation by the consumers of these articles, and there seems to lie nothing so 
well able to bear the burden without hardship to any portion of the people. 
But our present tariff laws, the vicious, inequitable, andillogical source of 
unnecessary taxation, ought to be at once revised and amended. These laws, 
as their primary and plain effect, raise the price to consumers of all articles 
imported and subject to duty, by precisely the sum paid for such duties. 
Thus the amount of the duty measures the tax paid by those who purchase 
28b 



394 APPENDIX. 

for use these important articles. Many of these things, however, are raised 
or manufactured in our own country, and the duties now levied upon foreign 
goods and products are called protection to these home manufactures, because 
they render it possible for those of our people who are manufacturers to make 
these taxed articles and sell them for a price equal to that demanded for the 
imported goods that have paid customs duty. So it happens that while com- 
paratively a few use the imported articles, millions of our people, who never 
used and never saw any of the foreign products, purchase and use things of 
the same kind made in this country, and pay therefor nearly or quite the same 
enhanced price which the duty adds to the imported articles. Those who 
buy imports pay the duty charged thereon into the public Treasury, but the 
great majority of our citizens, who buy domestic articles of the same class, 
pay a sum at least approximately equal to this duty to the home manufactur- 
er. This reference to the operation of our tariff laws is not made by way of 
instruction, but in order that we may be constantly reminded of the manner 
in which they impose a burden upon those who consume domestic products 
as well as those who consume imported articles, and thus create a tax upon 
all our people. 

It is not proposed to entirely relieve the country of this taxation. It must 
In extensively continued as the source of the government's income; and in a 
readjustment of our tariff the interests of American labor engaged in manu- 
facture should be carefully considered, as well as the preservation of our man- 
ufacturers. It may be called protection, or by any other name, but relief 
from the hardships and dangers of our present tariff laws should be devised 
with especial precaution against imperiling the existence of our manufactur- 
ing interests. But this existence should not mean a condition which, without 
regard to the public welfare or a national exigency, must always insure the 
realization of immense profits, instead of moderately profitable returns. As 
the volume and diversity of our national activities increase, new recruits are 
added to those who desire a continuation of the advantages which they con- 
ceive the present system of tariff taxation directly affords them. So stub- 
bornly have all efforts to reform the present condition been resisted by those 
of our fellow-citizeus thus engaged, that they can hardly complain of the sus- 
picion, entertained to a certain extent, that there exists an organized combi- 
nation all along the line to maintain their advantage. 

We are in the midst of centennial celebrations, and with becoming pride 
we rejoice in American skill and ingenuity, in American energy and enter- 
prise, and in the wonderful natural advantages and resources developed by a 
century's national growth. Yet when an attempt is made to justify a scheme 
which permits a fax to be laid upon every consumer in the land for the bene- 
fit of our manufacturers, quite beyond a reasonable demand for governmental 
regard, it suits the purposes of advocacy to call our manufactures infant 
industries, still needing the highest and greatest degree of favor and fostering 
care that can be wrung from Federal legislation. 

It is also said that the increase in the price of domestic manufactures re- 
sulting from the present tariff is necessary in order that higher wages may 
be paid to our workingmen employed in manufactories than are paid for 
what is called the pauper labor of Europe. All will acknowledge the force 
of an argument which involves the welfare and liberal compensation of our 
laboring-people. Our labor is honorable in the eyes of every American citi- 
zen; and as it lies at the foundation of our development and progress, it is 
entitled, without affectation or hypocrisy, to the utmost regard.. The stand- 
ard of our laborers' life should not be measured by that of any other coun- 
try less favored, and they are entitled to their full share of all our advan- 
tages. 

By the last census it was made to appear that of the 17,393,099 of our pop- 
ulation engaged in all kinds of industries, 7,(170,493 are employed in agrieul- 



TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 395 



ture, 4,074,238 iu professional and personal service (2,934,876 of whom are 
domestic servants and laborers), while 1,810,256 are employed in trade and 
transportation, and 3,837,112 are classed as employed in manufacturing and 
mining. 

For present purposes, however, the last number given should be consider- 
ably reduced. Without attempting to enumerate all, it will be conceded thai 
there should be deducted from those which it includes 375,143 carpenters and 
joiners, 285,401 milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses, 172,726 blacksmiths. 
133,756 tailors and tailoresses, 102,473 masons, 76,241 butchers, 41,309 bak- 
ers, 22,083 plasterers, and 4,891 engaged in manufacturing agricultural im- 
plements, amounting in the aggregate to 1,214,023, leaving 2,623,089 persons 
employed in such manufacturing industries as are claimed to be benefited by 
a high tariff. 

To these the appeal is made to save their employment and maintain their 
wages by resisting a change. There should be no disposition to answer such 
suggestions by the allegation that they are in a minority among those who la- 
bor, and therefore should forego an advantage, in the interest of low prices 
for the majority; their compensation, as it may be affected by the operation 
of tariff laws, should at all times be scrupulouly kept in view; and yet with 
slight reflection they will not overlook the fact that they are consumers with 
the rest; that they, too, have their own wants and those of their families to 
supply from their earnings, and that the price of the necessaries of life, as 
well as the amount of the wages, will regulate the measure of their welfare 
and comfort. 

But the reduction of taxation demanded should be so measured as not to 
necessitate or justify either the loss of employment by the workiugman nor 
the lessening of his wages; and the profits still remaining to the manufactur- 
er, after a necessary readjustment, should furnish no excuse for the sacrifice 
of the interests of his employes either in their opportunity to work or in the 
diminution of their compensation. Nor can the worker in manufactures tail 
to understand that while a high tariff is claimed to be necessary to allow the 
payment of remunerative wages, it certainly results in a very large increase in 
the price of nearly all sorts of manufactures, which, in almost countless forms, 
he needs for the use of himself and his family. He receives at the desk of 
his employer his wages, and perhaps before he reaches his home is obliged, in 
a purchase for family use of an article which embraces his own labor, to re- 
turn, in the payment of the increase in price which the tariff permits, the hard- 
earned compensation of many days of toil. 

The farmer and the agriculturist; who manufacture nothing, but who 
pay the increased price which the tariff imposes, upon every agricultur 
al implement, upon all he wears, and upon all he uses and owns, except the 
increase of his flocks and herds and such things as his husbandry produces 
from the soil, is invited to aid in maintaining the present situation; and he is 
told that a high duty on imported wool is necessary for the benefit of those 
who have sheep to shear, in order that the price of their wool may he in 
creased. They of course are not reminded that the farmer who has no sheep 
is, by this scheme obliged, in his purchases of clothing and woolen goods, to 
pay a tribute to his fellow-farmer as well as to the manufacturer and mei 
chant; nor is any mention made of the fact that the sheep-owners themselves 
and their households must wear clothing anil use other articles manufactured 
from the wool they sell at tariff prices, and thus as consumers must return 
their share of this increased price to the tradesman. 

I think it maybe fairly assumed that a large proportion of the sheep 
owned by the farmers throughout the country are found in small flocks num- 
bering from twenty-five to fifty. The duty on the grade of imported wool 
which these sheep yield is ten cents each pound if of the value of thirty 
cents or less, and twelve cents if of the value of more than thirty cents. If 



396 APPENDIX. 



the liberal estimate of six pounds be allowed for each fleece, the duty thereon 
would be sixty or seventy -two cents, and this may be taken as the utmost en- 
hancement of its price to the farmer by reason of this duty. Eighteen dol- 
lars would thus represent the increased price of the wool from twenty-five 
sheep, and thirty-six dollars that from the wool of fifty sheep; and at present 
values this addition would amount to about one-third of its price. If upon 
its sale the farmer receives this or a less tariff profit, the wool leaves his 
hands charged with precisely that sum, which in all its changes will adhere 
to it, until it reaches the consumer. When manufactured into cloth and other 
goods and material for use, its cost is not only increased to the extent of the 
fanner's tariff profit, but a further sum has been added for the benefit of the 
manufacturer under the operation of other tariff laws. In the meantime the 
day arrives when the farmer finds it necessary to purchase woolen goods and 
material to clothe bimself and family for the winter. When he faces the 
tradesman for that purpose he discovers that he is obliged not only to return, 
in the way of increased prices, his tariff profit on the wool he sold, and which 
then perhaps lies before him in manufactured form, but that he must add a 
considerable sum thereto to meet a further increase in cost caused by a tariff 
duty on the manufacture. Thus in the end he is aroused to the fact that he 
has paid upon a moderate purchase, as a result of the tariff scheme, which, 
when he sold his wool seemed so profitable, an increase in price more than 
sullicient to sweep away all the tariff profit he received upon the wool he 
produced and sold. 

When the number of farmers engaged in wool-raising is compared with 
all the farmers in the country, and the small proportion they bear to our pop- 
ulation is considered; when it is made apparent that, in the case of a large 
part of those who own sheep, the benefit of the present tariff on wool is illu- 
sory; and, above all, when it must be conceded that the increase of the cost 
of living caused by such tariff becomes a burden upon those with moderate 
means and the poor, the employed and unemployed, the sick and well, and 
the young and old, and that it constitutes a tax which, with relentless grasp, 
is fastened upon the clothing of every man, woman, and child in the land, 
reasons are suggested why the removal or reduction of this duty should be 
included in a revision of our tariff laws. 

In speaking of the increased cost to the consumer of our home manufac- 
tures, resulting from a duty laid upon imported articles of the same descrip- 
tion, the fact is not overlooked that competition among our domestic pro- 
ducers sometimes has the effect of keeping the price of their products below 
the highest limit allowed by such duty. But it is notorious that this compe- 
tition is too often strangled' by combinations quite prevalent at this time, and 
frequently called trusts, which have for their object the regulation of the 
supply and price of commodities made and sold by members of the combi- 
nation. The people can hardly hope for any consideration in the operation of 
these selfish schemes. 

If, however, in the absence of such combination, a healthy and free com- 
petition reduces the price of any particular dutiable article of home poduc 
t ion below the limit which it might otherwise roach under our tariff laws, 
and if, with such reduced price, its manufacture continues to thrive, it is 
entirely evident that one thing has been discovered which should be carefully 
scrutinized in an effort to reduce taxation. 

The necessity of combination to maintain the price of any commodity to 
the tariff point, furnishes proof that some one is willing to. accept lower 
prices for such commodity, and that such prices are remunerative; and 
lower prices produced by competition prove the same thing. Thus, where 
either of these condition's exists, a case would seem to be presented for an 
easy reduction of taxation. 

The considerations which have been presented touching our tariff laws 



TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 397 

are intended only to enforce an earnest recommendation that the surplus 
revenues of the government be prevented by the reduction of our customs 
duties, and, at the same time, to emphasize a suggestion that in accomplish- 
ing this purpose, we may discharge a double duty to our people by granting 
to them a measure of relief from tariff taxation in quarters where it is mosl 
needed and from sources where it can be most fairly and justly accorded. 

Nor can the presentation made of such considerations be, with any degree 
of fairness, regarded as evidence of unfriendliness toward our manufacturing 
interests, or of any lack of appreciation of their value and importance. 

These interests constitute a leading and most substantial element of our 
national greatness and furnish the proud proof of our country's progress. 
But if, in the emergency that presses upon us, our manufacturers are asked to 
surrender something for the public good and to avert disaster, their patriot- 
ism, as well as a grateful recognition of advantages already afforded, should 
lead them to willing cooperation. No demand is made that they shall 
forego all the benefits of governmental regard; but they can not fail to be 
admonished of their duty, as well as their enlightened self-interest and safety, 
when they are reminded of the fact that financial panic and collapse, to 
which the present condition tends, afford no greater shelter or protection to 
our manufactures than to our other important enterprises. Opportunity for 
safe, careful, and deliberate reform is now offered; and none of us should be 
unmindful of a time when an abused and irritated people, heedless of those 
who have resisted timely and reasonable relief, may insist upon a radical and 
sweeping rectification of their wrongs. 

The difficulty attending a wise and fair revision of our tariff laws is not 
underestimated. It will require on the part of the Congress great labor and 
care, and especially a broad and national contemplation of the subject, and 
a patriotic disregard of such local and selfish claims as are unreasonable and 
reckless of the welfare of the entire country. 

Under our present laws more than four thousand articles are subject to 
duty. Many of these do not in any way compete with our own manufac- 
tures, and many are hardly worth attention as subjects of revenue. A con- 
siderable reduction can be made in the aggregate, by adding them to the 
free list. The taxation of luxuries preseats no features of hardship; but the 
necessaries of life, used and consumed by all the people, the duty upon which 
adds to the cost of living in every home, should be greatly cheapened. 

The radical reduction of the duties imposed on raw material used in man- 
ufactures, or its free importation, is of course an important factor in any 
effort to reduce the price of these necessaries; it would not only relieve them 
from the increased cost caused by the tariff on such material, hut the manu- 
factured product being thus cheapened, that part of the tariff now laid upon 
such product as a compensation to our manufacturers for the present price 
of raw material could be accordingly modified. Such reduction, or tree im 
portation, would serve, besides, to largely reduce the revenue. Ii is doI 
apparent how such a change could have any injurious effect upon our manu- 
facturers. On the contrary, it would appear to give them a belter chance in 
foreign markets with the manufacturers of other countries, who cheapen 
their wares by free material. Thus our people might have the opportunity 
of extending their sales beyond the limits of home consumption, saving them 
from the depression, interruption to business, and loss caused by a glutted 
domestic market and affording their employes more certain and steady labor 
with its resulting quiet and contentment. 

The question thus imperatively presented for solution should be ap- 
proached in a spirit lrigher than partisanship and considered in the lighl of 
that regard for patriotic duty which should characterize the action of those 
intrusted with the weal of a confiding people. But the obligation tpdeclared 
party policy and principle is not wanting to urge prompt and effective action. 



398 APPENDIX. 

Both great political parties now represented in the government have by re- 
peated and authoritative declarations condemned the condition of our laws 
which permits the collection from the people of unnecessary revenue, and 
have in the most solemn manner promised its correction, and neither as 
citizens nor partisans are our countrymen in a mood to condone the deliberate 
violation of these pledges. 

Our progress toward a wise conclusion will not be improved by dwelliug 
upon the theories of protection and free trade. This savors too much of 
bandying epithets. 

It is a condition which confronts us — not a theory. Relief from this con- 
dition may involve a slight reduction of the advantages which we award our 
home productions, but the entire withdrawal of such advantages should not 
be contemplated. The question of free trade is absolutely irrelevant; and 
the persistent claim, made in certain quarters, that all efforts to relieve the 
people from unjust and unnecessary taxation are schemes of so-called "Free 
Traders" is mischievous and far removed from any consideration for the 
public good. The simple and plain duty which we owe the people is to re- 
duce taxation to the necessary expenses of an economical operation of the 
government, and to restore to the business of the country the money which 
we bold in the Treasury through the perversion of governmental powers. 
These things can and should be done with safety to all our industries, with- 
out danger to the opportunity for remunerative labor which our workingmen 
have, and with benefit to them and all our people, by cheapening their means 
of subsistence and increasing the measure of their comforts. 

The Constitution provides that the President "shall from time to time 
give to the Congress information of the state of the Union." It has been the 
custom of the Executive, in compliance with this provision, to annually ex- 
hibit to the Congress, at the opening of its session, the general condition of 
the country, and to detail with some particularity the operation of the differ- 
ent Executive Departments. It would be especially agreeable to follow this 
course at the present time and to call attention to the valuable accomplish- 
ments of these departments during the fiscal year. But I am so much im- 
pressed with the paramount importance of the subject to which this commu- 
nication has thus far been devoted, that I shall forego the addition of any 
other topic, and only urge upon your immediate consideration the "state of 
the Union " as shown in the present condition of our Treasury and our gen- 
eral fiscal situation, upon which every element of our safety and prosperity 
depends. 

The reports of the heads of departments, which will be submitted, con- 
tain full and explicit information touching the transaction of the business 
intrusted to them, and such recommendations relating to legislation in the 
public interest as they deem advisable. I ask for these reports and recom- 
mendations the deliberate examination and action of the legislative branch 
of the government. There are other subjects not embraced in the depart- 
mental reports demanding legislative consideration, and which I should be 
glad to submit. Some of them, however, have been earnestly presented in 
previous messages, and as to them I beg leave to repeat prior recommend- 
ations. 

As the law makes no provision for any report from the Department of 
State a brief history of the transactions of that important department, together 
with other matters' winch it, may hereafter be deemed essential to commend 
to the attention of Congress, 'may furnish the occasion for a future com- 
munication. 

Groveh Cleveland. 

Washington, Dec. G, 1887. 



the Mckinley bill. 

MR. McKINLEY'S SPEECH, APRIL 16, 1890, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- 
POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. 

"If any one thing was settled by the election of 1888 it was that the pro- 
tective policy, as promulgated in the Republican platform and heretofore 
inaugurated and maintained by the Republican party, should be secured in 
any fiscal legislation to be had by the Congress chosen in the great contest 
and upon that mastering issue. I have interpreted that victory to mean, and 
the majority in this Rouse and in the Senate to mean, that a re vision of the 
tariff was not only demanded by the votes of the people, but that such revisit »n 
should be on the line and in "full recognition of the principle and purposes 
of protection. The people have spoken; they want their will registered and 
their decree embodied in public legislation. 

" The bill which the Committee on Ways and Means have presented is 
their answer and interpretation of that victory and in accordance with its 
spirit and letter and purpose. We have not been compelled to abolish the 
internal-revenue system that we might preserve the protective system, which 
we were pledged to do in the event that the abolition of the one was essential 
to the preservation of the other. That was unnecessary. 

"The bill does not amend or modify any part of the internal-revenue 
taxes applicable to spirits or fermented liquors. It abolishes all the special 
taxes and licenses, so-called, imposed upon the manufacture of tobacco, 
cigars, and snuff, and dealers thereof, reduces the tax upon manufac- 
tured tobacco from eight to four cents per pound, and removes all restrictions 
now imposed upon the growers of tobacco. With these exceptions the inter- 
nal-revenue laws are left undisturbed. 

"From this source we reduce taxation over $10,000,000, and leave with 
the people this direct tax which has been paid by them upon their own 
products through a long series of years. 

"The tariff part of the bill contemplates and proposes a complete revision. 
It not only changes the rates of duty, but modifies the general provisions of 
the law relating to the collection of duties. These modifications have recei ved 
the approval of the Treasury Department, and are set forth in detail in the 
report of the committee, and I will not weary this committee in restating 
them here. A few of the more important changes, however, are deserving 
our attention. . 

"There has been for many years a provision in the law permitting tne 
United States to import for its use any article free of duty. Under t Ins pro- 
vision gross abuses have sprung up, and this exemption from dutj -ranted 
the United States has served as an open doorway to frauds upon our revenue 
and unjustifiable discriminations against our own producers. 

"Not only has the government imported supplies from abroad, Dul its 
officers, agents, and contractors have been held to enjoy the same privilege, 
which has been exercised to the injury of our own citizens. I he result has 
been that supplies imported by contractors for governmental work, have, m 
many instances, been in excess of the demand lor such public work ami been 
applied to other and different, uses. 

" This provision of law has been eliminated in the proposed revision, and 
if approved by the House and Senate and the President, the government, its 
officers, agents, and contractors, will hereafter have to pay the same duties 

:399 



400 APPENDIX. 

which its citizens generally are required to pay. Your committee have been 
actuated in this by the belief that the government should buy what it needs 
at home; should give its own citizens the advantage of supplying the United 
States with all of its needed supplies, and that the laws which it imposes 
upon its own people and taxpayers should be binding upon the government 
itself. 

"The committee have also fixed a limit upon the amount and value of 
personal effects accompanying the passenger returning from foreign travel 
to $500. It has been too common for citizens of the United States visiting 
oilier countries to supply themselves not only for their immediate uses, but 
for future uses and for the uses of their friends, and there has heretofore 
been no limit to the amount and value of foreign articles which could be 
brought in free of duty under the designation of "personal effects " if accom- 
panied by the returning passenger. 

"The practical effect of this provision was that the wealthy classes who 
were able to visit distant countries secured exemption from the payment of 
duties, while the average citizen, unable to go abroad, was compelled to pay 
a duty upon the articles which he might want to use. The limit of $500 is 
believed to be sufficient for all honest purposes. 

"We have also introduced a new provision in the bill which requires 
that foreign merchandise imported into the United States shall be plainly 
stamped with the name of the country in which such articles are manufac- 
tured. There has been a custom, too general in some foreign countries, to 
adopt American brands, to the injury of our own manufacturers. Well- 
known articles of American production with high reputation have been copied 
by the foreigner, and then by the addition of the American brand or Amer- 
ican marks have fraudulently displaced American manufacture, not in fair 
competition, but under false pretenses. The counterfeit has taken the place 
of the genuine article, and this we propose to stop. 

"Section 49 of the bill provides that goods, wares, and merchandise, and 
all articles manufactured in whole or in part in any foreign country by con- 
vict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United 
States, and the importation thereof is prohibited. Nearly, if not all of the 
States of the Union have laws to prevent the products of convict labor in the 
State penitentiaries from coming in competition with the product of the free 
labor of such States. The committee believed that the free labor of this 
country should be saved from the convict labor of other countries, as it has 
been from the convict labor of our own States, and so recommend this pro- 
vision. It will be of small account to protect our workmen against our own 
convict labor and still admit the convict-made products of the world to free 
competition with our free labor. 

"By way of encouraging exportation to other countries and extending 
our markets, the committee have liberalized the drawbacks given upon arti- 
cles or products imported from abroad and used in manufactures here for 
the export trade. Existing law refunds 90 per cent, of the duties collected 
upon foreign materials made into the finished product at home and exported 
abroad, while the proposed bill will refund 99 per cent, of said duties, giving 
to our citizens engaged in this business 9 percent, additional encouragement, 
the government retaining only 1 percent, for the expenses of handling. 

" We have also extended the drawback provision to apply to all articles 
imported which maybe finished here for use in the foreign market. Hereto- 
fore this privilege was limited. This, it is believed, will effectually dispose 
of l lie argument so often made that our tariff on raw materials, so-called, con- 
lines our own producers to their own market and prevents them from enter- 
ing' the foreign market, and will furnish every opportunity to those of our 
citizens desiring it to engage in the foreign trade. 

"Now, the bill proposes that the American citizen may import any product 



the Mckinley bill. 401 

he desires, manufacture it iuto the finished article, using, in part, if necessary, 
in such manufacture domestic materials, and when the completed product is 
entered for export refunds to him within 1 per cent, of all the duty he paid 
upon his imported materials. 

"In the same direction we have made, hy section 23, manufacturing 
establishments engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States 
bonded warehouses under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe, and have provided that metals in auy crude form requiring 
smelting or refining to make them available in the arts imported into the 
United States to be smelted or refined and intended for export in a refined 
state, to be exempt from the payment of duties. This, it is believed, will 
encourage smelting and refining of foreign materials in the United Stales, 
and build up large industries upon the sea-coast and elsewhere, which will 
make an increased demand for the labor of the country. 

' ' It completely, if the provision be adopted, disposes of what has some- 
times seemed to be an almost unanswerable argument that has been pre- 
sented by our friends on the other side, that if we only had free raw mate- 
rial we could go out and capture the markets of the world. We give them 
now within 1 per cent, of free raw material, and invite them to go out and 
capture the markets of the world. 

" It is asserted in the views of the minority, submitted with the report 
accompanying this bill, that the operation of the bill will not diminish the 
revenues of the government; that with the increased duties we have imposed 
upon foreign articles which may be sent to market here we have increased 
taxation, and that therefore instead of being a diminution of the revenues of 
the government there will be an increase in the sum of fifty or sixty million 
dollars. 

"Now, that statement is entirely misleading. It can only be accepted 
upon the assumption that the importation of the present year under this bill, 
if it becomes a law, will be equal to the importations of like articles under 
the existing law ; and there is not a member of the Committee on Ways and 
Means, there is not a member of the minority of that committee, there is not 
a member of the House, on either side, who does not know that the very 
instant that you have increased the duties to a fair protective point, putting 
them above the highest revenue point, that very instant you diminish im- 
portations, and to that extent diminish the revenue. 

"The bill recommends the retention of the present rates of duty on cart lien 
and china ware. No other industry in the United States either requires or 
deserves the fostering care of government more than this one. It is a busi- 
ness requiring technical and artistic knowledge, and the most careful atten- 
tion to the many and delicate processes through which the raw material 
must pass to the completed product. For many years, and down to L863, 
the pottery industry of the United States had had little or no success, and 
made but slight progress in a practical and commercial way. Al Hie close 
of the low-tariff period of 1860 there was but one pottery in the United Stales 
with two kilns. There were no decorating kilns at thai lime. 

" In 1873, encouraged by the tariff and the gold premium, which was an 
added protection, we had increased to 20 potteries, with lis kilns, but still no 
decorating kilns. The capital invested was $1,020,000, and the value of 
the product was $1,180,000. In 1882 there were 55 potteries, '.Ml kilns, 20 
decorating kilns, with a capital invested of $5,076,000; and the value of the 
product was $5,299,140. 

"The wages paid in the potteries in 1882 were $2,387,000 and the Dum- 
ber of employes engaged therein 7,000; the ratio of wages lo sales in 1SS2 
was 45 per cent. In 1889 there were 80 potteries, loi kilns, and decorating 
kilns had increased from 26 in 1882, to 188 in 1889. The capital invested in 
the latter year was $10,597,357, the value of the product was $10,389,910; 



402 APPENDIX. 

amount paid in wages $6,265,224, and the number of employes engaged, 16,- 
900. The ratio of wages to sales was 60 per cent, of decorated ware and 50 
per cent, of white ware. 

"The per cent, of wages to value of product, it will be observed, has ad- 
vanced from 45 per cent, in 1882 to 60 per cent, in 1889. This increase is 
not due, as might be supposed, to an advance in wages, but results in a re- 
duction of the selling price of the product and the immense increase in sales 
of decorated ware in which labor enters in greater proportion to materials. 

"In 1882 au assorted crate of ware sold for $57.89, and the same, only a 
better ware, is now sold for $46.30. In 1864 we paid for the same crate of 
ware $210.75. On decorated ware the immense benefit to the consumer is 
even more apparent. The selling price of all decorated ware was from 50 to 
100 per cent, higher in 1882 than in 1890. 

"In 1852, with the low revenue-tariff duty of 24 per cent, and no domes- 
tic manufactures, an assorted crate of white ware sold at $95.30; in 1890, 
witli the 55-percent, duty and domestic competition, with large potteries, 
which are the pride of the' country, employing labor and capital at home, 
buying our own raw material, the same assorted crate is selling for $46.30. 

"We have recommended an increase of duties upon glassware. Since the 
tariff act of 1883, by which duties were reduced, importations from the other 
side have been constantly increasing, and our own workmen have not been 
employed at full time as a result. Our sharpest competition comes from 
Belgium, where the labor, skilled and unskilled, is much lower than in the 
United States. There they work seven days in every week. 

"It will appear that the cost of labor in Germany may be set down at one- 
third of the cost in the United States; that of Great Britain at five-eighths, 
and that of France at a medium between Germany and Great Britain. The 
American Flint-Glass Workers' Union, through their president, stated before 
the committee that this large difference in the cost of labor between foreign 
countries and the United States makes it impossible for the home product to 
compete with the foreign-made goods in the market of the United States un- 
der the present duty, and that to maintain the present rates of wages an in- 
crease of duty is demanded. 

' ' Tiie agricultural condition of the country has received the careful atten- 
tion of the committee, and every remedy which was believed to be within 
the power of tariff legislation to give has been granted by this bill. The de- 
pression in agriculture is not confined to the United States. The reports of 
the Agricultural Department indicate that this distress is general; that Great 
Britain, France, and Germany are suffering in a larger degree than the farm- 
ers of the United States. Mr. Dodge— statistician of the department— says, 
in his report of March, 1890, that the depression in agriculture in Great 
Britain has been probably more severe than that of any other nation, which 
would indicate that it is greater even in a country whose economic system 
differs from ours, and that this condition is inseparable from any fiscal sys- 
tem, and less under the protective than the revenue-tariff system. 

' ' It has been asserted in the views of the minority that the duty put upon 
wheat and other agricultural products would be of no value to the agricul- 
turists of the United States. The committee, believing differently, have ad- 
vanced the duty upon these products. As we are the greatest wheat-pro- 
ducing country of the world, it is habitually asserted and' believed by many 
that this product is safe from foreign competition. AVe do not appreciate 
that while the United States last year raised 490,000,000 bushels of wheat, 
France raised 316,000,000 bushels'; Italy raised 103,000,000 bushels; Russia, 
189,000,000 bushels; and India. 243,000.000 bushels; and that the total pro- 
duction of Asia, including Asia Minor, Persia, and Syria, amounted to over 
315,000,000 bushels. Our sharpest competition conies "from Russia and India, 
and the increased product of other nations only serves to increase the world's 



the Mckinley bill. 403 

supply and diminish proportionately the demand for ours; and if we will 
only reflect on the difference between the cost of labor in producing wheat 
in the United States and in competing countries we will readily perceive 
how near we are, if we have not quite reached the danger-line, so far even 
as our own markets are concerned. 

' ' The cost of farm labor in Great Britain, estimated by the statistician 
of the Agricultural Department, is $150 per annum; in France, $125; in 
Holland and Austria, $100; in Germany, $90; in Russia, $60; in Italy, $50; 
and in India, $30; while the same labor costs in this country $220. The 
farmers of the United States have therefore come to appreciate that with the 
wonderful wheat development in India and Russia, with the vast sums of 
money which have been expended on irrigation and in railroads for trans- 
porting this wheat, taken in connection with their cheap labor, the time is 
already here when the American farmer must sell his product in the markets 
of the world in competition with the wheat produced by the lowest-priced 
labor of other countries, and that his care and concern must in the future be 
to preserve his home market, for he must, of necessity, be driven from the 
foreign one, unless by diminishing the cost of his production he can success- 
fully compete with the unequal conditions I have described. Now as to 
other products of agriculture. 

" During the last year Canada exported to the United States eggs to the 
value of $2^59,725; horses, $2,113,782; sheep, $918,334; poultry, $110,793; 
wool, $21(5,918; barley, $0,454,603; beans, $435,534; hay, $822,381; malt, 
$105,183; potatoes, $i92,576; planks and boards, $7,187,101. There were 
exported of fish of various kinds, lumber, and other commodities to the 
amount of at least $20,000,000 more. 

" The increase of importations in agricultural products has risen from 
$40,000,000 in 1850, to $256,000,000 in 1889. 

"We imported in the last ten years more than $60,000,000 worth of hors- 
es, cattle, and sheep. We imported tobacco from the Netherlands for the 
six months ending Dec. 31, 1889, to the value of $5,000,000. 

"The present rate of duty on first-class wool is 10 cents per pound, and 
upon second-class 12 cents per pound. We have recommended in this bill that 
the duty on first-class wool shall be increased from 10 cents to 11 cents a pound 
and that the duty now fixed on second-class wools shall remain as at present. 
On third-class wool the present rate of duty is 2% cents per pound upon all 
wool costing under 12 cents, and 5 cents a pound on wools costing above 12 
cents. 

" The Committee on Ways and Means will offer an amendment when 
this schedule is reached, providing that on carpet wools the dividing line 
shall be changed from 12 to 13 cents, and that the duty on wool under 13 
cents, commonly known as carpet wool, shall be 32 per cent, ad valorem, 
and above 13 cents per pound shall be 50 per cent, ad valorem. It will be 
noted that we make on first-class wool an increase of 1 cent a pound, and 
that the existing rate on second-class wool shall be maintained, and the pro- 
posed ad valorem rate will raise the duty on carpet wools of certain grades 
according to their value. 

"If there is any one industry which appeals with more force than an- 
other for defensive duties it is tins, and to no class of our citizens should I his 
House more cheerfully lend legislative assistance, where il can properly In- 
done, than to the million fanners who own sheep in the United States. We 
can not afford as a nation to permit this industry to he longer crippled. 

" It is also to be noted, Mr. Chairman, that having increased the duties on 
wools we have also increased the duties on the product — the manufactures 
of wool — to compensate for the increased duty on the raw product. 

"In the metal schedule, which is probably the schedule in which the 
country is as deeply interested as any other — in the metal schedule, starting 



404 APPENDIX. 

out at the very foundation, iron ore, we have left the duty on that precisely 
as it exists under the present law, namely, 75 cents per ton, and we left it at 
the same duty which was proposed by my distinguished friend from Texas 
(Mr. Mills) in the bill which he presented to the last Congress. The same is 
also true of coal. 

"Pyrites or sulphurct of iron containing in excess of 25 per cent, of sul- 
phur has been put upon the free list. Pig iron, scrap iron, and steel we 
have left at $6.72 a ton, the present duty, while the Mills bill made it $6 
per ton. On bar iron the difference between the proposed bill and the Mills 
bill is one tenth of 1 cent per pound. On round iron not less than three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter the present duty is 1 cent per pound ; the 
Mills bill retained it at that rate, and the present bill reduces the duty to 
nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound. On cast iron pipe the existing law is 1 cent 
per pound; we have reduced it to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and the 
Mills bill reduced it to six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. The existing tariff 
presents the anomaly of placing a higher duty upon the sheet iron and steel, 
which constitute the chief element in the production of tin-plate, than upon 
the tin-plate itself, which is a manifest wrong demanding correction, inde- 
pendent of the question of encouraging the manufacture of tin-plate in the 
United States. 

" The duty recommended in the bill is not alone to correct this inequality, 
but to make the duty on foreign tin-plate high enough to insure its manufac- 
ture in this country to the extent of our home consumption. The only rea- 
son we are not doing it now and have not been able to do it in the past is 
inadequate duties. We have demonstrated our ability to make it here as 
successfully as in Wales. We have already made it here. Two factories 
were engaged in producing tin plate in the years 1873, 1874, and 1875, but 
no sooner had they got fairly under way than the foreign manufacturer re- 
duced his price to a point which made it impossible for our manufacturers 
to continue. 

' ' When our people embarked in the business foreign tin-plate was selling 
for $12 per box, and to crush them out before they were firmly established 
the price was brought down to $4.50 per box; but it did not remain there. 
When the fires were put out in the American mills, and the manufacturing 
thought by the foreigners to be abandoned, the price advanced, until in 1879 
it was selling for $9 and $10 a box. 

"Our people again tried it, and again the prices were depressed, and 
again our people abandoned temporarily the enterprise, and as a gentleman 
slated before the committee, twice they have lost their whole investment 
through the combination of the foreign manufacturers in striking down the 
prices, not for the benefit of the consumer, but to drive our manufacturers 
from the business; and this would be followed by an advance within six 
months after our mills were shut down. 

" We proposed (his advanced duty to protect our manufacturers and con- 
sumers against, the British monopoly, in the belief that it will defend our 
capital and labor iu the production of tin-plate until they shall establish an 
industry which the English will recognize has come to stay, and then com- 
petition will insure regular and reasonable prices to consumers. It may add 
a little temporarily to the cost of tin-plate to the consumer, but will eventuate 
in steadier and more satisfactory prices. At the present prices for foreign 
tin plate, the proposed duly would not add anything to the cost of the heav- 
ier grade of tins to the consumer. If the entire duty was added to the cost 
of the can it would not advance it more than one-third or one-half of 1 cent; 
on a, dozen fruit, cans the addition would only be about 3 cents. 

"Now, Mr. Chairman, the important part of the metal schedule, and 
that which will probably be most harshly assailed, is that proposed in con- 
nection with the duty on* tin plate. 



THE McKINLEY BILL. 405 

"The bill proposes to advance the duty from 1 cent per pound, the pres- 
ent rate, to 1.85 and 2.15 cents per pound, varying according to gauge. 

"We have increased the duty, as I have already said, upon carpet wools, 
and that has necessitated an increase of the duty upon carpets themselves. 
The committee believed that this increased duty would be doing even justice 
not only to the wool grower, but also to the carpet maker and to the con- 
sumers of the United States. There is no industry in this country which so 
splendidly illustrates the value of a protective tariff as the carpet industry, 
which has had such marvellous growth iu the last twenty-three years. 

" In 1810 the entire product of carpets in this country was about 10,000 
yards. The tariff of 1828 gave some encouragement, and in 1834 there were 
twenty carpet factories in the country, operating 511 hand looms producing 
annually about 1,000,000 yards of carpet. In 1860, under the low tariff, 
there were only 8,000,000 pounds of wool consumed in making carpets iu the 
United States, and only 13,000,000 yards of carpet were produced, valued at 
a little over $7,000,000. Six thousand six hundred and eighty-one hands 
were employed, andthewages paid were less than a million and a half dollars 
annually. The value of the plants in 1860 was less than $5,000,000. Under 
the tariff of 1867, that first protective tariff law so far aswool and the manu- 
factures of wool were concerned, this industry grew and prospered, and in 
1870 there were 215 factories in the United States, valued at over $12,500,- 
000, consuming more than 33,000,000 pounds of wool, employing 13,000 
hands, and paying in wages $4,681,000 annually, and producing 22,000,000 
yards of carpet every twelve months. 

"One-fourth of our total consumption was imported from England in 
1872. Iu that year there were 170 looms manufacturing body Brussels; in 
1880 the manufacture had risen to 590 looms. In 1872 our product in Brus- 
sels was 1,275,000 yards; in 1880 we produced over 7,000,000 yards of Brus- 
sels carpet. In 1872 we imported 1,500,000 yards of body Brussels; in 1880 
we imported only 80,000 yards. We doubled the looms for manufacturing 
Wiltons between"'l870 and 1880. 

"Now take tapestry Brussels— the poor man's carpet, if you please. In 
1872 we had 143 looms; in 1880 Ave had increased to 1,073 looms. In 1872 
we produced 1,500,000 yards of tapestry Brussels; in 1880 we produced 16,- 
950,000 yards of tapestry Brussels. fn'l872 we imported 3,670,000 yards of 
tapestry Brussels from England; in 1880 we imported only 10(1,000 yards of 
tapestry Brussels from England. All this time prices, were being reduced. 
In 1872 the price of body Brussels by the wholesale was over $2 per yard; in 
1880 the wholesale price had gone below $1.50 a yard, and today you can 
buy them for 93 cents a yard. 

"In 1872 tapestry carpets averaged $1.46 per yard; in 1880 the price had 
gone down to 90 cents per yard, and to-day you can buy the best quality foi 
65 cents per yard. The extra super ingrain carpet which in 1872 sold for 
$1.20 can be bought to-day for 45 cents per yard, all wool and a yard w ide. 
The total production of carpets in the United' States (estimated) in 1880 was 
39,972,000 yards; capital invested, $21,486,000; operatives employed, 30, 371; 
paid out in wages, $6,435,000. It is estimated that to-day there are 204 car 
pet factories in this country, running 11,500 looms (of which 7,597 are power 
looms), employing 43,000 hands, iu 1.889 consuming over 90,000,000 pounds 
of wool and turnino; out 76,880,000 yards of carpet. 

"Why, sir, in the city of Philadelphia alone there was produced 20,000,- 
000 yards of carpet annually— 16,000,000 less than the entire output of the 
United Kingdom of Great Britain. And all the while the price of carpel had 
gone down. But the ad valorem has gone up; and that is what troubles the 
gentlemen on the other side. It is the high ad valorems thai you gentlemen 
advocating tariff reform keep before your eyes. You shut your eyes to the 
diminishing prices. The favorite assault of the Democratic Eree trader or 



406 APPENDIX. 

revenue-tariff reformer is to parade these high percentages and ad valorem 
equivalents to show the enormous burdens of taxation that we impose upon 
the people of the United States. 

"Now, let us look at this for a moment while we are passing. When steel 
rails were $100 a ton we had a duty on them of $28 a ton. What would be 
the equivalent ad valorem? Twenty-eight per cent. That is not enormous. 
My friend from Texas even would not hold that as too high an ad valorem 
equivalent. But the very instant we reduced the price of steel rails to $50 a 
ton, because of that duty of $28, which encouraged our own producers to 
engage in this business — when the price went down to $50 a ton the ad val- 
orem equivalent went up to 56 per cent. ; for $28 a ton duty, with steel rails 
at $50 a ton, would be equivalent to 56 per cent. They are troubled about 
the ad valorem equivalent. They look to percentages; we look at prices. We 
would rather have steel rails at $50 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of 50 
per cent, than to have steel rails at $100 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent 
of only 28 percent. They pursue a shadow; we enjoy the substance. What 
do we care about ad valorems? But you will hear of high ad valorems in 
this debate from its beginning to its close. 

"Why, sir, when you bought a crate of ware in 1855 at $96, the ad val- 
orem was only 24 per cent. You buy the same crate of ware to-day for $46, 
but the ad valorem has gone up to 55 per cent. Which would you rather 
have, low ad valorem equivalents and high-priced goods, or high ad valorem 
equivalents and low-priced goods. 

"What is the nature of the complaint against this bill? That it shuts us 
out of a foreign market? No, for whatever that is worth to our citizens will 
be just as accessible under this bill as under the present law. We place no 
tax or burden or restraint upon American products going out of the country. 
They are as free to seek the best market as the products of any rival com- 
mercial power, and as free to go out as though we had absolute free trade. 
Statistics show that protective tariffs have not interrupted our export trade, 
but that it has increased under them. 

"In the year 1843, being the first year after the protective tariff of 1842 
went into operation, our exports exceeded our imports $40,392,229, and in the 
following year they exceeded our imports $3,141,226. In the two yeai's fol- 
lowing, the excess of imports over exports was $15,475,000. The last year 
under the tariff the excess of exports over imports was $34,317,249. So dur- 
ing the five years of the tariff of 1842 the excess of exports over imports was 
$62,375,000. Under the low tariff of 1846 this was reversed, and, with the 
single exception of 1858, the imports exceeded the exports (covering a period 
of fourteen years) $465, 553, 625. 

"During the war and down to 1875 the imports with two exceptions ex- 
ceeded the exports. From 1876 down to 1889 inclusive (covering a period of 
fourteen years) there were only two years when our imports exceeded our ex- 
ports, and the total excess of exports over imports was $1,581,906,871 of the 
products of our own people more than we brought into the United States. The 
balance of trade has been almost uninterruptedly in our favor during the pro- 
tective-tariff periods of our history, and against us with few exceptions dur- 
ing revenue-tariff periods. This would seem to indicate a healthful business 
condition with the outside world, resulting from the Republican economic 
system, and an unhealthful condition, where we had to send money out of 
tiie country to pay our balances under the Democratic system. The chief 
complaint against this bill comes from importers and consignees here, on the 
one hand, and the foreign merchants and consignors abroad. Why do they 
complain? Manifestly because in some way this bill will check their busi- 
ness here and increase the business cf our own manufacturers and producers; 
it will diminish the importation of competing foreign goods, and increase the 
consumption of our home-made goods. This may be a good reason to in- 



the Mckinley bill. 407 

fluence the foreigner to oppose its passage, but is hardly a sound reason why 
Americans should oppose it. 

"If the bill cheeks foreign importations of goods competing with ours, it 
will increase our production and necessarily increase the demand for labor 
at home. This may be a good reason why the cheap labor of other countries 
should be unfriendly to this bill, but furnishes the best of reasons why the 
workmen of the United States should favor it as they do. We do not conceal 
the purpose of this bill— we want our own countrymen and all mankind to 
know it. It is to increase production here, diversify our productive enter- 
prises, enlarge the field, and increase the demand for American workmen. 

" What American can oppose these worthy and patriotic objects'? Others, 
not Americans, may find justification for doing so. This bill is an American 
bill. It is made for the American people and American interests. 

"The press of other countries have denounced the bill with unmeasured 
severity, the legislative assemblies of more than one distant country have 
Siven it attention in no friendly spirit. It has received the censure of diplo- 
mates and foreign powders— for all of which there is manifest reason— it may 
pinch them, but no American citizen surely can object to it on that account. 
We are not legislatin g for any nation but our own; for our people and for no 
other people are we charged with the duties of legislation. We say to our 
foreign brethren: 'We will not interfere in your domestic legislation; we ad- 
monish you to keep your hands off of ours.' 

" Contrast the imports and exports of the United Kingdom under tree 
trade and unrestrained commerce with the imports and exports of the United 
States In 1870 the total value of imports and exports of the United King- 
dom was $2, 663, 620, 718 ; in 1888 it was $3, 336, 087, 844, an increase in eighteen 
years of $672,467,126, equivalent to 25.25 per cent. . 

"The. total value of the imports and exports of the United States inl«/U 
was $917,794,421; in 1889, $1,487,533,027, an increase of $569,738,606, or 
an equivalent of 62 per cent., so that it will be observed that under the rev- 
enue-tariff system of Great Britain her imports and exports between 1870 and 
1888 increased but 25.25 per cent., while under the protective system of the 
United States, which is characterized by our opponents as exclusive and re- 
strictive and like a Chinese wall, the imports and exports of the United btates 
increased between 1870 and 1889 62.8 per cent., a gain over Great Britain ot 
nearly 37 per cent., and we sent out in those years more than we brought in. 
"Notwithstanding the complaint that is made about the decadence ot our 
foreign commerce Mulhall informs us that Great Britain's proportion in the 
foreign commerce in 1830 was 27.2 per cent, of the commerce of the world; 
but in 1S70 it had fallen to 24.5 per cent., and in 1880 Great Britain s propor 
portion was but 21.2 per cent. In 1830 the United Stales had but 8. i per 
cent, of the commerce of the world; in 1870 it had risen to 9.2 per cent., and 
in 1880 she had 11.5 per cent of the foreign commerce ol the world. 

•' While Great Britain lost, between 1870 and 1880, 13 percent, ot her trade. 
the United States gained 22 percent.; and if the United Mates would give 
the same encouragement to her merchant marine and her steamship lines as 
is dven by other nations, this commerce on the seas under the American Dag 
would increase and multiply. When the United States will expend from her 
treasury from five to six millions a year, as do France and Great Britain, to 
maintain their steamship lines, our ships will plow every sea in saceesst.il 
competition with the ships of the world. Will you, gentlemen, 30m us m en- 
couraging our merchant marine? . 

"But Mr. Chairman, in the presence of our magnificent domestic com- 
merce, the commerce along our inland seas, our lakes and rivers and great 
railroad lines, why need we vex ourselves about foreign commerce/ 1 lie 
domestic trade of the United States is 95 per cent, of the whole of our trade 
Nowhere is the progress of the country so manifest as in this wonderiui 



408 APPENDIX. 

growth and development. Our coasting trade more than doubled our foreign 
trade in 1880. Thirty-four million tons as against 16,000,000 of foreign, in- 
cluding all our exports and imports, carried in all the ships of the world in 
1880. Our inland water tonnage was 25,000,000, our foreign 16,000,000. 

"The water carriage of the United States along its coasts and its rivers is 
five times greater than the foreign commerce of the United States. 

"Why, the movement of tonnage through the Detroit river in 1889 was 
10,000,000 tons more than the total registered entries and clearances at all 
the seaports of the United States, and it was 3,000,000 tons in excess of the 
combined foreign and coastwise registered tonnage of the ports of Liverpool 
and London. What higher testimony do we want of the growth of our in- 
ternal commerce? 

"We try nations as they appear on the balance sheet of the world. We 
try systems by results; we are too practical a people for theory. We know 
what we have done and are doing under the economic system we advocate. 
AVe know that almost every month the balance of trade in our favor is in ex- 
cess of $20,000,000. We know the manufactures of the United States in 1880 
amounted to $1,126,000,000, as against $816,000,000 of Great Britain. 

" We know that in 1887 we manufactured 3,339,000 tons of steel rails, and 
that the manufacturers of England turned out only 3,170,000. We know 
that the United States in 1887 produced 2,308,000 tons of iron and England 
1,711,000 tons. On the Atlantic seaboard there will be produced this year 
100,000 tons of steel shipping built in our own ports from our own material. 

" Our railroad mileage and tonnage further illustrate the growth and ex- 
tent of our domestic trade and commerce. In 1865 the number of miles of 
railroad in operation in this country was 35,085; in 1887 it equaled 150,000 
miles. We now have one-half of the railroads of the world. Estimating the 
cost of road and equipment at $35,000 per mile, the amount expended in 
twenty-two years equaled $4,037,495,000, a yearly expenditure of over $183, 
000,000. According to Poor's " Manual," the total tonnage for 1882 was 360,- 
490,375 tons; for 1883, 400,453,439 tons; for 1884, 399,074,749 tons; for 1885, 
437,040,099 tons; for 1886, 482,245,254 tons; for 1887, 552,074,752 tons. 

" According to the statement of Mr. Poor, the tonnage of the Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad for 1865 was 2,555,706 tons; in 1887, 30,147,635 tons, the in- 
crease equaling 27,591,929 tons; the rate of increase in the twenty-two 
years being nearly 1,100 per cent. The tonnage of the New York Central 
Railroad increased from 1,767,059 in 1865 to 14,626,951 in 1887, the rate of 
increase being over 700 per cent. The tonnage of the Erie Railroad in 1865 
was 2,234,350, and in 1887 13,549,260, the rate of increase being over 500 
per cent. The tonnage of the three roads in 1865 equaled 6,557,115; in 1887, 
58,323,848 tons, the increase equaling 51,766,732, the rate of increase being 
very nearly 800 per cent. 

" .Mr. Poor estimates that the net tonnage of 1887 of all the railroads in 
the country equaled 412,500,000. The number of gross tons moved in 1887 
on all the railroads of the United States per head of population equaled 9 
Ions. In 1865 the gross tonnage moved equaled only 2 tons per head. The 
same authority estimates that the value of the total'net tonnage of the rail- 
roads of the United States is equal to the sum of $13,327,830,000, and at this 
estimate the value of the tonnage moved in 1887 equaled $222 per head of the 
population of the country. 

"The increase in value of the railroad tonnage of the country in 1887 
equaled $1,660,000,000, or $900,000,000 in excess of the value of the exports 
for the same year. Could all this have been secured under your economic sys- 
tem V Would they have been possible under any other than the protective 
system ? 

" We have now enjoyed twenty-nine years continuously of protective tariff 
laws — the longest uninterrupted period in which that policy has prevailed 



the Mckinley bill. 409 

since the formation of the Federal Government — and we find ourselves a I the 
end of that period in a condition of independence and prosperity the like of 
which has never been witnessed at any other period in the history of our 
country, and the like of which has no parallel in the recorded history of the 
world. 

"In all that goes to make a nation great and strong and independent we 
have made extraordinary strides. In arts, in science, in literature, in manu- 
factures, in invention, in scientific principles applied to manufacture and ag- 
riculture, in wealth and credit and national honor, we are at the very Iron?, 
abreast with the best and behind none. 

"In 1800, after fourteen years of a revenue tariff, just the kind of a tariff 
that our political adversaries* are advocating to-day, the business of the coun- 
try was prostrated, agriculture was deplorably depressed, manufacturing was 
on the decline, and the poverty of the government itself made this nation a 
by-word in the financial centers of the world. 

" We neither had money nor credit. Both are essential; a nation can get 
on if it has abundant revenues, but if it has none it must have credit. We 
had neither, as the legacy of the Democratic revenue tariff. We have both 
now. _ We have a surplus revenue and a spotless credit. I need not si ale 
what is so fresh in our minds, so recent in our history, as to be known to ev- 
ery gentleman who hears me, that from the inauguration of the protective 
tariff laws of 1861, the old Morrill tariff — which has brought to that veteran 
statesman the highest honor and will give to him his proudest monument— 
this condition changed. Confidence was restored, courage was inspired, the 
government started upon a progressive era under a system thoroughly Amer- 
ican. 

" With a great war on our hands, with an army to enlist and prepare for 
service, with untold millions of money to supply, the protective tariff never 
failed us in a single emergency, and while money was flowing into our Treas- 
ury to save the government, industries were springing up all over the land — 
the foundation and corner-stone of our prosperity and glory. 

"With a debt of over $2,050,000,000 when the war terminated, holding 
on to the protective laws against Democratic opposition, we have reduced 
that debt at an average rate of more than $02,000,000 each year, $174,000 ev- 
ery twenty- four hours of the last, twenty-five years, and what looked to he a 
burden almost impossible to bear has been removed under the Republican 
fiscal system until now it is $1,020,000,000, and with the paymenl of this vast 
sum of money the nation has not been impoverished. The individual citizen 
has not been burdened or bankrupted. National and individual prosperity 
have gone steadily on until our wealth is so great as to be almost incompre- 
hensible when put into figures. 

"The accumulations of the laborersof the country have increased, and (he 
working classes of no nation in the world have such splendid deposits in sav- 
ings banks as the working classes of the United States. 

" Listen to its own story. The deposits of all the savings banks of New 
England in 1886 equaled $.">r)4,532,434. The deposits in the savings hanks of 
New York in 1886 were $482,686,730. The deposits in the savings hanks of 
Massachusetts for the year 1887 were $302,948,624, and the number of depos 
itors was 944,778, or $320.67 for each depositor. The savings banks of nine 
States have in nineteen years increased their deposits $628,000,000. The lain 
lish savings banks have in thirty-four years increased I heirs $350,000,000. 
Our operatives deposit $7 to the English operative's $1. Thesevasl sums rep 
resent the savings of the men whose labor has been employed under the pro- 
tective policy which gives, as experience has shown, the largest possible re- 
ward to labor. 

"There is no one thing standing alone that so surely tests the wisdom of 
a national financial policy as the national credit, what it costs to maintain it, 
29b 



410 APPENDIX. 

and the burden it imposes upon the citizen. It is a fact which every Ameri- 
can should contemplate with pride, that the public debt of the United States 
per capita is less than that of any other great nation of the world. Let me 
call the roll: Belgium's public debt, per capita, is $72.18; France, $218.27; 
Germany, $43.10; Great Britain, $100.09; Italy, $74.25; Peru, $140.06; Por- 
tugal, $104.18; Russia, $35.41; Spain, $73.34; United States, $33.92 on a 
population of 50,000,000; and now, with our increased population, the per 
capita would be under $25. England increased her rate of taxation between 
1870 and 1880 over 24 per cent., while the United States diminished nearly 
10 per cent. 

" We lead all nations in agriculture, we lead all nations in mining, and we 
lead all nations in manufacturing. These are the trophies which we bring 
after twenty-nine years of a protective tariff. Can any other system furnish 
such evidences of prosperity V Yet in the presence of such a showing of prog- 
ress there are men everywhere found who talk about the restraints we put 
upon trade and the burdens we put upon the enterprise and energy of our 
people. There is no country in the world where individual enterprise has 
such wide and varied range and where the inventive genius of man has such 
encouragement. 

" There is no nation in the world, under any system, where the same re- 
ward is a;iven to the labor of men's hands and the work of their brains as in 
the United States. We have widened the sphere of human endeavor and 
given to every man a fair chance in the race of life and in the attainment of 
the highest possibilities of human destiny. 

" To reverse this system means to stop the progress of the Republic and re- 
duce the masses to small rewards for their labor, to longer hours and less pay, 
to the simple question of bread and butter. It means to turn them from am- 
bition, courage, and hope, to dependence, degradation and despair. No sane 
man will give up what he has got, what he is in possession of, what he can 
count on for himself and his children, for what is promised by your theories. 

"Free trade, or, as you are pleased to call it, 'revenue tariff,' means the 
opening up of this market, which is admitted to be the best in the world, to 
the free entry of the products of the world. It means more— it means that 
the labor of this country is to be remitted to its earlier condition, and that the 
condition of our people is to be leveled down to the condition of rival coun- 
tries; because under it every element of cost, every item of production, in- 
cluding wages, must be brought down to the level of the lowest paid labor of 
the world. No other result can follow, and no other result is anticipated or 
expected by those who intelligently advocate a revenue tariff. We can not 
maintain ourselves against unequal conditions without the tariff, and no man 
of a Hairs believes we can. 

"Under the system of unrestricted trade which you gentlemen recom- 
mend, we will have to reduce every element of cost down to or below that of 
our commercial rivals, or surrender to them our own market. No one will 
dispute thai statement, and to go into the domestic market of our rivals would 
mean that production here must be so reduced that with transportation 
added we could undersell them in their own market, and to meet them in 
neutral markets and divide the trade with them would mean that we could 
profitably sell side by side with them at their minimum price. 

"First, then, to retain our own market under the Democratic system of 
raising revenue by removing all protection would require our producers to 
sell at as low a price and upon as favorable terms as our foreign competitors. 
How could that lie done? In oneway only — by producing as cheaply as 
those who would seek our markets. What would that entail ? An entire 
revolution in the methods and condition and conduct of business here, a lev- 
eling down through every channel to the lowest line of our competitors; our 
habits of living would have to be changed, our wage cut down 50 per cent., 



THE McKINLEY BILL. 4 11 

or upward, our comfortable homes exchanged for hovels, our independence 
yielded up, our citizenship demoralized. 

"These are conditions inseparable to free trade; these would be necessary 
if we would command our own market among our own people, and if we 
would invade the world's markets harsher conditions and greater sacrifices 
would be demanded of the masses. Talk about depression, we would then 
have it in its fullness. We would revel in unrestrained trade. Everything 
would indeed be cheap, but how costly when measured by the degradation 
which would ensue ! When merchandise is the cheapest, men are the poor- 
est, and the most distressing experiences in the history of our country — ay. 
in all human history — have been when everything was the lowest and cheap- 
est measured by gold, for everything was the highest and the clearest meas- 
ured by labor. We want no return of cheap times in our own country. 
We have no wish to adopt the conditions of other nations. Experience 
has demonstrated that for us and ours and for the present and the future the 
protective system meets our wants, our conditions, promotes the national de- 
sign, and will work out our destiny better than any other." 



MR. CARLISLE'S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. 

EXTRACTS FROM A SPEECH MADE IN A DEBATE ON THE MILLS BILL, 

MAY 19, 1888. 

"It appears from the last official statement that there was in the Treasury 
at the close of the last month, including subsidiary and minor coins, the sum 
of $136,143,357.95 over and above all the current liabilities of the govern- 
ment. This was $56,676,602.65 more than the surplus on hand on the 1st 
day of December, 1887, and shows that there has been since that date an av- 
erage monthly increase of $11,335,332.15. The surplus accumulation each 
month under'the existing system of taxation is more than the total cost of the 
government during the first two years of Washington's administration, while 
the aggregate sum is considerably in excess of the whole expenditure of the 
government during the first eighteen years of its existence under the Consti- 
tution, including civil and miscellaneous expenses, war, navy, Indians, pen- 
sions, and interest on the public .debt. 

"Every dollar of this enormous sum has been taken bylaw from the pro- 
ductive industries and commercial pursuits of the people at a time when it 
was sorely needed for the successful prosecution of their business, and under 
circumstances which afford no excuse whatever for the exaction. There is 
not a monarchical government in the world, however absolute its form or how- 
ever arbitrary its power, that would dare to extort such a tribute from its 
subjects in excess of the proper requirements of the public service; and the 
question which Congress is now compelled to determine is whether such a 
policy can be longer continued here in this country, where the people are 
supposed to govern in their own right and in their own interest. 

"On the 17th day of last month the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursu 
ance of authority conferred upon him by the law of March, 1881, as inter 
preted by the two Houses of Congress, issued a circular inviting proposals 
for the sale of bonds to the government. The first purchase was made under 
this invitation on the 18th day of April, and between that date and the close 
of business yesterday, a period of one month, he has purchased on account 
of the government 4 per cent, bonds to the amount of $13,456,500, upon 
which interest had accrued at the date of the purchase to the amount of 
$53,172.07. For these bonds he was compelled to pay the sum of $17,046,- 
136.06, which was $3,536,464 more than the principal and accrued interest, 
or a premium of 26 % per cent. During the same time and under the same 
authority he purchased 4*2 P er cet >t. bonds to the amount of $12,404,450, 
upon which interest had accrued to the amount of $108,086.55. For these 
bonds he paid the sum of $13,379,188.37, which was $866,652.37 in excess of 
the principal and interest. The premium paid upon this class of bonds was 
nearly 7 per cent. 

"This is the situation into which the government has been forced by the 
failure of Congress in past years to make provision for a reduction of taxa- 
tion. Millions of dollars which ought to have remained in the hands of the 
people who earned the money by their labor and by their skill in the prose- 
cution of business have been taken away from them by law to be paid out to 
(lie bondholders in excess of their legal demands against the government. 
And, sir, if the present Congress shall adjourn without applying a remedy, 
this unjust process must go on for an indefinite length of time. In the pres- 
ence of such a situation we cannot afford to quarrel about trivial details. A 
reduction of the revenue — not by increasing taxation, as some propose, but 
by diminishing taxation in such manner as will afford the largest measure of 
relief to the people and their industries— should be the great and controlling 
object to which everything else should be subordinated. I do not mean that 
every interest, however small and insignificant, should not be carefully con- 
sidered in a friendly spirit, but I do mean that the general interests of the 
many should not be subordinated to the special interests of the few. 

412 



MR. CARLISLE'S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. 413 

" Although the question now presented is purely a practical one, it neces- 
sarily involves, to some extent, a discussion of the conflicting theories of 
taxation which have divided the people of this country ever since the organi- 
zation of the government. There is a fundamental and irreconcilable differ- 
ence of opinion between those who believe that the power of taxation should 
be used for public purposes only, and that the burdens of taxation should be 
equally distributed among all the people according to their ability to bear 
them, and those who believe that it is the right and duly of the government 
to promote certain private enterprises and increase the profits of those engaged 
in them by the imposition of higher rates than are necessary to raise revenue 
for the proper administration of public affairs; and so long as this difference 
exists, or at least so long as the policy of the government is not permanently 
settled and acquiesced in, these conflicting opinions will continue to embar- 
rass the representatives of the people in their efforts either to increase or re- 
duce taxation. 

'• While no man in public life would venture to advocate excessive taxation 
merely for the purpose of raising excessive revenue, many will advocate it, or 
at least excuse it, when the rates are so adjusted or the objects of taxation are 
so selected as to secure advantages, or supposed advantages, to some parts of 
the country or to some classes of industries over other parts and other classes; 
and this, Mr. Chairman, is the sole cause of the difficulties we are now en- 
countering in our efforts to relieve the people and reduce the surplus. It is 
the sole cause of the unfortunate delay that has already occurred in the re- 
vision of our revenue laws, and if the pending bill shall be defeated, and dis- 
aster in any form shall come upon the country by reason of overtaxation and 
an accumulation of money in the Treasury, this unjust feature in our present 
system will be responsible for it. 

" Whenever an attempt is made to emancipate labor from the servitude 
which an unequal system of taxation imposes upon it, whenever it is pro- 
posed to secure as far as possible to each individual citizen the full fruits of 
his own earnings, subject only to the actual necessities of the government. 
and whenever a measure is presented for the removal of unnecessary re- 
strictions from domestic industries and international commerce, so as to' per- 
mit freer production and freer exchanges, the alarm is sounded and all the 
cohorts of monopoly are assembled to hear their heralds proclaim the imme- 
diate and irretrievable ruin of the country. 

"Mr. Chairman, it has been stubbornly contended all through this debate 
that high rates of duty upon imported goods are beneficial to the greal body 
of consumers, because such duties, instead of increasing the price of the do 
mestic articles of the same kind, actually reduce the prices. II this he true, 
all the other arguments in support of the existing system are not only super 
tluous, but manifestly unsound. The proposition that a high tariff enables 
the producer to pay higher wages for his labor, and the proposition thai it 
also reduces the prices of the articles he has to sell, which arc the products of 
that labor, are utterly inconsistent with each other, and no ingenuity of the 
casuist can possibly reconcile them. Labor is paid out of in own product, 
and unless that product can be sold for a price which will enable the em- 
ployer to realize a reasonable profit and pay the established rales of wages, 
the business must cease or the rates of wages must be reduced. When the 
price of the finished product is reduced by reason of the increased efficiency 
of labor, or by reason of the reduced cost of the raw material, the employer 
may continue to pay the same or even a higher rate of wanes and still make 
his usual profits. But the tariff neither increases the efficiency of labor nor 
■"•educes the cost of the raw material. 

"I do not deny that prices have greatly fallen during the lasl fifty year/, 
not only in this country, but all over the civilized world — in lice trade coun- 
tries as well as in protectionist countries. Nor do 1 deny that during the 



414 APPENDIX. 

same time the general tendency lias been toward an increase in the rates of 
wages; and this is true also of all civilized countries, free-trade and protec- 
tion alike. It is not possible for me now to enumerate, much less discuss, all 
the causes that have contributed to these results. One of the most efficient 
causes, in fact the most efficient cause, is the combination of skilled labor 
with machinery in the production of commodities. The introduction and use 
of improved machinery has wrought a complete revolution in nearly all our 
manufacturing industries, and in many cases has enabled one man to do the 
work which it required one hundred men to do before. Here is a statement 
furnished by the United States Commissioner of Labor to the chairman of 
the Committee on Ways and Means, showing the value of the product of a 
week's labor in spinning cotton yarn by hand and the value of the product of 
a week's labor combined with machinery in the same industry: In 1813, one 
man working sixty hours by hand could turn out three pounds of cotton 
yarn, worth $2.25, or seventy-five cents per pound; now the same man, if he 
were living, could turn out in sixty hours with the use of machinery 3,000 
pounds of cotton yarn of the same character, worth $450, or fifteen cents 
per pound. The cotton-spinner now receives as wages for his week's work 
more than three times as much as the total value of the product of a week's 
work, including the value of the material, in 1813; and yet labor is far 
cheaper to the employer now than it was then. Although the employer now 
receives only one-hfth as much per pound for his cotton yarn as he did in 
1813, he realizes from the sale of the products of a week's labor just two 
hundred times as much as he did then. 

"I have also a statement prepared by the same official, showing the rela- 
tive production and value of product of a weaver using hand and power ma- 
chinery, from which it appears that a weaver by hand turned out, in seventy- 
two hours in 1813, 45 yards of cotton goods (shirting), worth $17.91, while a 
weaver now, using machiuery, turns out in sixty hours 1,440 yards, worth 
$108. Substantially the same exhibit could be made in regard to a very large 
number of our manufacturing industries. 

" Is it strange, Mr. Chairman, in view of these facts, that the prices of 
manufactured goods have fallen or that the wages of the laborers who pro- 
duce them have risen? Is it not, on the contrary, remarkable that there has 
not been a greater fall in prices and a greater increase in wages'? Undoubt- 
edly there would have been a greater reduction in prices and a greater in- 
crease in wages if there had been a wider market for the products and a lower 
cost for the material. 

" The tremendous productive forces at work all over the world iu these 
modern times, and the small cost of maual labor in comparison with the value 
of the products of these combined forces, can not be realized from any general 
statement upon the subject. In order to form some idea of the magnitude of 
these natural and mechanical forces, and the efficiency of manual labor and 
skill when connected with them, let us look at the situation in six of our own 
manufacturing industries. In the manufacture of cotton goods, woolen 
goods, iron and steel, sawed lumber, paper, and in our flouring and grist 
mills, there were employed, according to the latest statistics, 517,299 persons, 
not all men, but many of them women and children. This labor was sup- 
plemented by steam and water power equal to 2,496,299 horse-power. This 
is equal to the power of 14,977,794 men; and thus we find that a little oyer 
517,000 persons of all ages and sexes are performing, in connection with 
steam and water power, the work of 15,495,093 adult and healthy men. 

"The railroad, the steam-vessel, the telegraph, the improved facilities for 
the conduct of financial transactions, and many other conveniences intro- 
duced into our modern systems of production and distribution and exchange 
have all contributed their share toward the reduction of prices, and it would 
be interesting 1<> inquire what their influence has been, but I can not pursue 
this particular subject further without occupying too much time." 






o, 



THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 



EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S MESSAGE TO THE FIF- 
TIETH CONGRESS, SENT DECEMBER 3, 1888. 

The second session of the Fiftieth Congress convened on Monday, Dec. 
1888; and the President sent in his fourth annual message, as follows: 

To the Congress of the United States: 

As you assemble for the discharge of the duties you have assumed as tin- 
representatives of a free and generous people, your meeting is marked by an 
interesting and impressive incident. With the expiration of the present sea 
sion of the Congress the first century of our constitutional existence as a 
nation will be completed. 

Our survival for one hundred years is not sufficient to assure us thai we 
no longer have dangers to fear in the maintenance, with all its promised 
blessings, of a government founded upon the freedom of the people. The 
time rather admonishes us to soberly inquire whether in the i>asi we have 
always closely kept in the course of safety, and whether we have before us 
a way plain and clear which leads to happiness and perpetuity. 

When the experiment of our government was undertaken, the chart 
adopted for our guidance was the 'Constitution. Departure from the lines 
there laid down is failure. It is only by a strict adherence to the direction 
they indicate and by restraint within the limitations they lix that we can 
furnish proof to the world of the fitness of the American people for self- 
government. 

The equal and exact justice of which we boast as the underlying principle 
of our institutions should not be confined to the relations of our citizens to 
each other. The government itself is under bond to the American people 
that in the exercise of its functions and powers it will deal with the body of 
our citizens in a manner scrupulously honest and fair and absolutely just. 
It has agreed that American citizenship shall be the only credential necessary 
to justify the claim of equality before the law, and that no condition in hie 
shall give rise to discrimination in the treatment of the people by then- 
government. ..,,.. , f „ 

The citizen of our republic in its early days rigidly insisted upon tub 
compliance with the letter of this bond, and saw stretching out before him a 
clear field for individual endeavor. His tribute to the support ol his u r. 
eminent was measured by the cost of its economical maintenance, and lie 
was secure in the enjoyment of the remaining recompense of Ins steady ami 
contented toil. In those days the frugality of the people was stamped upon 
their government, and was enforced by the free, thoughtful, and intelhgenl 
suffrage of the citizen. Combinations, monopolies, and aggregations oi cap 
ital were either avoided or sternly regulated and restrained. The pomp and 
glitter of governments less free offered no temptation and presented no delu- 
sion to the plain people who, side In side, in friendly competition wrought 
for the ennoblement and dignity of man, for the solution ol the problem ol 
free government, and for the achievement of the grand destiny awaiting the 
land which God had given them. 

A century has passed, our cities are the abiding-places ol wealth ami 
luxury; our manufactories yield fortunes never dreamed ol' by the fathers oj 
the republic; our business men are madly striving in the race for riches, and 



416 APPENDIX. 

immense aggregations of capital outrun the imagination in the magnitude of 
their undertakings. 

We view with pride and satisfaction tins bright picture of our country's 
growth and prosperity, while only a closer scrutiny develops a somber shad- 
ing. Upon more careful inspection we find the wealth and luxury of our 
cities mingled with poverty and wretchedness and unremunerative toil. A 
crowded and constantly increasing urban population suggests the impover- 
ishment of rural sections and discontent witli agricultural pursuits. The 
farmer's son, not satisfied with his father's simple and laborious life, joins 
the eager chase for easily acquired weal! h. 

"We discover that the fortunes realized by our manufacturers are no lon- 
ger solely the reward of sturdy industry and enlightened foresight, but that 
they result from the discriminating favor of the government, and are largely 
built upon undue exactions from the masses of our people. The gulf be- 
tween employers and the employed is constantly widening and classes are 
rapidly forming, one comprising the very rich and powerful, while in an- 
other are found the toiling poor. 

As we view the achievements of aggregated capital, we discover the ex- 
istence of trusts, combinations, and monopolies, while the citizen is struggling 
far in the rear or is trampled to death beneath an iron heel. Corporations, 
which should be the carefully restrained creatures of the law and the ser- 
vants of the people, are fast becoming (he people's masters. 

Still, congratulating ourselves upon the wealth and prosperity of our 
country, and complacently contemplating every incident of change insepar- 
able from these conditions, it is our duty as patriotic citizens to inquire, at 
the present stage of our progress, how the bond of the government made 
with the people has been kept and performed. 

Instead of limiting the tribute drawn from our citizens to the necessities 
of its economical administration, the government persists in exacting, from 
the substance of the people, millions which, unapplied and useless, lie dor- 
mant in its Treasury. This flagrant injustice, and this breach of faith and 
obligation, add to extortion the danger attending the diversion of the cur- 
rency of the country from the legitimate channels of business. 

Under the same laws by which these results are produced, the govern- 
ment permits many millions more to be added to the cost of the living of our 
people and to be taken from our consumers, which unreasonably swell the 
profits of a small but powerful minority. 

The people must still be taxed for the support of the. government under 
the operation of tariff laws. But to the extent that the mass of our citizens 
are inordinately burdened beyond any useful public purpose, and for the 
benefit of a favored few, the government, under pretext of an exercise of its 
taxing power, enters gratuitously into partnership with these favorites to 
their advantage and to the injury of a vast majority of our people. 

Tins is not equality before the law. 

The existing situation is injurious to the health of our entire body politic. 
It stifles, in those for whose benefit it is permitted, all patriotic love of coun- 
try, and substitutes in its place selfish greed and grasping avarice. Devotion 
to American citizenship for its own sake and for what it should accomplish 
as a motive to our nation's advancement and the happiness of all our people 
is displaced by the assumption that the government, instead of being the 
embodiment of equality, is but an instrumentality through which especial 
and individual advantages are to be gained. 

The arrogance of this assumption is unconcealed. It appears in the sor- 
did disregard of all but personal interests, in the refusal to abate for the ben- 
efit of others one iota of selfish advantage, and in combinations to perpetuate 
such advantages through efforts to control legislation and improperly influ- 
ence the suffrages of the people 



THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 417 

The grievances of those not included within the circle of these benefici- 
aries, when fully realized, will surely arouse irritation and discontent. Our 
farmers, long-suffering and patient, struggling in the race of life with the 
hardest and most unremitting toil, will not fail to sec, in spite of misreprc 
sentations and misleading fallacies, that they are obliged to accept such 
prices for their products as are fixed in foreign markets where they compete 
with the farmers of the world ; that their lands are declining in value while 
their debts increase; and that without compensating favor they are forced by 
the action of the government to pay for the benefit of others such enhanced 
prices for the things they need that the scanty returns of their labor fail to 
furnish their support, or leave no margin for accumulation. 

Our workingmen, enfranchised from all delusions, and no longer fright- 
ened by the cry that their wages are endangered by a just revision of our 
tariff laws, will reasonably demand through such revision steadier employ 
ment, cheaper means of living in their homes, freedom for themselves and 
their children from the doom of perpetual servitude, and an open door to 
their advancement beyond the limits of a laboring class. Others of our citi- 
zens, whose comforts and expenditures are measured by moderate salaries 
and fixed incomes, will insist upon the fairness and justice of cheapening the 
cost of necessaries for themselves and their families. 

When to the selfishness of the beneficiaries of unjust discrimination under 
our laws there shall be added the discontent of those who sutler from such 
discrimination, we will realize the fact that the beneficent purposes of our 
government, dependent upon the patriotism and contentment of our people, 
are endangered. 

Communism is a hateful thing, and a menace to peace and organized 
government. But the communism of combined wealth and capital, the out- 
growth of overweening cupidity and selfishness, which insidiously under- 
mines the justice and integrity of free institutions, is not less dangerous than 
the communism of oppressed poverty and toil which, exasperated by injustice 
and discontent, attacks with wild disorder the citadel of rule. 

He mocks the people who proposes that the government shall protect the 
rich and that they iu turn will care for the laboring poor. Any intermediary 
between the people and their government, or the least delegation of the care 
and protection the government owes to the humblest citizen in the land, 
makes the boast of free institutions a glittering delusion, and the pretended 
boon of American citizenship a shameless imposition. 

A just and sensible revision of our tariif laws should lie made for l he re- 
lief of those of our countrymen who suffer under present conditions. Such 
a revision should receive the support of all who love that justice and equality 1 
due to American citizenship, of all who realize that in this justice and equal- 
ity our government finds its strength and its power to protect the citizen and 
his property, of all who believe that the contented competence and comfort 
of many accord better with the spirit of our institutions than colossal fortunes 
unfairly gathered in the hands of a few, of all who appreciate that the for- 
bearance and fraternity among our people which recognize the value of every 
American interest, are the surest guarantee of our national progress, and oJ 
all who desire to see the products of American skill and ingenuity in every 
market of the world with a, resulting restoration of American commerce. 

The necessity of the reduction of our revenue is so apparent as to he gen 
erally conceded. But the means by which this end shall he accomplished 
and the sum of direct benefit which shall result to our citizens present a con- 
troversy of the utmost importance. There should he no scheme accepted as 
satisfactory by which the burdens of the people are only apparently removed. 
Extravagant appropriations of public money, with all their demoralizing 
consequences, should not be tolerated, either as a means of relieving the 
Treasury of its present surplus or as furnishing pretext for resisting a proper 



418 APPENDIX. 

reduction in tariff rates. Existing evils and injustice should be honestly rec- 
ognized, boldly met, and effectively remedied. There should be no cessa- 
tion of the struggle until a plan is perfected, fair and conservative toward 
existing industries, but which will reduce the cost to consumers of the neces- 
saries of life, while it provides for our manufacturers the advantage of freer 
raw materials aud permits no injury to the interests of American labor. 

The cause for which the battle is waged is comprised within lines clearly 
and distinctly denned. It should never be compromised. It is the people's 
cause. 

It can not be denied that the selfish and private interests which are so 
persistently heard, when efforts are made to deal in a just and comprehensive 
manner with our tariff laws, are related to, if they are not responsible for, 
the sentiment largely prevailing among the people that the general govern 
ment is the foundation of individual and private aid;' that it may be expected 
to relieve with paternal care the distress of citizeus and communities, and 
from the fullness of its Treasury it should, upon the slightest possible pre- 
text of promoting the general good, apply public funds to the benefit of lo- 
calities and individuals. Nor can it be denied that there is a growing as- 
sumption that, as against the government and in favor of private claims and 
interests, the usual rules and limitations of business principles and just deal- 
ing should be waived. 

These ideas have been unhappily much encouraged by legislative acqui- 
escence. Relief from contracts made with the government is too easily 
accorded in favor of the citizen; the failure to support claims against the 
government by proof is often supplied by no better consideration than the 
wealth of the government and the poverty of the claimant; gratuities in the 
form of pensions are granted upon no other real ground than the needy con- 
dition of the applicant or for reasons less valid; and large sums are expended 
for public buildings and other improvements, upon representations scarcely 
claimed to be related to public needs and necessities. 

The extent to which the consideration of such matters subordinates and 
postpones action upon subjects of great public importance, but involving ho 
special, private, or partisan interest, should arrest attention and lead to 
reformation. 



CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS. 

PLURALITIES OR MAJORITIES, REPUBLICAN, DEMOCRATIC, PEOPLE'S PARTY, 
LABOR PARTY OR INDEPENDENT, RECORDED AT THE CONGRESSIONAL 
ELECTIONS OF 1886, 1888 AND 1890, IN EVERY DISTRICT OF THE UNITED 
STATES AND THE TERRITORIES. 




Idaho 
Illinois 



CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. 





_ 






43 








3 

£ 


Plurality or Majority 




v 
- 


Plurality or Majority 


State 


•^ 




State 


— 






5 

6 


1886 


1888 


1890 




5 
3 


1886 


1888 


1890 


Louisiana,Con. 


9,250 D 


7,764 D 


6,611 


D 


New Jersey- 


637 |R 


2,593 D 


4,518 


l> 


Maine 


1 


1,326 


K 


2,433 


1! 


1,827 


R 


Continued. 


4 


123'D 


73 D 


4,684 


H 




2 


6,429 


R 


5,462 


It 


4,812 


R 




5 


2,836 |R 


1,072 R 


1,356 


li 




3 


4,991 


R 


6,531 


It 


3,515 


R 




6 


1,773 R 


774 R 


1,810 


I) 




4 


3,574 


R 


4,345 


It 


4,593 


It 




7 


4,253 


I) 


6,074 D 


5,114 


I) 


Maryland 


1 


1,151 


1) 


482 


I) 


2,380 


D 


New Mexico.. . 


1 


3,888 


D 


1,650 D 


2,064 


1) 




2 


3,654 


1) 


1,882 


1) 


5,610 


I» 


New York 


1 


926 


I) 


1,663 D 


4.914 


I) 




3 


10,334 


1> 


5,289 


1) 


5,(141 


I) 




2 


11,099 


li 


5,872 D 


6,581 


D 




4 


7,524 


D 


80 


It 


6,634 


D 




3 


172 


R 


2,871 R 


18 


1) 




5 


2,729 


I> 


181 


1) 


1,618 


D 




4 


3,628 


D 


6,927 D 


9,762 


D 




6 


413 


R 


1,634 


It 


165 


l> 




5 


472 


I) 


2,144 D 


5,656 


li 


Massachusetts 


1 


3,648 


l: 


9,485 


R 


9. (85 


R 




6 


13,133 


li 


3,246 D 


4,596 


1) 




2 


1,822 


R 


3,684 


R 


3,684 


R 




7 


5,023 


li 


1,914 D 


6,504 


I) 




3 


1,761 


D 


1,558 


D 


1 ,558 


D 




8 


3S0 


li 


5,049 D 


12,118 


D 




t 


7,372 


l» 


8,031 


D 


8,031 


D 




9 


5,495 


I) 


10,947 D 


9,790 


1) 




5 


3,358 


i: 


1,464 


It 


1,464 


It 




in 


527 


I> 


1,733 D 


8,596 


D 




6 


728 


K 


5,294 


It 


5,294 


It 




11 


21,201 


D 


4,454 D 


8,183 


l> 




7 


1,374 


R 


4.572 


It 


4.572 


R 




12 


5,206 


D 


13,273 D 


12,073 


D 




s 


532 


K 


3,220 


It 


454 


D 




13 


3,672 


R 


9,168 D 


16,448 


li 




9 


211 


l> 


2,036 


R 


131 


D 




1 1 


2,436 


li 


4,129 D 


6,180 D 




in 


751 


D 


1,915 


R 


7'00 


R 




15 


461 


D 


74 R 


1,579 D 




11 


4,562 


R 


3,816 


It 


150 


1> 




Hi 


4,002 


it 


12,542 R 


9,046 R 




12 


815 


It 


2,027 


R 


382 


D 




17 


3,488 


II 


1,609 R 


2,010 D 


Michigan 


1 


1,566 


D 


3,103 


1> 


5,930 


D 




is 


1,263 


D 


3,922 R 


1,246 R 




2 


1,032 


11 


1,564 


It 


1,903 


I) 




Ml 


167 


n 


2,306 D 


5,079 D 




3 


4,716 


R 


6,602 


R 


2,263 


It 




■.'(1 


6,304 


R 


3,301 R 


1,581 |R 




4 


2,513 


i: 


4,185 


R 


394 


It 




'.'I 


9,327 


R 


20,298 R 


3.191 R 




5 


447 


1) 


2,667 


R 


2,298 


D 




2" 


5,330 


R 


10,727 


R 


4,747 R 




6 


1,886 


l: 


367 


R 


681 


1) 




23 


1,184 


R 


1,732 


R 


514'D 




7 


813 


li 


406 


li 


1,987 


D 




21 


1,765 


R 


1,259 


It 


198 D 




8 


688 


li 


2,085 


R 


76 


D 




25 


4,589 


R 


17,981 


R 


5,828 R 




9 


3,023 


R 


4,374 


It 


60 


I) 




26 


6,793 


R 


7,312]R 


3,402 R 




in 


2,147 


D 


115 


R 


66 


1) 




27 


9,786 


R 


9,524 lR 


1,992 R 




11 


2,243 


R 


3,358 


It 


2,118 


R 




28 


2,313 


R 


1,258 R 


89 D 


Minnesota 


1 


2,828 


li 


1,844 


It 


2,323 


1) 




29 


14,038 


R 


4,825 R 


1,353 R 




■_> 


9,684 


l: 


9,219 


R 


182 


R 




30 


2,661 


R 


5,704 ;r 


251 D 




3 


1,205 


li 


2,868 R 


4,533 


D 




31 


4,589 


R 


5,424 R 


11,110 R 




1 


5,125 


I' 


10,006 R 


5,728 


1) 




32 


3,333 


R 


1,609|R 


4,973 D 




5 


12,698 


R 


7,519 


It 


2,142 


P 




33 


1,133 


R 


564 D 


1,792 D 


Mississippi .... 


1 


3,113 


D 


9,621 


I) 


3,501 


I) 




31 


7,661 


It 


15,426 R 


5,726 R 




2 


3,066 


1) 


8,161 


1) 


4,814 


I) 


North Carolina 


1 


2,755 


D 


1,158 D 


3,753 D 




3 


2,136 


I) 


7,010 


1> 


5,972 


D 




2 


2,098 


I> 


453'R 


1,230 R 




1 


2,842 


D 


10,459 


li 


5,181 


1) 




3 


5,395 


ii 


3,984 I) 


8,807 D 




5 


4,262 


1) 


12,255 


li 


6,305 


D 




4 


1,138 


R 


2,558iD 


6,578 D 




6 


4,459 


D 


6,116 


1) 


6,572 


D 




5 


1,580 


R 


675 ]R 


1,939 1) 




; 


4,502 


1> 


8,390 


D 


4,250 


D 




6 


6,602 


D 


5,705 1) 


8,396 D 


Missouri 


1 


2,868 


]> 


3,510 


1> 


5,154 


1) 




7 


9,104 


1) 


2,997 |D 


3,966 D 




3 


7:30 


D 


4,659 


li 


7,389 


I) 




8 


4,672 


1) 


3,108 D 


713 D 


1 


3 


4,362 


D 


3,671 


li 


7,455 


D 




9 


4,740 


D 


518lR 


1,128 D 


1 


4 


2,087 


li 


3,137 


I) 


3,309 


D 


North Dakota 


1 


— 




9,509 


1! 


6,535 R 




.') 


785 


It 


2,136 


li 


5,882 


D 


Ohio 


1 


2,356 


R 


1,899 


R 


2,288 R 




6 


2,88(1 


I) 


3,880 


1) 


7,662 


li 




2 


1,799 


R 


1,596 


R 


7,730 R 




7 


2,077 


D 


1,963 


D 


4,980 


l> 




3 


1,133 


R 


415 


R 


2,631 D 




8 


1,364 


D 


1,816 


K 


2.H5S 


l> 




4 


6,206 


li 


7,796 


D 


1,410 D 




9 


100 


D 


2,450 


It 


3,614 


li 




5 


11,973 


D 


5,994 


1> 


4,206 D 




in 


1,0*48 


D 


2,094 


R 


1,649 


D 




6 


1,377 


R 


95 


R 


1,712 D 




11 


2,598 


li 


2,259 


li 


4,106 


l> 




7 


2 


li 


858 


It 


2,05(1 D 




Id 


3,665 


I) 


1,623 


D 


7,115 


1) 




s 


1,388 


It 


3,270 


R 


191 I) 




1.1 


1,958 


It 


2,879 


It 


2,760 


l> 




'.1 


1,869 


R 


2 224 


R 


2,132 D 




11 


7,866 


D 


5,739 


li 


6.275 


li 




10 


1,588 


R 


U41 


U 


3,784 R 


Montana 


1 


3,718 


I) 


5,126 


It 


283 


11 




11 


4,348 


It 


4,985 


R 


2,953 I) 


Nebraska 


1 


7,023 


D 


3,407 


R 


6,713 


1) 




12 


1,258 


R 


680 


R 


7,037 R 




2 


5,058 


R 


9,757 


R 


1 1,328 


1) 




13 


2,580 


1> 


2,571 


I> 


1,466 D 




3 


7,774 


1! 


11,071 


It 


6,391 


I 




1 1 


1,071 


It 


962 


R 


3,420 D 


Nevada 


1 


1,030 


R 


1 ,23! 


1! 


874 


1! 




L5 


1,4701 R 


2,307 


II 


3,748 D 


New Hamps'ire 


1 


205 


I> 


359 


R 


1,138 


II 




16 


3,971 D 


1.625 


D 


302 I) 




2 


1,166 


R 


977 


It 


35 1 


D 




17 


3,613 R 


5,004'R 


701 D 


New Jersey 


1 


3,334 


R 


5,461 


R 


2,710 


It 




18 


2.559' R 


4,099, R 


5,210 R 




2 


2,703 


It 


3,303 


It 


1,163 


R 




19 


9,876 


R 


11,900 


R 


7,447 


R 



420 



CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. 





«3 

'■~ 


Plurality or Majority 




o 
"C 


Plurality or Majority 


State 








State 






5 


1886 


1888 


1890 




5 


1886 


1888 


1890 


Ohio- 


■.'(I 


877 


i; 


2,098 


R 


7,924 


II 


Tennessee — 


5 


7,546 


Ii 


9,358 


H 


8,550 


H 


Continued. 


21 


1,433 


1) 


616 


II 


3,390 


Ii 


Continued. 


6 


5,701 


l> 


6,279 


H 


8.9 IS 


D 


Oklahoma 


1 







— 




2,032 


R 




7 


3,721 


l> 


3,855 


l> 


1.998 


D 


Oregon.. 


1 


1,6135 


R 


7,407 


R 


9,913 


II 




s 


2,097 


Ii 


2,480 


1> 


7,975 


D 


Pennsylvania.. 


1 


6,399 


i; 


5. lis.", 


R 


7,669 


H 




9 


4,338 


D 


7,090 


l> 


8,232 


D 




2 


5,633 


1! 


4,408 


R 


6,539 


R 




10 


3.996 


li 


8,419 


l» 


6,1 16 


li 




3 


11 320 


D 


17,53(1 


U 


3,084 
12,265 


H 


Texas 


1 


6,500 
15,733 


Ii 


1.996 


l» 


8,045 


H 




1 


ll'509 


R 


9,039 


11 


B 






li 


9,554 


Ii 


12,917 


D 




5 


11,188 


I 


6,685 


i: 


11,403 


r| 




3 


9,336 


Ii 


10,882 


li 


11,369 


li 




(i 


1,312 


i: 


6,500 


R 


4,105 


B 




4 


12,533 


n 


24,300 


D 


11,151 


D 




7 


2,135 


B 


1,011 


R 


187 


1) 




5 


3,459 


H 


22,524 


I) 


20,856 


I> 




s 


4,815 


D 


6,340 


I) 


6,875 


1) 




ii 


7,329 


n 


14,689 


li 


21,971 


D 




9 


9,634 


B 


9,659 


I) 


11,193 


D 




7 


17.2 IS 


i) 


3,547 


li 


9,479 


D 




in 


20,671 


n 


11,174 


1! 


9,768 


I: 




s 


20.99(1 


n 


12,760 


Ii 


13,267 


1) 




11 


17,560 


D 


1,086 


R 


303 


D 




5,823 


D 


5,385 


Ii 


16.210 


I) 




12 


650 


I) 


1,499 


B 


1,484 


B 




10 


19,317 


li 


11,828 


D 


29.763 


l> 




13 


774 


1! 


688 


I) 


1,480 


1) 




11 


14,236 


li 


23,231 


D 


37,470 


D 




14 


2 031 


|; 


6,262 


R 


3,487 

.> o.>.> 


l; 


Utah 


1 


19,673 


l> 


6,643 


D 


9,111 


D 




1.-. 


5^660 


1! 


6|339 


R 


i; 


Vermont 


1 


9,977 


B 


14,146 


II 


8,531 


R 




Hi 


4,826 


II 


3,054 


R 


51 


II 




2 


10,509 


R 


14,614 


i: 


9,132 


II. 




17 


899 


I! 


2,056 


1) 


5,944 


II 


Virginia 


1 


1,895 


B 


414 


i; 


2,463 


I) 




18 


3,247 


R 


4,716 


II 


609 R 




2 


5,434 


B 


6,095 


K 


1,167 


D 




!'.! 


3,940 


1) 


4,579 


1) 


7,109 D 




3 


1,452 


D 


261 


II 


13,937 


1) 




20 


153 


i; 


4,281 


11 


526 R 




4 


8,475 


II 


642 


H 


3,334 


li 




21 


255 


t; 


5,221 


II 


1,498|R 




5 


3,159 


R 


1,363 


I) 


9,209 


l> 




22 


4,005 


u 


8,905 


u 


7,905 R 




6 


450 


L 


3,730 


H 


10,71 I 


li 




23 


5,039 


K 


7,288 


B 


7,116 R 




7 


764 


n 


2,820 


D 


8,942 


l> 




24 


4,440 


R 


4,338 


11 


123 


11 




8 


2,562 


n 


1,123 


D 


3,318 


l> 




25 


1,622 


R 


7,155 


II 


3,161 


1) 




9 


3,570 


R 


478 


D 


3,317 


l> 




26 


531 


R 


3,072 


11 


888 


R 




10 


1,654 


B 


583 


li 


8,779 


1) 




•y t 


1,213 


1) 


4,212 


i; 


3,313 


R 


Washington.. . 


1 


2,192 


li 


7,371 


R 


6,322 


11 




•Is 







2,089 


D 


4,692 


D 


West Virginia. 


1 


827 


i: 


19 


D 


(its 


I) 


Rhode Island . . 


1 


1,145 


R 


2,090 


II 


1,008 


1) 




2 


90 


D 


378 


H 


2,065 


Ii 




2 


577 


1) 


2,891 


B 


10'D 




3 


895 


D 


1,313 


I> 


4,655 


D 


South Carolina 


1 


3,315 


D 


7,2(4 


I) 


5,900! D 




4 


747 


D 


3 


U 


1 .925 


I" 




2 


5,212 


D 


9,299 


Ii 


8,285! D 


Wisconsin 


1 


573 


R 


4,314 


II 


323 


li 




3 


4,402 


D 


8,758 


D 


8.139 


I) 




■ i 


4,228 


i: 


2,954 


li 


8,560 


l> 




4 


4,470 


1) 


11,410 


I) 


8,114 


1) 




3 


3,510 


u 


2,929 


H 


1,002 


l> 




5 


4,090 


1) 


4,532 


D 


8,111 


1) 




I 


3,710 


L 


1,527 


II 


7,074 


li 




6 


4,411 


l> 


8,386 


1) 


6,670 


I> 




."> 


5,548 


D 


4,226 


li 


9,615 


I) 




7 


5,961 


i; 


1,355 


I) 


476 


I) 




6 


4,457 


R 


3,764 


II 


2,164 


H 


South Dakota. 


1 


— 




19,860 


B 


3,027 


B 




7 


4,803 


B 


4,485 


II 


2,002 


D 


Tennessee 


1 


5,440 


i: 


7,171 


n 


747 R 




8 


10,435 


11 


12,007 


II 


2,348 


R 




g 


8,057 


ii 


13,524 


ii 


5,382 R 




9 


2.763 


i; 


4,753 


R 


5,830 


D 




i* 


347 


n 


288 


ii 


523 D 


Wyoming 


1 


7,141 


R 


2,894 


1; 


2,859 


R 




4 


1.649 


i) 


8,094 


D 


6,884lD 



















421 



VOTE OF CITIES. 



City 



Baltimore, Md 

Boston, Mass 

Brooklyn, N. Y 

Burlington, Vt 

Cheyenne, Wyo 

Chicago, 111 

Cincinnati, O 

Hartford, Conn 

Lewiston, Me 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Nashville, Tenn 

New Orleans, La 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Providence, R. I 

Richmond, Va 

St. Louis, Mo 

San Francisco (County). Cal 

Seattle, Wash 

Trenton, N. J 

Wilmington, Del 



President, 1888. 




Governor, 1889-189$ 




Total 


Plurality 


>a 


Total 


Plurality 


>> 
u 


Year 


Vote 




Ph 


Vote 




Ah 




85,415 


5,045 


D 


72,250 


17,537 


D 


1891 


65,169 


8,853 


I) 


60,995 


13,558 


1> 


1891 


147,561 


12,235 


i> 


143,866 


17,642 


L 


1891 


2,212 


503 


R 


1,284 


44 


R 


1890 


— 


— 


— 


2,316 


326 


R 


1890 


125,497 


3,604 


D 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— 


54,816 


4,216 


R 


1891 


11,351 


322 


D 


9,875 


725 


U 


1890 


2,918 


458 


R 


2,882 


9 


1> 


1890 


37,057 


2,544 


R 


37,754 


5,299 


I) 


1890 


5,917 


89 


D 


2,971 


385 


\) 


1890 


23,286 


7,760 


D 


37,989 


7,073 


D 


1892 


269,204 


57,174 


D 


239,108 


59,502 


D 


1891 


205,444 


18,572 


R 


191,973 


20,888 


R 


1890 


13,954 


493 


R 


20,584 


669 


L> 


1892 


14,474 


1,9:38 


D 


14,235 


5,445 


L> 


1889 


62,856 


6,255 


R 


— 


— 


— 


— 


54,407 


2,991 


D 


55,266 


211 


D 


1890 


— 


— 


— 


4,463 


711 


R 


1890 


12,434 


590 


R 


11,670 


350 


D 


1889 


8,428 


1,708 


D 


11,223 


419 


R 


1890 



422 



ADDENDA. 



FARMERS' ALLIANCE. 

There have been several meetings in States where the Alliance is best 
represented ; but there is nothing of vital importance to record beyond what 
is stated elsewhere. 

THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. 

Steps are being taken in several States to reform the voting system now 
in operation. 

THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES. 

The names of National Committeemen appointed at the Convention are 
mentioned in Part I. 

THE TARIFF. 

Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty -second Con- 
gress. 

RECIPROCITY. 

A treaty has been signed with Austria-Hungary. 

THE SILVER QUESTION. 

Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- 
gress. 

STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, 1892-93. 

Indiana.— Governor Alvin P. Hovey (R.) died November 23, 1891; succeeded 
by Lieutenant-Governor Ira J. Chase (R). 

Nebraska. — Governor John M. Thayer (R.) was succeeded on January 8, 
1891, by James E. Boyd (D.), who was removed from office 
May 5, 1891, by decree of the State Supreme Court, and John 
M. Thayer again assumed the functions of Governor, continuing 
in office until January, 1893. 

Wyoming. — Governor, Amos W. Barber (acting). 

STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES, 1892-93. 

Mississippi.— At the State election, November, 1891, 45 Senators and 133 
Assemblymen were elected; all regular Democrats, except :'> 
Republicans, 1 Greenbacks and 7 Independents. 

Nevada. — No figures available at this time. 

New Mexico.— Apportionment by the Governor not yet made available. 

Texas. — No figures available at this time. 

Utah— Council, 8 Democrats, 4 Liberals; House, 16 Democrats and 8 Lib- 
erals. 

433 



424 ADDENDA.. 

CHANGES IN THE FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. 

SENATE. 

State.. Name. Died. Successor. 

Kansas Preston B. Plumb Dec. 20, 1891 Bishop W. Perkins. 

Virginia John S. Barbour May 14, 1892 Gen. Eppa Hinton. 

HOUSE. 

District. Name. Died. Successor. 

lOtb New York. .Francis B. Spinola. ...Apr. 13, 1891. .W. Bourke Cockran. 

5th Michigan Melbourne H. Ford. . .Apr. 20, 1891. .Charles E. Belknap. 

2d Tennessee Leonidas C. Houk. . ..May 25, 1891. .John C. Houk. 

South Dakota John R. Gamble Aug. 14, 1891. .John L. Jolley. 

8th Virginia Wm. H. F. Lee Oct." 15, 1891 . .Elisha E. Meredith. 

10th Kentucky. . . John W. Kendall. . . .March 7, 1892.. Joseph M. Kendall. 

No successor has been appointed to Roger Q. Mills, who represented the 
9th Texas district, and who was appointed to the Senate. 

THE NEW APPORTIONMENT. 



Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 9 in all. 

1. Counties of Marengo, Choctaw, Clarke. Monroe, Washington and 
Mobile. 

2. Counties of Montgomery, Pike, Crenshaw, Covington, Butler, Cone- 
cuh, Escambia, Baldwin and Wilcox. 

3. Counties of Lee, Russell, Bullock, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Coffee and 
Geneva. 

4. Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cle- 
burne. 

5. Counties of Lowndes, Autauga, Tallapoosa, Elmore, Macon, Coosa, 
Chambers, Randolph and Clay. 

6. Counties of Sumter, Pickens, Greene, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, 
Marian and Walker. 

7. Counties of DeKalb, Marshall, Etowah, Cullman, St. Clair, Winston, 
Cherokee and Franklin. 

8. Counties of Jackson, Madison, Limestone, Morgan, Lauderdale, Law- 
rence and Colbert. 

9. Counties of Jefferson, Bibb, Hale, Perry and Blount. 

ARKANSAS. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 6 in all. 

1. Counties of Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Greene, Jackson, 
Lawrence, Lee, Mississippi, Phillips, Poinset, Randolph, St. Francis, Sharp 
and Woodruff. 

2. Counties of Bradley, Cleveland, Dallas, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hot 
Springs, Jefferson, Lincoln, Montgomery, Polk, Saline, Scott and Sebastian. 

3. Counties of Ashley, Calhoun, Clark, Columbia, Hempstead, Howard, 
Lafayette, Little River, Miller, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike, Sevier and Union. 

4. Counties of Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Perry, Pulaski, Pope and Yell. 

5. Counties of Benton, Boone, Carroll, Conway, Faulkner, Madison, 
Newton, Searcy, Van Buren and Washington. 

6. Counties of Arkansas, Baxter, Cleburne, Fulton, Independence, Izard, 
Lonoke, Marion, Monroe, Prairie, Stone and White, 



ADDENDA. 425 



CALIFORNIA. 

Entitled to one additional representative, or 7 in all. 

1. Counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, 
Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, Sierra, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa and Marin. 

2. Counties of Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, 
Calaveras, Mono, Inyo, Alpine, Tuolumne, Mariposa, San Joaquin and Sac- 
ramento. 

3. Counties of Colusa, Yolo, Lake, Solano, Contra Costa and Alameda. 

4. County of San Francisco (part). 

5. Counties of San Francisco (part), San Mateo and Santa Clara. 

6. Counties of Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, 
Ventura and Los Angeles. 

7. Counties of Stanislaus, Merced, San Benito, Fresno, Tulare, Kern, San 
Bernardino, Orange and San Diego. 

COLORADO. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 

1. Counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Logan, 
Morgan, Park, Philips, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma. 

2. Counties of Archuleta, Baca, Bent, Chaffee, Cheyenne, Clear Creek, 
Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Douglas, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, 
Fremont, Garfield, Gilpin, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Kiowa, 
Kit Carson, La Plata, Las Animas, Lincoln,; Mesa, Montezuma, Montrose, 
Otero, Ouray, Pitkin, Prowers, Pueblo, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, 
Saguache, San Juan, San Miguel, Summit and Weld. 



Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 11 in all. 

I. Counties of Chatham, Burke, Screven, Emanuel, Bulloch, Effingham, 
Bryan, Tatnall, Liberty and Mcintosh. 

2 Counties of Quitman, Clav, Randolph, Terrell, Calhoun, Dougherty, 
Worth, Early, Baker, Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt, Berrien, Decatur and 

Thomas. , _ , .,,,... „ , , 

3. Counties of Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Dooly, Wilcox, Schley, 
Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Mason, Taylor and Crawford. 

4. Counties of Muscogee, Marion, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, 
Coweta, Heard, Carroll and Chattahoochee. 

5. Counties of Fulton, Douglas, Campbell, Clayton, DeKalb, Rockdale, 
Newton and Walton. 

6. Counties of Bibb, Baldwin, Jones, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Spalding, 
Fayette, Henry and Butts. 

*7 Counties of Haralson. Paulding, Cobb, Polk, Floyd, Bartow, Chat- 
tooga, Gordon, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Whitfield and Murray. 

8. Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Morgan, Greene, Oconee, Clark, Ogle- 
thorpe, Madison, Elbert, Hart, Franklin and Wilkes. 

9 Counties of Fannin, Union, Towns, Rabun, Habersham White, 
Lumpkin, Dawson, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Forsyth, Milton, Gwinnett, 
Jackson, Hall and Banks. -. 

10 Counties of Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, Jefferson, Glascock, Mc- 
Duttie, Warren, Taliaferro, Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock. 

II. Counties of Glynn, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Podge, Telfair, 
Irwin, Coffee, Appling, Wayne, Pierce, Ware, Echols, Lowndes, Brooks, 
Charlton, Camden and Clinch. 

30b 



426 ADDENDA. 



Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 22 in all. 
The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the twoad di- 
tional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. 

KANSAS. 

i Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 

The last legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional 
representative will be voted for at large at the next election. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 13 in all. 

1. Counties of Berkshire, Franklin (part), Hampshire (part) and Hamp- 
den (part). 

2. Counties of Franklin (part), Hampshire (part), Hampden (part) and 
Worcester (part). 

3. Counties of Worcester (part) and Middlesex (part). 

4. Counties of Worcester (part), Middlesex (part) and Norfolk (part). 

5. Counties of Essex (part) and Middlesex (part). 

6. County of Essex (part). 

7. Counties of Essex (part), Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 

8. Counties of Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 

9. County of Suffolk (part). 

10. Counties of Suffolk (part) and Norfolk (part). 

11. Counties of Suffolk (part). Middlesex (part) and Worcester (part). 

12. Counties of Norfolk (part), Plymouth (part) and Bristol (part). 

13. Counties of Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket, Plymouth (part) and Bris- 
tol (part). 

MICHIGAN. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 12 in all. 

1. Thirteen wards of Detroit, Wayne County. 

2. Counties of Lenawee, Monroe, Jackson, Washtenaw, and Wavne 
(part). 

3. Counties of Branch, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Eaton. 

4. Counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry. 

5. Counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia. 

6. Counties of Oakland, Genesee, Livingston, Ingham and Wayne (part). 

7. Counties of Macomb, Lapeer, St. Clair, Sanilac, Huron and Wavne 
(part). 

8. Counties of Clinton, Schiawassee and Tuscola. 

9. Counties of Muskegon, Oceana, Newaygo, Mason, Lake, Manistee, 
Wexford, Benzie, Leelanavv and Manitou. 

10. Counties of Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iasco, Alcona, 
Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Otsego, Chebovuan 
and Emmet. 

11. Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Oxala, Clare. Ros- 
common, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix. 

12. Counties of Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, 
Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle 
Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron, Cass and Gogebic. 

MINNESOTA. 

Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 7 in all. 

1. Counties of Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Waseca, Steele, 
Dodge, Olmsted, Winona and Wabasha, 



ADDENDA. 42? 

2. Counties of Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Nobles, Rock, Pipestone, 
Murray, Watonwan, Blue Earth, Nicollet, Brown, Redwood, Lyon, Lincoln, 
Yellow Medicine, Lac qui Parle, Chippewa and Cottonwood. 

3. Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Le Sueur, Sibley, Carver, 
McLeod, Renville and .Meeker. 

4. Counties of Ramsey, Washington, Chisago, Isanti and Kanabec. 

5. County of Hennepin. 

6. Counties of Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Carlton. Aitkin, Crow 
Wing, Pine, Mille Lacs, Anoka, Sherburne, Wright, Stearns, Benton, Mor 
rison, Todd, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and Beltrami. 

7. Counties of Kittson, Marshall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Wilkin, Traverse, 
Big Stone, Swift, Kandiyohi, Stevens, Pope, Douglas, Grant, Otter Tail 
and Becker. 



Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 15 in all. 

The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional 
representative will be voted for at large at the next election. 

NEBRASKA. 

Entitled to 3 additional representatives, or G in all. 

1. Counties of Cass, Johnson, Lancaster, Lincoln, Otoe, Pawnee, Rich- 
ardson and Wehama. 

2. Counties of Douglas, Sarpy and Washington. 

3. Counties of Antelope, Boone, Burt, Cedar, Colfax, Cuming, Dakota, 
Dixon, Dodge, Knox, Madison, Merrick, Nance, Pierce, Platte, Stanton, 
Thurston and Wavne. 

4. Counties of "Butler, Gage, Fillmore, Hamilton, Jefferson, Polk, Saline, 
Saunders, Seward, Thayer and York. 

5. Counties of Adams, Chase, Clay, Dundy. Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, 
Gosper, Hall, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Kearney, Nuckolls, Perkins, 
Phelps, Red Willow and Webster. 

6. Counties of Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chey- 
enne, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Garfield, Greeley, Bolt, 
Hooper, Howard. Keya Paha, Keith, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup. Me 
Pherson, Rock, Scott's Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley 
and Wheeler. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 

1. Counties of Camden, Cumberland, Cape May, Gloucester and Salem. 

2. Counties of Atlantic, Mercer, Burlington and < >cean. 

3. Counties of Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth. 

4. Counties of Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, .Morn's and Essex (parti. 

5. Counties of Bergen, Passaic and Hudson (part). 

6. City of Newark, in the county of Essex. 

7. Cities of Jersey City and Hoboken, and the townships of Harrison and 
Kearney, county of Hudson. 

8. The counties of Union, Essex (part) and Hudson (pari I 

OHIO. 

The redistricting of Ohio bv the State Legislature may be seen on map of 
Ohio, p. 284. 



428 ADDENDA. 



OREGON. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 

1. Counties of Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Jos- 
ephine, Klamath, Lake, Linn, Lane, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, Washington 
and Yamhill. 

2. Counties of Baker, Clatsop, Columbia, Crook, Gilliam, Grand, Har- 
ney, Malheur, Morrow, Multnomah, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa 
and Wasco. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 30 in all. 
The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional 
representativesVill be voted for at large at the next election. 



Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 13 in all. 
The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional 
representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. 

WASHINGTON. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 

The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the additional repre- 
sentative will be voted for at large at the next election. 

WISCONSIN. 

Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 10 in all. 

1. Counties of Racine, Kenosha, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 

2. Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia. 

3. Counties of Adams, Juneau, Vernon, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, 
Grant and Iowa. 

4. County of Milwaukee (part). 

5. Counties of Sheboygan, Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha and Mil- 
waukee (part). 

6. Counties of Waushara, Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Winne- 
bago, Calumet and Manitowoc. 

7. Counties of Pepin, Eau Claire, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Jackson, Mon- 
roe and La Crosse. 

8. Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outagamie, Brown, Kewau- 
nee and Door. 

9. Counties of Clark, Taylor, Price, Ashland, Oneida, Lincoln, Mara 
thon, Shawnee, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 

10. Counties of ^Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett, Sawyer, Washburn, Polk 
Barron, Chippewa, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. 



ADDENDA. 



429 



CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN 1893, WHEN VESSELS NOW 
BUILDING ARE COMPLETED. 



Type 


Unfit 
for sea 
service 


Avail- 
able 


Total 


Armored : 


13 


4 
2 

6 
1 


4 




•> 




13 




6 




1 






Total 


13 


13 


26 






Unarmored : 


- 


10 

12 

1 

1 
1 
1 


10 




12 


Torpedo vessel 


1 
1 




1 




1 






Total 


- 


26 


26 






Iron and wooden steam vessels of obsolete type and little value 


8 


9 
5 

14 


9 

5 


Hulks 


8 




14 






Total 


8 


28 


36 








31 


67 


88 







RANK OP THE U. S. NAVY. 









If 9 battleships and 








:so torpedo boats are 


Rank of the navies 




In 1860 the United 


added to U. S. Navv, 


of the world when 




States ranked after 


eliminating i lie ques- 


vessels for U. S. 


In 1886 the United 


the following oat inns 


tion of organizal ion 


Navy now building 


States ranked thus : 


and ahead of all the 


and p e rSO n Ii e 1 ill 


are completed. 




rest : 


which Germany is 
much superior, we 
will rank 


Great Britain. 


Great Britain. 


Great Britain. 


Great Britain. 


France. 


France. 


France. 


France. 


Italy. 


Italy. 


Russia. 


Italy. 


Russia. 


Russia. 


Spain. 


Russia,. 


Germany. 


Germany. 


Sweden and Norwa v. 


United Slates. 


Spain. 


Spain. 


United States. 


Germany, el c. 


United States. 


Austria. 






Austria. 


China. 






China. 


Japan. 






Japan. 


Holland. 






Holland. 


Sweden and Norway. 






Sweden and Norway. 


Turkey. 






Turkey. 


Denmark. 






Denmark. 


Greece. 






(Jl'eeee. 


Brazil. 






Brazil. 


Argentina. 






Argentina. 


Chile. 






Chile. 


Portugal. 






Portugal. 


United States. 






Peru. 


Peru. 






Mexico. 


Mexico. 







430 



ADDENDA. 



PERSONNEL U. S. NAVY, 1860 AND 1892. 
(Active list, exclusive of Marine Corps.) 



Ranks. 


1860 


1892 


No. 


Total 


No. 


Total 


Officers of the line : 


80 
114 


194 

409 
148 

64 
174 

34 

175 

238 


6 
10 
45 
85 













Commanders 


- 


Total number having command or flag rank 


325 
34 

50 


74 
250 

76 
173 


146 































Total number in subordinate grades 


- 


- 


573 
164 




94 


Officers of the engineer branch 

Chaplains, professors, naval constructors, and civil 


192 

70 




138 




28 








312 








1,436 


1,717 








7,600 


*8.250 







♦Number allowed by law ; the actual number is 100 to 200 less, varying from month 
to month. 

INCREASE OF THE NAVY.— ACT OF 1892. 



"That for the purpose of further increasing the Naval Establishment of 

the United States, the President is hereby authorized to have constructed, 
by contract, one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displacement 
of the general type of armored cruiser numbered two (New York), to cost, 
exclusive of armament, not more than three million five hundred thousand 
dollars, excluding any premium that may be paid for increased speed and 
the cost of armament. The contract for the construction of said cruiser shall 
contain provisions to the effect that the contractor guarantees that when 
completed and tested for speed, under conditions to be prescribed by the 
Navy Department, it shall exhibit a speed of at least twenty knots per hour; 
and for every quarter knot of speed so exhibited above said guaranteed 
speed, the contractor shall receive a premium over and above the contract 
price of fifty thousand dollars; and for every quarter knot that such vessel 
fails of reaching said guaranteed speed, there shall be deducted from the 
contract price the sum of fifty thousand dollars. In the construction of said 
vessel all the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and 
eighty-six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," as to ma- 
terial for said vessel, its engines, 1 toilers, and machinery, the contract under 
which it is built, the notice of and proposals for the same, the plans, draw- 
ings, specifications therefor, and the method of executing said contract, shall 
be observed and followed, and said vessel shall be built in compliance with 
the terms of said act, save that in all its parts said vessel shall be of domestic 



ADDENDA. 431 

manufacture. If the Secretary of the Navy shall be unable to contract at 
reasonable prices for the building of said vessel, then he may build such Ni- 
sei in such navy -yard as he may disignate. 

(34) Also one sea-going coast-line battle ship, designed to carry tin- heaviest 
i if /nor and most powerful ordnance, with a displacement of about nine thou- 
sand tons, to have the highest practicable speed for vessels of its duns, and to 
cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for in- 
creased speed, not exceeding four million dollars; one harbor-defense double- 
t u r ret ship of the monitor type, with a displacement of about seven thousand 
five hundred tons, to have the highest practicable spent for vessels of Us class, 
and to cost, exclusive of armamt nl and of any premiums that may be paid for 
increased speed, not exceeding three million dollars; and if said ship is built on 
the Pacific Goast the Secretary of the Treasury is authorised to allow three per 
centum on the cost thereof to the contractor, in addition to the contract price, to 
cover the cost of the transportation of material used in the construction thereof; 
four light-draft gunboats of from eight hundred to one thousand two hundred 

tons displacement, with the highest practicable speed for vessels of their class, 
and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paidfor 
increased speed, not exceeding four hundred and fifty thousand dollars each; 
and six torpedo boats, at a cost of not exceeding one hundred and u n thousand, 
dollars each; and not more than two of said torpedo boats shall be built at one 
establishment. 

(35) In the construction of all said vessels, following the provision for the 
construction of the one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displace- 
ment, the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty- 
six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," shall be obst rr< d 
and followed in the same manner that the provisions of said act a re appln <l to the 
construction of said armored cruiser; and in the contracts for the construction 
of each of said vessels, besides the, armored cruiser before named, such provis- 
ions for minimum speed etnd for premiums for increased speed and penalties 
for deficient speed may be made, subject to the terms of this act, as in the dis- 
cretion of the Secretary of the Navy may be deemed advisable. 

UNDER THE BUREAU OF ORDNANCE. 

Armament and Armor: Toward the armament and armor of domestic 
manufacture for the vessels authorized by the act of August third, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-six; of the vessels authorized by section three of the act 
approved March third, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; of the vessels 
authorized by the act approved September seventh, eighteen hundred and 
eighty-eight; of the vessels authorized by the acl of Manh second, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-nine; of those authorized by the acts of June thirtieth, 
eighteen hundred and ninety, March second, eighteen hundred and uinetj 
one, and this act (36), two million (37) one hundred thousand dollars. 

(38) For the purchase and installation of new machinery for the breech- 
mechanism shop at th.e navy-yard, Washington, District of Columbia, one hun- 
dred thousand, dollars. 

(39) For torpedo outfits for tlie Atlanta, Boston and Chicago, eighty-two 
thousand dollars. 

UNDER THE BUREAU OF EQUIPMENT. 

Equipment of New Vessels of the Navy: Toward the completion 
of the equipment outfit of the new vessels heretofore authorized by Congress, 
four hundred thousand dollars. 

UNDER THE BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS. 

Traveling Cranes: For one traveling crane of forty tons capacity, for 
dry docks at Mare Island, California, navy-yard, sixty thousand dollars. 



432 



ADDENDA. 



Construction and Steam Machinery: Toward the construction and 
completion of the new vessels heretofore and herein authorized by Congress, 
with their engines, boilers and machinery, and for the payment of premiums 
for increased speed or horse-power under contracts now existing, and to be 
made under this and other acts for the increase of the Navy, seven million 
(40) four hundred thousand dollars: Provided, That no contract for the pur- 
chase of gun steel or armor for the Navy shall hereafter be made until the 
subject-matter of the same shall have been submitted to public competition 
by the Department by advertising. 

Passed the Senate, with amendments, May 18, 1892. 

Anson G. McCook, Secretary. 

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 

New Department Commanders have been elected, but a complete list is 
not yet available. 

COAST DEFENCE. 

A Coast Defence bill is pending in the present Congress. 
THE CHILIAN CONTROVERSY. 

Suits aggregating $1,000,000 have been entered against the Chilian gov- 
ernment for the killing and wounding of the thirty-seven sailors of the 
cruiser Baltimore. 

THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY 

This has been practically settled, for the time being, by the Senate's ap- 
proval in executive session of Lord Salisbury's last communication, offering 
a solution of the difficulty on an equitable basis of protection and defence for 
both parties. 

APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR— REVISED. 



Argentine Republic $100,000 

Austria 147,000 

Bolivia 150,000 

Brazil 550,000 

Chili 100,000 

Colombia 100,000 

Costa Rica 100,000 

Ecuador 125,000 

France 400,000 

Germany 250,000 

Great Britain 125,000 

Guatemala 120,000 

Honduras 20,000 

Japan 500,000 

Mexico 750,000 

Nicaragua 50,000 

Norway 60,000 

Peru 100,000 

Salvador 30,000 

British Guiana 20,000 

British Honduras 7,000 

Dutch West Indies 10,000 

Dutch Guiana 6,000 

Danish West Indies 10,000 

Ceylon 40,000 



Arizona $30,000 

California 300,000 

Colorado 100,000 

Delaware 10,000 

Idaho ... 20,000 

Illinois 800,000 

Indiana 75,000 

Iowa 175,000 

Maine 40,000 

Maryland 60,000 

Massachusetts 150,000 

Michigan 100,000 

Minnesota 50,000 

Missouri 150,000 

Montana 50,000 

Nebraska 50,000 

New Hampshire 25, 000 

New Jersey 70,000 

New Mexico 25,000 

New York 300,000 

North Carolina 25,000 

North Dakota 25,000 

Ohio 100,000 

Pennsylvania 300,000 

Rhode Island 25,000 

Vermont 20,000 

Washington 100,000 

West Virginia 40,000 

Wisconsin 65,000 

Wyoming 30,000 

Fifty-nine thousand dollars have been appropriated for the World's Fair 
during the present session of Congress in the Sundry Civil bill. 



INDEX. 



Note.— For information given concerning- each of the States, alphabetically or in 
geographical groups, see index under States. 



INDEX. 



Adams, John, life of, III., 20-21. 
Adams, John Quiney, life of, III., 26-27. 
Administration Building, World's Fair. 

(Illus.) 
Agriculture, Department, officers of, III., 

61. 
Alabama, map and political analysis of, 

III., 222-223. 
Alliance, Farmers', history of the, II., 5-6. 
Amendments, Constitutional, III., 15-17. 
America, Central, imports and exports, 

U. S., 1889-1891, III., 102. 
America, South, imports and exports, 

U. S., 1889-1891, III., 162. 
American Federation of Labor, member- 
ship of, II., 12. 
An Interesting Document, in., 142-153. 
Apportionment, the New, States Redis- 

tricted, III., 94-99. 
Apportionment of Representatives, 1789- 

1893, III., 92-93. 
Appropriations by Congress, 1882-1892, 

III., 136. 
Arizona, map of, HI., 314. 
Arkansas, map and political analysis of, 

III., 224-225. 
Army, Grand, of the Republic, III., 190- 

191. 
Army Legislation, III., 179-180. 
Army of the United States, III., 177-180. 
Arthur, Chester Allan, life of, III., 37. 
Australian Ballot, the, II., 24. 
Ballot, the Australian, II., 24. 
Baltimore, the U. S. war vessel. (Illus.) 
Behring Sea Controversy, the, III., 199- 

207. 
Blaine Report on Reciprocity, (A) 381-385. 
Blood will tell. (Cartoon.) 
Boston, the U. S. cruiser. (Illus.) 
Buchanan. James, life of. III., 30-31. 
California, map and political analysis of, 

III., 226-227. 
Central America, Imports and Exports 

U. S., 1889-1891, III., 162. 
Chicago, the U. S. flag ship. (Illus.) 
Chilean Controversy, the, III., 195-198. 
Civil Service Rules,' III., 187-189. 
Cleveland, Grover, life of, III., 37 38. 
Coast Defenses, concerning, III., 192 194. 
Colorado, map ami political analysis of, 

III., 22S 829. 
Columbian Exposition, the World's, III., 

208-21. ■;. 
Columbus, birthplace of . (Illus.) 
Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army, 

HI., 191. 
Committee, IVople's Part v Nat ional, II., 

23. 
Committee, Prohibition National. 11.22. 
Committees, Democratic National and 

State, II., 20-21. 
Committees, Republican National ami 

State, II., 16-17. 



Congress, Appropriations by, 1882-1892, 

HI., 136. 
Congress, Fifty-first, rules of, III., 100- 

101. 
Congress, Fifty - second, rules of, III., 

102-119. 
Connecticut, map and political analysis 

of, III., 230-231. 
Constitution of the United States, III., 

5-17. 
Constitutional Amendments. III., 15-17. 
Convention, the National, 1892, proceed- 
ings of, I., 
Cornwallis, the surrender of. (Illus.) 
Customs Duties, United States, old and 

new, H., 30-34. 
Customs, Receipts and Expenditures, by 

States, 1891, HI., 155. 
Debt, Public, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 

126. 
Declaration of Independence, III., 1 I. 
Defenses, Coast, concerning, III., 192-194. 
Delaware, map and political analysis of, 

III., 232-233. 
Democratic Clubs, National Association 

of, II., 21. 
Democratic National State Committees, 

II., 20-21. 
Department of Agriculture, officers of, 

III., 61. 
Department of Justice, officers of, III., 

61. 
Department of State, officers of, 111., 54. 
Departments at the National Capital, 

HI., 51-53. 
Departments of the Grand Army, 111 , 

190. 
District of Columbia, map of, III.. 818. 
Document, an Interesting, III., 142-153. 
Duties, Customs, United States, old and 

new, II., 30 34. 
Electoral College, proceedings ol the, 

III., 40. 
Electoral College, vote of the, 1892, III., 

43. 
Electoral Vote, bv Stairs, 1789 ISSH, 111., 

41-42. 
Electoral Vote, new apportionment, 1892, 

III., II. 
Encampments of the Grand Army, ill., 

191. 
Executive Department, officers oi. 111., 

54. 
Expenditures, Net revenue and, with 

per capitas, 1837 IH9I, III.. 151. 
Expenditures, Receipts and, U. S., 1791- 

1891, III., 128 186. 
Expenditures, Receipts and. V. S., m de- 
tail, 1891-1892, III., 187 141. 
Exports, Imports and, 1888 1891, III.. 156 

162. 
Exposition, the World's Columbian, III., 
208-218. 



435 



436 



INDEX. 



Farmers 1 Alliance, history of the, II., 5-6. 
Farmers' Alliance, Ocala Platform of, 

II., 7. 
Federal Government, officers of the, 1892, 
III., 54-62. 

Federation of Labor, American, member- 
ship of, II., 12. 

Fifty-First Congress, rules of, III., 100- 
101. 

Fifty-Second Congress, rules of, III., 102- 
119. 

Financial Condition and Population of 
States and Territories, 1890, III., 79- 
81. 

First Political Parties, formation of, III., 
21-23. 

Florida, map and political analysis of, 
IH., 234-235. 

Formation of the Republican Party, III., 
32-33. 

Garfield, James Abram, life of, III., 37. 

Genoa, harbor of. (Illus.) 

Georgia, map and political analysis of, 
III., 236-237. 

Gerrymandering, concerning, II., 25. 

Governors of States and Territories, 1892- 
1893, III., 65. 

Government, Federal, officers of the, 
1892, in., 54-62. 

Grand Army of the Republic, III., 190-191. 

Grant, Ulysses S., life of, III., 35-36. 

Great Exhibition of 1860, the. (Cartoon.) 

Harrison, Benjamin, life of. III., 38. 

Harrison, William Henry, life of, HI., 29. 

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, life of, III., 
36. 

History of Tariff Legislation, II., 26-29. 

History of the Party, H., 1-4. 

Honest Abe taking them on the half- 
shell. (Cartoon.) 

House of Representatives, members of, 
alphabetically, III., 89-91. 

House of Representatives, members of, 
by States, III., 85-88. 

Idaho, map and political analysis of, III., 
238-239. 

Illinois, map and political analysis of, 
III., 240-241. 

Imports and Exports, 1888-1891, HI., 156- 
162. 

Increase of the Navy, concerning the, 
III., 184-185. 

Independence, Declaration of, HI., 1-4. 

Independent Departments at Washing- 
ton, III., 62. 

Indiana, map and political analysis of, 
III., 242-243. 

Interesting Document, an, HI., 142-153. 

Interior Department, officers of, III., 60- 
61. 

Internal Revenue, Receipts and Expendi- 
tures, by States, 1891, III., 155. 

Iowa, map and political analysis of, IH., 
244-245. 

Itata, the Chilian Insurgent Vessel. (Illus.) 

Jackson, Andrew, life of, IH., 27-28. 

Jefferson, Thomas, life of, IH., 23-24. 

Johnson, Andrew, life of, III., 34-.35. 

Justice, Department of, officers, III., 61. 

Kansas, map and political analysis of, 
IH., 246-247. 

Kentucky, map and political analysis of, 
III., 248-249. 

Labor, American Federation of, mem- 
bership, II., 12. 



Labor Party, history of the, II., 11. 
Labor Vote, State Elections, 1889-1891, 

II., 12. 
League, Republican, of the United States, 

II., 18-19. 
Legislation, Tariff, history of, II., 26-29. 
Legislatures, State and Territorial, 1892- 

1893, III., 78. 
Lincoln, Abraham, life of, III., 33-34. 
Louisiana, map and political analysis of, 

III., 250-251. 
McKmley Bill, text of the, (A) 338-380. 
MeKinley, William, Jr., speech of, on his 

tariff measure, (A) 394-406. 
Machinery Building and Canal, World's 

Fair. (Illus.) 
Madison, James, life of, III., 24-25. 
Maine, map and political analysis of, 

III., 252-253. 
Maryland, map and political analysis of, 

HI., 254-255. 
Massachusetts, map and political anal- 
ysis of, HI., 256-257. 
Mexico, Imports and Exports, U. S., 

1889-1891, III., 162. 
Michigan, map and political analysis of, 

III., 258-259. 
Military Establishment, U. S., cost of, 

1891, HI., 179. 
Minnesota, map and political analysis of, 

III., 260-261. 
Mississippi, map and political analysis 

of, HI., 262-263. 
Missouri, map and political analysis of, 

III., 264-265. 
Monroe, James, life of, III., 25-26. 
Montana, map and political analysis of, 

IH., 266-267. 
National and State committees, Republi- 
can, II., 16-17. 
National Association of Democratic 

Clubs, H., 21. 
National committee, People's Party, II., 

23. 
National committee, Prohibition, n., 22. 
National Convention, the, 1892, proceed- 
ings of, I., 
National State committees, Democratic, 

II., 20-21. 
Naturalization Law, the, III., 214. 
Naval Academy. Annapolis, concerning 

the, ni., 183-184. 
Naval establishment, U. S., cost of the, 

1891, IH., 184. 
Naval officers, pay of, by ranks, III., 182- 

183. 
Navy, concerning increase of the, III., 

184-185. 
Navy Department, officers of, III., 57-59. 
Navy, U. S., list of new vessels in, 1891, 

III., 181. 
Nebraska, map and political analysis of, 

III., 268-269. 
Net revenue and expenditures, with per 

capitas, 1837-1891,111., 154. 
Nevada, map and political analysis of, 

III., 270-271. 
New Hampshire, map and political anal- 
ysis of, III., 272-273. 
New Jersey, map and political analysis 

of, HI., 274-275. 
New Mexico, map of, III., 315. 
New Navy of the U. S., list of vessels in 

the, 1891, III., 181. 
New States, Party Tendency in, III., 82-83. 



INDEX. 



43^ 



New York, map and political analysis of, 
III., 276-279. 

Nominee, the Presidential, 1892, life v and 
record of, I., 

Nominee, Vice-Presidential, the, 1892, life 
and record of, I., 

North Bend Farmer, the, and his visitors. 
(Cartoon.) 

North Carolina, map and political analy- 
sis of, III., 280-281. 

North Dakota, map and political analy- 
sis of, III., 282-283. 

Ocala Platform, Farmers' Alliance, II., 7. 

Officers, Army, pay of, by ranks, III., 178. 

Officers, State and Territorial, 1892-1893, 
HI., 66-77. 

Officers, U.S. Navy, pay of, by ranks, III., 
182-183. 

Ohio, map and political analysis of, III., 
284-285. 

Oklahoma, map of, III., 316. 

Oregon, map and political analysis of, 
UI., 286-287. 

Origin of States and Territories, III., 63. 

Our Pensioners, concerning, III., 163-177. 

Parties, First Political, formation of, III., 
21-23. 

Party, history of the, II., 1-4. 

Party Tendency in the New States, III., 
82-83. 

Pennsylvania, map and political analysis 
of,' III., 288-289. 

Pension Agencies, payments at, 1891, 
III., 164. 

Pension Claims Admitted and Rejected, 
1881-1891, ID., 172-175. 

Pension Claims, filed and allowed, 1861- 
1891, III., 170. 

Pension Claims, increase in number al- 
lowed, 1862-1891, III., 174-175. 

Pension Laws, recent, III., 165-169. 

Pension Rates, 1891, 176. 

Pensioners, number of, by States and 
Countries, 1891, III., 170. 

Pensioners, Our, concerning, III., 163-177. 

Pensions, total amounts paid for, 1861- 

1891, III., 171. 

Pensions, total number of, 1861-1891, III., 

171. 
People's Party National Committee, II., 

23. 
Pierce, Franklin, life of, III., 31-32. 
Political parties, first formation of, III., 

21-23. 
Polk, James Knox, life of, III., 30. 
Popular Vote, by States, IK24-1S88, III., 

46-50. 
Popular Vote, U. S., 1789-1888, III., 45. 
Population and Financial Condition of 

States and Territories, 1890, III., 

79-81. 
Population, Net Revenue and Expendi- 
tures, with per capitas, 1837-1891, III., 

154. 
Post-Office Department, officers of, III., 

59-60. 
Presidential Nominee, the, 1892, life and 

record of, I., 
Presidential Succession, the, III., 39-40. 
Presidents and Vice-Presidents, III., 18. 
Proceedings of the National Convention, 

1892, I., 

Prohibition Movement, history of the, II., 

13. 
Prohibition National Committee, II., 22. 



Public Debt, analysis of, 1856-1891, III., 

127. 
Public Debt, principal of, 1791-1891, III., 

126. 
Qual ideations, Voting by States, III., 

215-219. 
Radical Party, the, on a heavy grade. 

(Cartoon.) 
Receipts and Expenditures, U. S., 1791- 

1891, III., 128-135. 
Receipts and Expenditures, U. S., in de- 
tail, 1891-1892, III., 137-141. 
Reciprocity, concerning, II., 36-38. 
Reciprocity, text of provisions for, 1890, 

II., 37-38. 
Reciprocity, the Blaine Report on, (A) 

Redisricting of States, 1890-1891, III., 94- 
99. 

Registration of Voters, III., 220. 

Representatives, Apportionment of, 1789- 
1893, III., 92-93. 

Republic, Grand Army of the, III., 190- 
191. 

Republican League of the United States, 
II., 18-19. 

Republican National and State commit- 
tees, II., 16-17. 

Republican Party, formation of, III., 32- 
33. 

Revenue, Net, and Expenditures, with 
per capitas, 1837-1891, III., 154. 

Rhode Island, map and political analysis 
of, III., 290-291. 

Rules, Civil Service, III., 187-189. 

Rules of the Fifty-first Congress, III., 
100-101. 

Rules of the Fifty-second Congress, III., 
102-119. 

Rules, Supreme Court Decision, on. III., 
120-125. 

San Diego, California, harbor of. illlus.) 

Senate, Members of, alphabetically, III., 
88-89 

Senate, Members of, by States, [II., SI K5. 

Setlleinentof States and Territories, III., 
64. 

Silver Bill of 1890, the, (A) 386-387. 

Silver Question, the. II., 39-40. 

Single Tax Theory, I lie. II., 11 1',' 

South. America. Imports and Kxports, 
U. S., 1889 1891, HI.. 168. 

South Carolina, map and political analy- 
sis of, III., 292 398. 

South Dakota, map and political analy- 
sis of, III., 294-295. 

State and National committees, Demo- 
cratic, II., 20-21. 

State and National committees, Republi- 
can, II., 16-17. 

State Department, officers of. Ill, M. 

States, Apportionment of, 1789 1898, HI . 
93. 
Assessed valuation of property in, 
III., 79-81. „, ,,, 

Congressional Districts in, III., ~~~- 

818. 
Congressional pluralities in, Addenda. 
Count ies, number of, 111-. 223 818. 
County map of, III., 222 818. 
County Vote, variations in. III., 223- 

318. 
Customs duties, receipts and expendi- 
tures from, III., 155. 



438 



INDEX. 



States, Debt of, 1890, III., 79-81. 

Electoral Vote, 1789-1888, III., 41-42. 

Electoral Vote, 1892, III., 43. 

Electoral Vote, synopsis of, 1872-1888, 
III., 223-318. 

Financial condition of, III.. 79-81. 

G. A. R., Membership in, III., 190. 

Governors of, 1892-1893, KL, 65. 

Internal Revenue and expenditures 
of, III., 155. 

Legislature of, Party strength in, III., 
78. 

Members of Congress for, III., 85-88. 

New Apportionment, III., 92. 

New Counties in, III., 223-318. 

Officers, 1892-1893, III., 68-77. 

Origin of, III., 63. 

Pensioners in, III., 170. 

Pluralities, Congressional, in, Ad- 
denda. 

Pluralities, Presidential, 1872-1888, 
HI., 223-318. 

Popular Vote, 1824-1888, III., 46-50. 

Popular Vote, increase in the, III., 
223-318. 

Popular Vote, synopsis of, 1872-1888, 
III., 223-318. 

Population of, III., 79-81. 

Receipts and expenditures of, III., 
79-81. 

Redisricting of, ID., 95-98. 

Registration of Voters bv, III., 220. 

Resources of, 1890, III., 79-81. 

Settlement of, III., 64. 

Sinking fund of, 1890, HI., 79-81. 

U. S. Senators for, III., 84-85. 

Votes of Cities in, Addenda. 

Voting Qualifications in, III., 215-219. 

Contribution of, to World's Fair, 
Addenda. 
States and Territories, Origin of, III., 

63. 
States and Territories, settlement of, 

ID., 64. 
States, Redisricting of, 1890-1891, IH., 

94-99. 
Storming the Castle. (Cartoon.) 
Sub-Treasury Warehouse scheme, the, 

II., 8-10. 
Succession, The Presidential, III., 39-40. 
Supreme Court Decision, on Rules, III., 

120-125. 
Surrender of Cor'nwallis, the. (Illus.) 
Tariff Legislation, history of, II., 26-29. 
Tariff Reform Votes in Congress, by 

States, 1865-1890, II., 35. 

Tariff, 1890 mpared with 1883, II., 30-34. 

Taylor, Zachary, life of, HI., 33. 



Tax, Single, theory of, the, II., 41-42. 
Tennessee, map and political analysis of, 

ID., 296-297. 
Texas, map and political analysis of, 

III., 298-301. 
The North Bend Farmer and his visitors. 

(Cartoon.) 
Treasury Department, officers of, III., 

54-55. 
Tyler, John, life of, III., 29. 
United States, Constitution of, III., 5-17. 
United States, Customs Duties, old and 

new, II., 30-34. 
Utah, map of, HI., 317. 
Van Buren, Martin, life of, III., 28-29. 
Vermont, map and political analysis of, 

III., 302-303. 
Vessels, New, in the U. S. Navy, 1891, III., 

181. 
Veto power, concerning exercise of, by 

the Presidents, III., 186. 
Vice-Presidential Nominee, the, 1892, life 

and record of, I., 
Virginia, map and political analysis of, 

III., 304-305. 
Vote, Electoral, by States, 1789-1888, III., 

41-42. 
Vote, Labor, State Elections, 1889-1891, 

II., 12. 
Vote, Popular, by States, 1824-1888, III., 

46-50. 
Vote, Popular, U. S., 1789-1888, III., 45. 
Voters, Registration of, III., 220. 
Votes, Tariff Reform, in Congress, 1865- 

1890, by States, II., 35. 
Voting Qualifications, by States, III., 215- 

219. 
War Department, officers of, III., 56-57. 
Washington, George, life of, III., 19-20. 
Washington, map and political analysis 

of, III., 306-307. 
West Indies, imports and exports, U. S., 

1889-1891, III., 162. 
West Virginia, map and political analy- 
sis of, HI., 308-309. 
Wisconsin, map and political analysis of, 

III., 310-311. 
Woman Suffrage, facts concerning, II., 

14-15. 
World's Columbian Exposition, III., 208- 

213. 
World's Fair, Administration Building in. 

(Illus.) 
World's Fair, Machinery Building in. (Il- 
lus.) 
Wyoming, map and political analysis of, 
' III., 312-313. 



APPENDIX. 



Text of the Mills Bill, 319-331. 

Text of the McKinlev Bill, 332-380. 

The Blaine Reporl on' Reciprocity, 381-385. 

The Silver Bill of 1890, 386-387. 

Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure, 

388-390. 
Tariff Message of President Cleveland, 

391-396. 



Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff 
Measure, 397-398. 

Speech of Mr.Carlisle on the Tariff .399-401. 

The President's Centennial Message, De- 
cember, 1888, 402-405. 

Congressional Pluralities by States, 406- 
408. 

Presidential and other Votes of Cities, 409. 



ADDENDA. 



Most recent facts, under various headings, up to the moment of going to press, 



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